Free glutamic acid is a flavor enhancer compound that provided umami taste. San-sakng (Albertisia papuana Becc.) leaf has been used as a seasoning in the Dayaks tribe, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim of this study was evaluated the effect of different drying inlet air temperature on physico-chemical of the spray dried san-sakng leaf. San-sakng leaf powders was produced using spray drying and maltodextrin as raw material. Completely randomized design was used with one factor, namely drying inlet air temperature on the spray drying process (130°C, 140°C, and 150°C). The results showed that moisture, solubility, bulk density, particle size, and encapsulation efficiency on the San-sakng leaf powders presented significantly affected by the drying inlet air temperature. Increasing inlet air temperature led to reduced moisture, bulk density, and particle size, whereas enhancing the solubility and encapsulation efficiency.

Although the studies on ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases and treatment methods are high in human medicine, they are rarely performed and neglected in veterinary medicine. Antibiotics are generally preferred for ENT diseases in animals. However, there is an increase in infections from microorganisms that develop multiple antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Another group of drugs used in ENT diseases are antiseptics. Bacterial resistance to agents used as antiseptics is more limited than antibiotics. Studies on the use of substances with antiseptic properties in the treatment of ENT disorders in animals have been limited. Even though these substances are used empirically in the field, there are no studies in the literature examining the effects of these substances on ENT. In this review, the properties of antiseptic substances recommended for use in the field and in the literature for ENT diseases of animals are discussed.

The aim of this study is to compare the least squares (LS) method that lost its function in the case of multicollinearity in regression methods with Ridge Regression (RR) and Principal Components Regression (PCR) which are bias estimators. For this aim, the effect of some body measurements on body weight (BW), body length (BL), height at withers (HW), height at rump (HR), chest depth (CD), chest girth (CG) and chest width (CW) obtained from 59 Saanen kids at weaning period raised at Research Farm of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University. Determination coefficient (R2) and mean square error (MSE) values were used to evaluate the estimation performance of the methods. The multicollinearity between height at withers (HW) and height at rump (HR) which were used to estimate body weight was eliminated by using RR and PCR. When R2 and HKO values of the examined methods are compared; It has been shown that RR method have better results of live weight of Saanen goats.

Field experiment was conducted in three factorial strip split plot design to evaluate the effect of two establishment methods (EM) i.e. transplanted in puddled soil (Pu-TPR) and direct seeded in zero tillage (ZT-DSR), two residue levels i.e. residue kept at 3 t ha -1 (RK) and no residue (RR) with two nitrogen doses i.e. recommended dose (100 kg N ha -1) (RD) and farmers' dose (50 kg N ha-1) (FD) with six replications with individual plot size of 5.4 m × 6.3 m on rice variety Ram-Dhan during the year 2016. Nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiencies and yield of rice were recorded. Straw nitrogen uptake was significantly higher in ZT-DSR than Pu-TPR. Similarly, grain straw and total nitrogen uptake were significantly higher in residue applied and recommended dose of nitrogen than no-residue applied and farmers-nitrogen dose treatments respectively. Nitrogen efficiency ratio and physiological efficiency index were significantly higher in Pu-TPR and no-residue applied treatments while partial factor productivity was higher in residue applied treatment. All nitrogen use efficiencies like partial factor productivity, nitrogen efficiency ratio and physiological efficiency index were significantly influenced by nitrogen dose and seen higher in recommended dose of nitrogen. Establishment methods had no significant effect on grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in ZT-DSR but harvest index was seen higher in Pu-TPR. Grain yield and straw yield were significantly higher in residue applied treatment and recommended nitrogen but harvest index was higher in farmers-nitrogen dose.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are beneficial soil organisms, have an important role in the uptake of plant nutrients by roots and thus help to healthy plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMF inoculation on the development of water-deficiency applied pepper plants. In this study, Tesla F1 pepper cultivars, Glomus etunicatum inoculated and without Glomus etunicatum, were exposed to four different irrigation regimes (25I, 50I, 75I, 100I). At the end of the experiment these plants were compared in terms of some vegetative and fruit properties. For this purpose, at the end of the trial; shoot length (cm), root length (cm), root spread (cm), number of leaves, leaf width and length (mm), stem diameter (mm), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), root and shoot weights (g), fruit pH, total soluble solid content and chlorophyll index were measured. P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) contents of leaves samples taken from plants were determined. As a result, it was determined that 75I irrigation regime gave the best results in terms of both plant growth and fruit properties in all mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. It was also concluded that 75% irrigation level is sufficient for plant growth.

