Water is a precious and limited resource that nourishes countless living things. As population pressures increase day by day, most communities on Earth are facing a shortage of water resources. For this reason, the authorities started to look for alternative water resources. As a matter of fact, the harvesting of rainwater has once again gained importance and has been the subject of research by researchers and engineers. In this study, investigating the rainwater harvesting potential in public buildings in the Bayraklı district of İzmir shows that approximately 41 thousand tons of rainwater can be harvested, which corresponds to 0.17% of the population demand. On the other hand, this rate decreased to 0.15% in the 2031 projection. We believe that rainwater harvesting in public buildings in urbanized areas is not sufficient, and that authorities should encourage or finance communities that install rainwater harvesting systems to avoid further water stress.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a pathogen causing hemorrhagic enteritis in puppies and mainly transmitting via feco-oral route. In this study, stool samples were collected from a total of 35 animals suspected of CPV. The samples were examined by Conventional PCR, Nested PCR and Differential PCR tests. 20 out of 35 dogs (57.1%) were detected positive by conventional PCR, 31 (88.6%) by nested PCR and 30 (85.7%) by differential PCR. CPV 2a was stated as the most common antigenic type, male animals and 0–3-month-olds had a high rate of becoming sick and vaccinated animals might also catch the disease, rarely. Accordingly, it is recommended to focus on studies providing molecular epidemiology surveillance in order to detect the existing subtypes and develop reliable diagnosis and vaccination methods.

Peanut allergens adversely affect the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) contain a number of allergens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in allergy-prone individuals. Currently, 18 proteins found in peanuts are accepted as allergens. These allergens are named from Ara h 1 to Ara h 18. Ara h 2, Ara h 6 and Ara h 7 are from albumin, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 are from globülin. Ara h is the abbreviation of Arachis hypogaea, the Latin name for peanut. A peanut allergy is a reaction that occurs shortly after eating to peanuts or peanut products. It has various symptoms that can go up to swelling of the tongue, itching of the palate, itching and burning in the throat, itching in the eyes and nose, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, bruising, chest pain, hives, low blood pressure and shock. In this review, the properties of peanut allergens and the methods of reducing the allergen effect will be reviewed.

Yürütülen çalışmada sürdürülebilir kaynaklardan çevre dostu biyopolimerlerin elde edilmesi ve biyomalzeme olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, sığır aşil tendonundan kollajen, ipek böceği kozasından fibroin, kahverengi deniz alglerinden sodyum alginat ve aloe vera jelinden biyoaktif bileşenler izole edilerek saflaştırılmıştır. Ürün verimi kollajen, fibroin, sodium alginat ve aloe vera için sırasıyla %79.8 (w/w), %69.49 (w/w kozadan), %35.1 (w/w) ve %1 (w/v jeldeki kuru miktar) oranında hesaplanmıştır. Bu biyomoleküllerden dondurarak kurutma yöntemi ile doku iskeleleri hazırlanmıştır. Ancak, aloe vera jeli katı formada yapı bütünlüğünü koruyamayarak 3-boyutlu iskele yapı oluşturamamıştır. Fibroin, kollajen ve sodyum alginat iskelelerin FTIR analizleri ürünlerin saf olarak elde edildiğini, liyoflizasyon sırasında kimyasal yapının korunduğunu göstermiştir. SEM ile yüzey analizleri ise iskelelerin doku mühendisliği uygulamaları için uygun olduğunu desteklemiştir. Sonuç olarak, petrol kaynaklı polimer yerine sürdürülebilir kaynaklardan, genel olarak oda şartlarında bioaktif polimerler yüksek verimle elde edilmiş ve biyomalzeme olarak kullanılabilecekleri belirlenmiştir. Biyomoleküllerin bu şekilde sürdürülebilir kaynaklardan elde edilmesi hem hammadde sorununun hem de polimer kaynaklı çevresel kirliliğin çözümünde önemli potansiyele sahiptir.

Pestil is one of the important foods traditionally produced in Türkiye, with high energy, vitamin and mineral content. It is obtained by naturally drying the pulp obtained from different kinds of fruits after mixing it with ingredients such as sugar and flour. In regions where the fruiting period depends on the season, fruit pulp is produced in order to benefit from it in winter. In addition, bioactive components originating from the fruit increase the nutritional value. In this study, the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of the pestil obtained from three different Hawthorn fruits (Crataegus meyeri, Crataegus turkestenica and Crataegus orientalis) known to have positive effects on health were investigated. The results revealed that, depending on the fruit type, pestil samples have high antioxidative properties (IC50: 50.11±0.16-52.1±2.14 mg/mL) due to the high phenol content (39.8±0.16-52.95±1.21 mg GA/g DW). In this context, in the present study, it has been seen that the pestil prepared with the traditional method from three different Hawthorn fruits should be industrially produced as a product for people to access healthy and various foods today.

In recent years, with the awareness of people, the interest in natural and functional foods has increased. Sourdough is a dough piece in which industrial culture yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), endogenous yeasts, lactic and acetic bacteria from the air and the ingredients used (flour, water, etc.) are active. In sourdough fermentation, yeast and lactic acid bacteria work together to form the natural flora. It has been proven by studies that breads prepared from sourdough have many advantages such as greater volume increase, stronger aroma, better crumb structure and long shelf life. In addition, sourdough fermentation has very important positive effects on human health. Various additives (malt flours, emulsifiers, microbial enzymes, dairy products, soy flour and potato flour) are used to delay the staling of bread. In the production of sourdough bread, high quality and long shelf-life breads can be obtained without the need for these additives. Thus, both natural and additive-free and functional breads are produced. In this review, it is aimed to raise awareness by giving information about the advantages of using sourdough in bread production. In the study, the concept of sourdough was discussed and information was given about the content of bread prepared using sourdough and its benefits on health.

