In this study, it was aimed to examine the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) sperm quality during adaptation to the short term preservation conditions and to evaluate the obtained analysis results. Within the scope of research, average sperm yield and range of sperm concentration of male broodstocks that had 921,50 ± 244,86 g average weight value and 41,79 ± 2,98 cm average length value were measured as 9,56 ± 5,30 ml and 0,27-4,57 × 109 spz.ml-1, respectively. It has been determined that spermatozoas which short term preserved without using any extenders or additives between 0-4°C in laboratory were included in the scope of minimum motility categories class. In order to reach high levels of sperm quality rates in rainbow trout sperm preservation studies according to the collected data and results; paying attention to breeding season, genetic factors and building of broodstock and sperm preservation units having good quality genetic characteristics of males and females by farm owners are expected to be beneficial for sustainability and efficiency of these types of studies.

Public concern on the excessive use of synthetic food additives has raised a great interest to use natural products due to their potential in food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, chemical food additives are questioned due to their contribution to the health risks and environmental impacts. Among natural additives, essential oils (EOs) are extracted from aromatic compounds and responsible for their biological activities namely antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Incorporation of bio-active compounds particularly EOs directly in food or edible/biodegradable food packaging seems to enhance the shelf life and quality characteristics of processed food and protect the consumers against oxidative and bacterial deterioration effects. However, inclusion of EOs in films/coatings for food packaging may put some effects on various properties (optic, tensile and etc.), which can affect the consumer acceptability. Their addition in food can cause some allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to the individuals who use them often. This paper aims to review the latest findings on the use of EOs incorporated with edible/biodegradable films and coatings to enhance the shelf life and quality of the food. Further investigations about essential oils are expected to clarify their exact action and build up their standard use in food industry.

Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari:Phytoseiidae) and Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) are important predatory mites for citrus orchards in Turkey. The side effects of insecticides on these predatory mites have been rarely studied. In this study was investigated to the effect of tau-fluvalinate on A. swirskii and E. scutalis. The studies have conducted both laboratory and field. Field studies were carried out detecting of the side effects of tau-fluvalinate on the mixed stages of A.swirskii. and E scutalis. at Seyhan and Kozan districts in Adana, while laboratory studies were evaluated the side effects of tau-fluvalinate on the nymph stages of A. swirskii The studies were carried out following the standard guidelines which were adopted and issued by the IOBC-WPRS Working group ‘Pesticedes and Benefical Organism’. In the field studies, the effects of the pesticides were calculated according to the Henderson-Tilton formula. As a result of study, tau-fluvalinate was determined as toxic on predatory mites in the laboratory studies. Side effects of abamectin, one of the standard toxic acaricides, on predatory mites were found to be “T” (Toxic) according to IOBC class value. Side effects of tau-fluvalinate were found to be ’M’’ (Moderately Harmful) on 7th days while were detected to be “N” (Harmless) on 28th days according to IOBC class value in field condition. The fields studies at Kozan and Seyhan districts showed similar results.

Bu araştırma Göller Yöresi (Türkiye) florasında farklı lokasyonlarda doğal olarak yetişen Cnidium silaifolium (Jacq.) Simonkai’nin meyve uçucu yağ oranı ve bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2014 yılında yürütülmüştür. Uçucu yağ oranı clavenger tipi hidro-distilasyon cihazında, uçucu yağ bileşenleri ise GC/MS’de belirlenmiştir. Aksu (1,120 m) ve Dedegöl (1,540 m) lokasyonlarından alınan meyvelerin uçucu yağ oranları sırasıyla %0,50 ve %0,67, uçucu yağı oluşturan bileşen sayıları ise sırasıyla 38 ve 29 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Her iki lokasyonda da uçucu yağı oluşturan önemli bileşenlerin β-Elemene (%22,30-29,79), Trans-Caryophyllene (%11,85-21,88), Germacrene-D (%9,74-17,31), α-Humulene (%5,22-5,85) ve δ-Cadinene (%4,82-6,66) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada rakımın uçucu yağı oluşturan bileşenler ve oranları üzerine önemli derecede etki gösterdiği, düşük rakımda bulunan bazı bileşenlerin yüksek rakımlarda bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Global warming, which has been increasing in recent years, is due to the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The agricultural sector, which has a 25% share in greenhouse gas formation, plays an important role in global warming. CO2, which has a share of 82% among greenhouse gases, is shown as the most important greenhouse gas. It is estimated that 10% of the CO2 in the atmosphere is missioned from the soil. When soil organic carbon, which is an indicator of soil fertility, is released into the atmosphere as CO2, N and S compound gases return to the earth and it causes inefficient soil as well as global warming. Organic carbon is a source of CO2 emissions when the soil is mismanaged. The organic carbon in the soil is transformed into CO2 with loosening of the soil and accumulates in the atmosphere, after it exposure to temperature and oxygen. Unconscious tillage and irrigations increase the physical and biological activity of the soil and cause CO2 emissions from the soil. CO2 emission, which is the main cause of drought, needs to be reduced with low cost, easy and practical applications. At the beginning of these applications, can be listed reduced tillage, deficit irrigation, reduction of fertilizer usage, reuse of agricultural wastes and agricultural management of wastewater. In this review, it is aimed to investigate CO2 emission effect of soil tillage depth and tools, exhaust gases of the vehicles used in soil tillage, the amount of irrigation water and irrigation methods, deficit irrigation, irrigation with wastewater, precipitation, plant factor, fertilization, properties and temperature of soil. In addition, approaches that can be applied to reduce CO2 emission are mentioned.