The control of pesticide’s toxicological properties in the food chain could be a benefit to farmers by increasing animal productivity. The current study’s objective was to evaluate the protective effects of aqueous extract of Persea americana leaves (AEPAL) on secondary sexual traits and testis histology damages induced by Antouka Super® (AS) in male Japanese quail. Sixty male quails of 28 days old and weighing 106-119g were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 12 animals each and daily received for 60 consecutive days one of the treatments: group 1 and 2 received respectively 10 ml of distilled water and 75mg/kg of b.w of AS while groups 3, 4 and 5 in addition to 75mg/kg of b.w of AS, they received respectively 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of b.w of AEPAL. The sexual behavior characteristics were evaluated during the trial period. At the end of the study, birds were humanly sacrificed, their blood collected for testosterone analysis and the testes removed for teste structure evaluation. Results revealed that exposure to AS significantly decreased testosterone level, time of shouting and appearance of foam, quantity of foam product, the volume and area of the cloacal gland, frequency of mount and frequency of successful mount, as well as degradation of the testes histology. The administration of AEPAL increased these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these results demonstrate that AS had a toxic effect on secondary sexual traits and testis histology in male quail which could be alleviated by AEPAL administration at 200mg/kg of b.w.

The present research was conducted to determine the effect of season, lactation number and type score factors on the somatic cell count (SCC) in Black and White cattle raised in the Mediterranean climate zone. 1368 milk samples obtained from 128 cattle were analysed for SCC determination. Significant effects of season, lactation number and type scores on SCC were observed. The results indicate that the necessity to comply with the care and barn cleaning of the cows in the summer and the importance of the type characteristics in the selection programs may be effective in reducing the of SCC.

Şeker pancarı yetiştiriciliğinde Amaranthus retroflexus L. önemli yabancı otlardan biridir. Çalışmada, ekim öncesi chloridazon (C), çıkış öncesi ve sonrası metamitron (M) ile çıkış sonrası ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) etkili maddeli herbisitlerin ve bazı kombinasyonlarının uygulanması sonucu hayatta kalan A. retroflexus bitkilerinden toplanan tohumların çimlenme kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam çimlenme oranı (%), normal/anormal çimlenme oranı (%), ortalama çimlenme zamanı (gün) ve tohum ağırlığı (g) parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) ve metamitron (çıkış öncesi) + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) kombinasyonlarına maruz kalan A. retroflexus bitkilerinin uygulama yapılmamış bitkilerden toplanan tohumlara kıyasla çimlenme özellikleri önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Çimlenme özellikleri bakımından, en düşük toplam çimlenme oranı %85 ile metamitron (çıkış öncesi) + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) kombinasyonundan elde edilmiştir.

Colour is an essential parameter at product quality control stages, and finally, it is necessary for the consumer marketing decision. It is possible to damage the products during the process from collection to storage. Also, it is a well-known condition, cold environmental conditions protect fruits from deformations negative effects, but most of the time, most of the consumers keep the fruits at room temperature in open packs during the consumption process. Also, this condition affects the product storage time. In this study, it is aimed that to determine the behaviours of the fruits in room temperature and humidity conditions. For this aim the colour change of the damaged pears were determined, in another term, colour change value from red to green and yellow to blue at the damaged pears were determined with lightness values by using image analysis technique and analysed with data mining methods. For this purpose, 100 “Akça” pear and 100 “Deveci” local pear cultivar used for experiments. Fruits were equally damaged by using a pendulum mechanism. The damaged fruits were kept at room temperature. Colour change areas on fruits were evaluated with X-rite Ci60 spectrophotometer, and the hardness of fruits was measured by using a fruit penetrometer. The colour (L, a, b) and ΔE values were analysed for the fruit cultivars. The relationship between fruit hardness and colour change were also demonstrated. The predictions were done supervised machine learning algorithms (Decision Tree and Neural Networks with Meta-Learning Techniques; Majority Voting and Random Forest) by using KNIME Analytics software. The classifier performance (accuracy, error, F-Measure, Cohen's Kappa, recall, precision, true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN), false negative (FN) values were given at the conclusion section of the research. The best prediction were found at the Majority Voting method (MAVL) 98.458 % success given with 70% partitioning.

The chemical composition of essential oil, which is isolated by hydrodistillation of aerial parts of Thymus zygioides growing wild in Turkey, have been determined by GC and GC/MS. Essential oil yield on a dry weight basis of aerial parts from T. zygioides was 0.45%. A total of twenty two constituents were identified by GC-MS analyses, the main components representing 92.3% the oil was identified as limonene (24.11%), cis-linalool oxide (22.91%), eucalyptol (8.65%). 3-octonol (7.04%), nerol (4.47%) geranyl acetate (3.19%), carvacrol (2.74%), linalyl propanoate (2.95%) and sabinene (2.23%). The essential oil of T. zygioides was characterized by its high content of limonene (24.11%).