Assessing the suitability of soils for agricultural production is critical in promoting sustainable agriculture. Knowledge gained from soil suitability analysis provides the sound basis for making informed decisions about soil management and crop selection in a given area. In view of this, this study was carried out to assess the physical suitability of soils in the Libga Irrigation Scheme for the sustainable cultivation of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius), tomato (Solanum lycoperscum L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata). Soil samples were collected at 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm depths from 50 geo-referenced points located at the nodes of a 100 m × 100 m regular grid. Particle size distribution, bulk density, total porosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, electrical conductivity and pH were determined following standard laboratory protocols at the AGSSIP Laboratory of the University for Development Studies, Nyankpala campus, Ghana. Weighting of soil properties was achieved through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Soil suitability maps for the selected crops were produced using weighted overlay analysis in ArcGIS (10.5). The results showed that generally about 44.3 ha (76.4 %), 44.7 ha (82.2 %) and 55.7 ha (96.0 %) of the irrigation field are moderately suitable for jute mallow, tomato and cabbage production respectively. The major limiting factors for the crops were high BD and acidity levels. The AHP proved to be a very useful tool for the incorporation of farmers’ views into decision making about the suitability of soils for crop production.

This research was conducted to compare single and twin-row planting patterns and to determine optimum plant density for hybrid maize varieties (DKC5364, P0573), grown in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye, in the main crop growing season in 2020. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Hybrid maize varieties were in the main plots, planting patterns (single row (70 cm) and twin row (70-20cm) were in the split plots and plant densities of 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 plants/m2 were in the split- split plots. In the current study, plant height, first ear height, stem diameter, ears number per plant, ear length, ear diameter, and ear weigth were examined. Effects of varieties, planting patterns and plant densities on plant heights, first ear heights, ears numbers per plants and ear weigths were statistically significant. Higher values were observed at DKC5364 maize variety than P0573 variety for examined characteristics. The most suitable plant densities were determined as 11 plants/m2 for grain production and 12 plants/m2 for silage production in twin row plantig in Western Blacksee conditions of Türkiye

Bu araştırma, süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yem tüketimi ve yem dönüşüm oranının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler Hatay ilinde 141 adet süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden derlenmiştir. İşletmelerde ortalama yem bitkileri üretim alanı 18,13 da olup, yem bitkileri ekim alanlarının bitkisel üretim deseni içindeki payı %31,07 olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen işletmelerde ortalama büyükbaş hayvan varlığı 11,02 baş, sağmal inek sayısı ise 4,87 baş olup, sağmal inek başına süt verim değeri 5.619 lt/baş, süt geliri ise 2.811 ABD$/baş olarak hesaplanmıştır. İşletmelerinde bir süt ineğinin bir laktasyon döneminde kaba yem tüketimi 3.139,67 kg, tüketilen yemin parasal değeri ise 371,61 ABD$, kesif yem ve kırma yem tüketimi 2.958,90 kg, tüketilen yemin parasal değeri ise 1.118,57 ABD$ olarak tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen işletmeler genelinde toplam masraf tutarı yaklaşık olarak 1,9 milyon ABD$ olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Toplam masraf içinde değişen masrafların payı %64,26 olup, sabit masrafların payı %35,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yem masraflarının değişen masraflar içindeki payı ise %80,56’dır. Yapılan araştırma bir laktasyon döneminde sağmal ineklere verilen 1 kg kesif ve kırma yem tüketimine karşılık elde edilen süt miktarının 1,90 lt olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. İşletmeler ortalaması dikkate alındığında; 100 ABD$ yem tüketimi karşılığında süt sığırcılığının brüt üretim değeri için 236,02 ABD$, süt geliri için de 195,72 ABD$ olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada işletme büyüklük grupları arasında süt verimi ile kaba yem ve dane yem tüketim miktarı bakımından istatistiki yönden bir farklılıklar bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yürütülen araştırma; incelenen işletmelerde hayvan başına daha yüksek süt verimi ve gelirine ulaşabilmek için özellikle işletmelerin yem ihtiyacını kendi işletmelerinden sağlamaları gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Structures of agricultural holdings have been changing rapidly in rural areas. While smallholders have been decreasing in number, the number of large farms has been increasing. Youth has been rapidly moving away from agriculture. The agricultural sector has faced an aging problem. The involvement of youth and smallholders in agricultural production is extremely important for food supply security. This study aimed to observe the structural change of agricultural holdings based on the Farmer Registration System (FRS) data. The answers to the following questions were sought. Has the numerical and proportional distribution of enterprises changed according to their size? Has youth been moving away from agriculture? FRS records between 2003-2020 were used in the study. Agricultural holdings were grouped according to their size and the age of farmers. Results were summarized in tables and graphics. There was a decrease in the number and rate of farmers under the age of 40, and a proportional increase in the number of farmers over 65. While the number of agricultural holdings larger than 500 increased 2.5 times, the number and rate of small farms decreased. Migration from the districts and villages in the study area has been observed at rates ranging from 22% to 59% in 20 years. Special measures should be taken for youth and small farms to survive in the agricultural sector. Tools such as tax exemption and social security support can be used. Integrated rural development approaches, including basic services such as education and health, are indispensable for the population to be permanent in rural areas.