In this study, it was aimed to determine the reasons for the waste of bread among consumers in Hatay province and what should be taken for the elimination of these causes. The subjects of this study were the data obtained from 406 consumers selected from the city center. The data were obtained through face to face interviews during the period of May-2017. In the questionnaire, there were questions towards determining the bread consumption habits, consumption preferences and bread waste levels along with the socio-demographic characteristics of the consumers. Cross tabulation and chi-square analysis were used in the evaluation and comparison of the data. It was determined that the amount of bread consumed per person was 278 g/day and 7% of the total family consumption of bread was wasted without any consumption. While the most consumed types of bread are traditional white bread and flatbread, bakeries and groceries are the most common places to buy bread. Consumers usually buy bread twice a day and the main considerations in the consumers’ preference for bread purchase are that the establishments comply with hygiene requirements and that quality materials are used in the bread making process. Staling and bad taste are among the significant issues in bread wastage. Taking future trends in the sector into consideration, producers should pay attention to product quality, production according to health conditions and longer shelf life on bread; depending on consumer awareness. The producers should diversify their production of bread and other bakery products.

Sahlep powder is obtained by drying and grinding after the plant tubers of the Orchidaceae family removed from the soil. Sahlep powder, which is unique to Turkey, is used in Maras ice cream, sahlep beverage and medicine production. There is a growing interest in healthy nutrition in the world. This increasing is increased the demand for functional food. Whey proteins are increasingly used in foods in recent years due to the functional compounds they contain. In this study, it was tried to increase the functional properties of sahlep using Whey proteins. For this purpose, different Sahlep powder was prepared by using Whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%), demineralized whey protein powder, milk powder, sahlep, sugar, starch, cinnamon and ginger. The different Sahlep produced were made into sahlep beverage with water and pH, viscosity and sensory analysis were made. As a result of the analyzes made, the use of Whey proteins statistically affected the viscosity value of the sahlep beverage. It was determined that the use of different whey proteins affected the color, taste and smell values of Sahlep. As a result of the sensory evaluation performed by the panelists, sahlep beverage produced in 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture was preferred. It is may be suggested to produce sahlep powder and sahlep beverage by using 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture.

This study was conducted with the objectives to determine the effects of licorice root powder (Glycyrrhriza glabra) on performance, serum parameters, egg yolk cholesterol and antioxidant capacity in laying Japanese quail. Two hundred and forty 10-wk-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four dietary groups, each one four times replicated with fifteen quails per dietary groups. Control group fed the basal diet; other groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% licorice root powder. There were no significant differences in terms of final live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) concentration between treatment groups. Egg production was higher in control group and 0.5% licorice root powder supplemented groups. 1.0% licorice root powder supplemented group had lower egg production rate. Licorice root powder supplementation decreased Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) concentration and increased glucose concentration significantly. Licorice root powder supplementation increased total antioxidant status (TAS) and reduced total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). It was concluded from this study that supplementation of licorice root powder at the level of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% to the feed of laying quails had no adverse effects on performance. Licorice root powder supplementation can be used to reduce cholesterol level and increase antioxidant status in quails.

Household level vulnerability analyses are becoming main issue in economics literature. Yet very few empirical works have been done to examine the extent of Eastern Ethiopia urban (Dira Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga towns) households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. This paper tried to fill the gap by using a survey that was conducted to collect information on household’s characteristics, socioeconomic status, shocks experience and responses to shocks during the year 2016. Unlike conventional studies of household vulnerability, this study calculates household’s probability of experiencing a broad and non-monetary characterization of poverty: the multidimensional poverty index using Structural Equation and Tobit model. The Structural Equation Model result revealed that, the health and education dimensions of multidimensional poverty significantly contributed a lot to households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Based on the Tobit model result households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty would be reduced if the household is wealthier, better educated healthier, employed and has the practice of reducing the size of meals at the time of shock. Contrary to this, if the household has large family size, prone to health problem, and has not developed the culture of reducing the number of meals per day, there is high risk of vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Hence, the study recommended that there is a dire need for policies and programs that can improve wealth and education statuses of household members, create employment opportunity, promote family planning, improved health situation and accessibility of food for the vulnerable households.

The Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that live symbiotically with plant roots and have many benefits to soil and plants. In this study, some effects of AMF which are known to be soil and plant beneficial, have been evaluated and solution proposals have been put forward against heavy metal and salinity stress in the soil. Salt accumulation and high concentrations of heavy metal in the soil affects negatively the microbial diversity and activity. Removal of salt acumulation and heavy metal from contaminated soil by chemical and physical methods is both very expensive and ineffective. Therefore, AMF are important for alleviating the heavy metal and salt stress in plants. AMF can alter plant physiol¬ogy and root morphology, increase the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil through an extensive hyphal network, decrease the use of chemical fertilizer, interact with other soil microorganisms plant growth promoting, induce of some resistance parameters in the plants and produce the glomalin which develops the properties and structure of soil. AMF are eco-friendly solutions according to traditional methods and the use of suitable plant-fungi combinations increases the chances of success of these applications.

Length–weight, length–length relationships and condition factors were estimated for two fish species (Chondrostoma regium, Barbus lacerta) caught between October 2014 and September 2015 in the 14 distinct locations of Karasu River, East Anatolia, Turkey. Minimum and maximum total length and weight were observed at 7.5 to 31.0 cm and from 5.7 to 280 g for C. regium, 7.0 to 24.0 cm and from 4.0-211 g for B. lacerta. The b values determined as 2.77 for Chondrostoma regium; 3.10 for Barbus lacerta. The types of growth were found negative allometric for C. regium and isometric growth for B. lacerta. The length-length relations between total, fork, and standard lengths for the two fish species were highly significant. The relative condition factor values were found to 1.102±0.013 for C. regium; 1.176±0.019 for B. lacerta. This study submits for the first time LWR, LLR and condition factor of two species in the Karasu River.

In this study, it is aimed to produce Turkish delight by using fresh squeezed pomegranate juice obtained from two different sour and sweet pomegranate varieties in 20% and 30% of the water to be used in the formulation. Water soluble dry matter, pH, total acidity, total phenolic substance, total anthocyanin, colour, hardness value, water activity of Turkish delight added pomegranate juice were analysed and the samples were sensory evaluated. Soluble solids dry matter values of Turkish delight were; 71.25-81.90 °Brix; pH values; 3.50-4.78, hardness values; 0.75-1.64 N, total acidity values; 0.042-0.240g/100g, L values; 27.43-43.94, a* values; (-0.66)-(+14.45) and b* values; (-1.67)-(+4.08), the amount of the total phenolic matter; 201.33-760.33 mg GAE/kg, the amount of total anthocyanin; 10.01-42.15 mg Cy-3Gluc/kg determined, respectively. When the results of the sensory evaluation were examined, the highest average score in terms of many features was obtained with a sweet pomegranate juice (300 ml) obtained with hydraulic press. It can be concluded that the products rich in functional components and preferred by consumers can be produced.

The purpose of this study was to measure and analyse the economic efficiency, and to identify the main factor behind economic efficiency of sorghum and millet for small scale farmers in traditional rainfed sector in North Kordofan State. Primary data is collected using structured questionnaire for a sample of 205 farmers from four localities namely (Sheikan, Umrwaba, Elnuhoud, and Elkhowi). Stochastic frontier approach (cost function) was used to analyse economic efficiency and descriptive statistics were used to analyse socio-economic characteristics of farmers. The results of stochastic frontier cost function revealed that the estimated economic efficiency of the sorghum and millet farmers obtained was found the mean economic efficiency to be 39% and 15%, respectively. The economic efficiency is very weak, because most parameters and inefficiency effect factor found to be not significant, these determinants may give a clear picture of farmers that could be targeted in order to increase efficiency

In this study, the effects of air-conditioning system on tractor performance and specific fuel consumption were examined and evaluated by experimental data. Loading performed from tractor power take-off in periodically by electrical dynamometer. Fuel consumption were measured in air-conditioning off and air-conditioning on usage and comments were discussed according to these values. In same speed and loading, measured specific fuel consumption value when the air conditioning is on more than measured specific fuel consumption value when the air conditioning is off. Torque values were measured and fuel power and power take-off power were calculated, these values were compared, comments were discussed according to these values. In same speed and loading, measured power take-off efficiency values when the air conditioning is on less than measured power take-off efficiency values when the air conditioning is off. This change is determined respectively as average 4.37%, 4.34% and 8.63% negatively for the measured three brand tractors. As a result of all data, the positive effect of air-conditioning usage on specific fuel consumption, the negative effect of air-conditioning usage on power take-off efficiency were determined.

Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.