This study is consisted of data obtained from the survey conducted with 400 consumers in Uşak province urban area. As a result of the analysis, the average amount of annual per capita chicken meat consumed was calculated as 13.64 kg. The average amount of consumption increases due to the increase in income level. 39.2% of the consumers (consume chicken meat once a week. However, nearly half of consumers (41.7%) consume chicken meat, this is one third in total meat consumption. This ratio is changing according to income groups. Consumers supply chicken meat from vendors, grocery stores and groceries. The main reason for consumption of chicken meat for consumers; low price, easy to find on the market and healthy. Nearly half (42.5%) of the consumers prefer whole chick. The percentage of those consumed in the chicken meat consumed by the consumers is very low. Factors that are effective on consumers preferences for chicken meat; the freshness of the product, the price, the type of packaging, the quality, the producer company, the advertisement of the product, the taste of the consumer and the date of manufacture of the product. According to consumer preference (but, baguette, chest, wings etc.) processed products can be prepared according to the grill or other purposes and presented to the consumer. As consumers are prepared to extra payment for organic (ecological) food products, the farmers can be guided by incentives to organic poultry breeding systems.

Ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts from plants namely Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita, Thyme serpyllum and Chenopodium album L. were evaluated for their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antibacterial efficiencies. The antioxidant activities were screened utilizing DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, CUPRAC activity and total antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial activity of the tested extracts was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. U. dioica and C. album extracts showed varying activities against the test bacteria. The hexane extracts of T. serpyllum and C. album showed the weakest copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity of the solvents are increased in the following order: Ethanol>Chloroform>Hexane. Our results revealed that all of the tested plants might be an alternative to synthetic antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Probiyotikler yeterli miktarda tüketildiğinde sağlık üzerinde birçok fayda sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalar olarak tanımlanır. Laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) süt, et, meyve ve sebze gibi gıdaların doğal florasında bulunmakta ve fermente gıdaların üretiminde kültür olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bakteriler insan ve hayvanların bağırsak, ağız ve deri, üriner sistemin mikrobiyotalarında da bulunurlar ve bu ekosistemlerde faydalı etki gösterebilirler. Bazı Lactobacillus türleri, Bifidobacterium spp., Saccharomyces boulardii ve diğer bazı mikroorganizmalar sağlığa yararlı olmak amacıyla, gıda takviyesi şeklinde probiyotik olarak kullanılmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin, tedavi sürecinde olan hastaların çoğunda yarar sağladığı bilinse de, bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış hastalarda risklerin mevcut olduğu belirtilmektedir. Organ ve immün yetmezliği olan ve gastrointestinal bariyerde bozulmaları bulunan hastalarda probiyotiklerin kullanımının enfeksiyonlara neden olabileceğine dair bulgular giderek artmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin bir tedavi seçeneği olarak kullanılması için olumsuz etkilerinin olmadığının kanıtlarla tespit edilmesi gereklidir. Öncelikle probiyotik olarak kullanılacak LAB’nin tanımlanmasında klasik biyokimyasal testlerin yetkin bir laboratuvarda moleküler yöntemlerle tamamlanması önemlidir. Farklı antibiyotiklere direnç, virülans faktörlerinin varlığı ve biyojenik aminlerin sentezi probiyotik bakterilerin güvenilirliği için öncelikle incelenen parametrelerdir. Probiyotiklerin güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesinde; probiyotik suşun farmakokinetiği ve probiyotik suş ile konakçı arasındaki etkileşimler üzerine çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Probiyotikler için güvenlik ve kullanım protokolleri ile ilgili gerekli standartlar bulunmamaktadır. Probiyotiklerin, bir hastalığın tedavisi veya önlenmesi amacıyla kullanılabilmesi için daha fazla bilgiye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin olumsuz etki gösterme olasılığını belirleyebilmek için probiyotik kullanımı hakkındaki bilgilerin revizyonu önemlidir.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world. During tea infusion, both essential mineral elements and toxic metals are extracted into the beverage. In oriental countries, almost a liter of tea is consumed daily by an average adult. Thus, high toxic elements in traditional teas can be of concern. Aim of the study was to determine the essential element contents and toxic heavy metal concentrations in tea products available on the market in Turkey and comparing the contents of infusion for Turkish and Ceylon black and green tea types. The associated health risk to tea drinkers were estimated with reference to Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Values from US EPA for adults and children. Among the essential elements in all of the black teas purchased from the market, K was present at the highest concentration followed by Mg, Ca and Al. Pb and Mn contents of several tea samples were found over the Tolerable Daily Intake levels.

Oregano, which grows widely in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa, has been known as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Thyme used in the spice industry and in the pharmaceutical industry due to its anti-fungal and antiseptic properties because it has an aromatic smell, also contains some vitamins and minerals that humans and animals need. The use of oregano, which comes to the forefront in the feeding of small ruminants during the times when animal feeds are scarce in our country, is becoming more and more important in small head and poultry production and good agriculture and organic farming applications due to some secondary metabolites it contains.