Plants are constantly exposed to adverse conditions in their environment, which may occur in different ways, limiting their growth. These negative states that affect and / or prevent growth, development and metabolism in plants are called stress. Salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone-like substance commonly found in plants and is now accepted to play an important role in regulating plant growth and development. Salicylic acid also increases the tolerance of plants under abiotic stress conditions such as salinity, high and low temperature, water, heavy metal, frost and drought stress. This study is one of the important white wine grape varieties belonging to Turkey's Narince grape varieties growing in Tokat made widely used. Salicylic acid (SA) was applied to the plants in 4 different doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 µmol l-1) before high temperature stress to be applied and they were exposed to high temperature for 12 hours at 40°C in the growth chamber. At the end of the 21 days after the stress application, shoot length (cm), fresh -dry shoot and root weights (g) were taken in order to follow the plant growth from the plants. Proportional water content (%), Ion flow (%) to reveal the effect of salicylic acid and the cell membrane damage rate (%) was calculated.

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd) in cassava grown on farmlands along highways in Owerri, was investigated. Cassava leaves and root samples were harvested from cassava farms along three major roads with high traffic density and another rural road that served as control location. Standard laboratory procedures to determine the concentration of these metals were adopted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The metal concentrations in mg/kg in cassava root showed high levels of Cu (6.29±0.0346), Zn (8.49±2.243), Pb (0.5267±0.3156) and Cd (0.1167±0.0833). The concentrations of the heavy metals in the cassava leaves were of the order: Zn > Cu >Pb> Ni > Cd. Soil plant transfer factor values for all the metals in all the sites indicated medium accumulation. Heavy metal concentrations in soil showed significant correlation with concentrations in cassava root with no significant statistical differences in bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different parts of cassava. The overall results showed evidence of some heavy metal pollution on the soils and cassava plant.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are beneficial soil organisms, have an important role in the uptake of plant nutrients by roots and thus help to healthy plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMF inoculation on the development of water-deficiency applied pepper plants. In this study, Tesla F1 pepper cultivars, Glomus etunicatum inoculated and without Glomus etunicatum, were exposed to four different irrigation regimes (25I, 50I, 75I, 100I). At the end of the experiment these plants were compared in terms of some vegetative and fruit properties. For this purpose, at the end of the trial; shoot length (cm), root length (cm), root spread (cm), number of leaves, leaf width and length (mm), stem diameter (mm), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), root and shoot weights (g), fruit pH, total soluble solid content and chlorophyll index were measured. P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) contents of leaves samples taken from plants were determined. As a result, it was determined that 75I irrigation regime gave the best results in terms of both plant growth and fruit properties in all mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. It was also concluded that 75% irrigation level is sufficient for plant growth.

This study was aimed at identification and prevalence of potato soft rot and black leg disease agent in the potato production areas of Tokat province. In March-August 2018, 67 field surveys were carried out in Central, Turhal, Zile, Pazar, Erbaa, Niksar, Artova and Basciftlik districts of Tokat. The disease incidences were 0.25%, 0.33%, 0.31%, 0.5%, 1%, and 8% in Central, Erbaa, Niksar, Pazar, Turhal, and Zile district, respectively. In Artova and Basciftlik districts, no disease was encountered. The following tests, pectolytic activity on potato, gram reaction, catalase, oxidase, growth at 37°C and 39°C, salt tolerance, hypersensitivity reaction were applied to isolates obtained from diseased plant and tuber samples. In the PCR assay, 19 isolates were produced 434 bp product with Y1/Y2 primers specific to Pectobacterium spp., and 3 isolates were produced 420 bp product with ADE1/ADE2 primers specific to Dickeya spp. The isolates resulted positive with Y1/Y2 primers weren’t produced PCR product with ECA1/ECA2 primers specific to Pectobacterium atrosepticum. According to this, 19 isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum. With this study, the causal agent of potato blackleg and soft rot disease have been identified in the potato production areas of Tokat. Further studies will be conducted to determine the species and subspecies level of the pathogens using specific primers.

In this study, it is aimed to reveal the place and importance of fish in nutrition by determining the fish consumption habits of Adiyaman University Kahta Vocational School students. The data were obtained from the questionnaire made with total 240 students in February 2020. The data were analyzed and interpreted by using rate and percentage methods as descriptive statistics. A total of 15 questions were asked to the students who participated in the research. In this study, it was determined that 70.42% of total students consume fish; the frequency of fish consumption was also determined as 34.34% once a month and 14.45% once a week. In the study, it was determined that the fish are preferred as the fried or grilled by students. In addition, it has been seen in the study that 84.05% of the students find that consuming fish is important for health, 36.54% of them do not have knowledge about the freshness criteria that should be considered while purchasing fish, 73.53% of them can easily reach fish and 94.41% of them do not consume water products other than fish. At the end of the study, it is concluded that the fish consumption rate and the frequency of consumption are not at the desired levels.

In this study, performance characteristics such as power take off (PTO) power consumption, fuel consumption, fuel consumption for the unit field-unit product were determined at different working speeds with two different PTO applications (540 and 540E) in a single row disc type silage machine. In particular, the 540E PTO application greatly reduces fuel consumption for unit work. The best results in terms of hourly fuel consumption were achieved in 540E PTO application and V1 working speed. When the field - product fuel consumption is evaluated, the best results were obtained with the 540E PTO application at the V3 working speed. When an evaluation is made considering all the parameters, it is concluded that the 540E PTO application will provide certain advantages in terms of fuel consumption compared to the 540 PTO application for the silage machine operating by taking the motion from PTO. 540E PTO application can be used as an important alternative to 540 PTO application for machines of similar capacity and features.

The planning and management of landscapes have been reviewed in the European Landscape Convention (ELC) and the need to identify landscape character areas has been emphasized. The determination of Landscape Character Types (LCT) at the local level is of great importance in order to ensure sustainable development in rural areas, correct management of the shelter values and determination of usage strategies. In this study, which aims to evaluate rural settlements with character determination and sustainability approach, the landscape variables of Kastamonu-Gölköy settlement and its immediate surroundings are mapped and analysed with Landscape Character Analysis (LCA) approach. For this purpose, the geology, large soil groups, geomorphology, slope groups, are a usage maps of the area were digitized with Geographic Information Systems software and character types were determined by synthesizing them. As a result of the study, 133 landscape character types were determined. It is thought that the acquired character types will serve as a base in rural planning and landscape management studies carried out at the national and local level and will contribute to the formation of landscape policies.

The present investigation aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antibacterial potential of different parts of A. marmelos. Thousands of species are acknowledged to have medicinal value and the use of different parts of several medicinal plants to cure specific aliments has been in vogue since archaic periods. Keeping this point in view, a study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemical and biological activity of a very valuable medicinal plant ‘Aegle marmelos’. Pieces of literature were collected from various journal articles, Government institutes and other relevant reports were studied and the major findings were summarized. Leaves of Aegle marmelos has been picked and collected from the local area of Chitwan, Nepal. During the present study, the extraction of the phytochemical was performed by Soxhlet extractor. The leaves were subjected to successive extraction using methanol inclusive of hexane as a solvent to procure extra activity test. Phytochemical screening of methanol extract and hexane extract leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, etc. For the antibacterial activity test, the Disc diffusion method was used which showed the presence of S. aureus and E.coli. The study concluded that Aegle marmelos plant incorporated miscellaneous phytochemicals along with the antibacterial activity. Such phytochemicals derived from plant has a great prospect in contributing effective antibacterial agents to treat against intractable life-threatening diseases. Within this view, the present study has explored the efficiency of the Aegle marmelos as a valuable natural source.

The control of pesticide’s toxicological properties in the food chain could be a benefit to farmers by increasing animal productivity. The current study’s objective was to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of Persea americana leaves (AEPAL) on secondary sexual traits and testis histology damages induced by Antouka Super® (AS) in male Japanese quail. Sixty male quails of 28 days old and weighing 106-119g were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 12 animals each and daily received for 60 consecutive days one of the treatments: group 1 and 2 received respectively 10 ml of distilled water and 75mg/kg of b.w of AS while groups 3, 4 and 5 in addition to 75mg/kg of b.w of AS, they received respectively 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of b.w of AEPAL. The sexual behavior characteristics were evaluated during the trial period. At the end of the study, birds were humanly sacrificed, their blood collected for testosterone analysis and the testes removed for teste structure evaluation. Results revealed that exposure to AS significantly decreased testosterone level, time of shouting and appearance of foam, quantity of foam product, the volume and area of the cloacal gland, frequency of mount and frequency of successful mount, as well as degradation of the testes histology. The administration of AEPAL increased these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these results demonstrate that AS had a toxic effect on secondary sexual traits and testis histology in male quail which could be alleviated by AEPAL administration at 200mg/kg of b.w.

This study was carried out with 86 Bituminaria bituminosa (Bitbit) genotypes collected from Central Black Sea Region of Northern Anatolia in Samsun in 2012. After cleaning, seeds scarifying with sandpaper and sown in small pots. In November of 2012, the seedlings were transplanted to experimental field. No fertilizer and water applied throughout the study and spring and autumn elongation, hay yield and harvesting number in the second year of the plants (2014) were observed during the study. According to correlation analysis, there was a negative and statistically significant linear correlation between altitude and spring elongation, autumn elongation, harvest number. There was also a negative statistically insignificant correlation between altitude and hay yield. A positive and significant correlation was found between hay yield and spring and autumn elongations, harvest number; between spring and autumn elongations and number of harvest. Some genotypes taken from high altitudes stayed dormant in winter period, furthermore they started elongation later than the others and a slight growth was recorded in autumn. In the light of these results, it is possible to improve cultivars for different ecological conditions.