Jelatin, hayvansal dokuların temel ve yapısal bir proteini olan kolajenin hidrolizi sonucu elde edilen protein yapısındaki bir gıda katkı maddesidir. Kolajenin üçüncül, ikincil ve kısmen birincil protein yapılarının bozulmasını içeren birtakım işlemler sonucu elde edilen jelatin, suda çözünür bir maddedir. Jelatin, hayvanların deri, beyaz bağ doku ve kemiklerinden elde edilen, yüksek molekül ağırlığına sahip önemli bir hidrokolloiddir. Gıda endüstrisinde jelleşme ve kıvam artırıcı olması sebebiyle geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Jelatini diğer hidrokolloidlerden ayıran en önemli farklılıkları insan vücut sıcaklığının altındaki sıcaklıklarda geri dönüşlü olarak eriyebilmesi, hayvansal kaynaklı doğal protein yapısında olması ve GRAS statüde bir katkı maddesi olmasıdır. Bu derlemede jelatin üretimi amacıyla kullanılan mevcut ve alternatif kaynaklar, jelatinin kendine özgü fonksiyonel özellikleri, erime ve jelleşme özellikleri, yüzey davranış özellikleri ve bunların bir sonucu olarak ise gıda sanayindeki geniş kullanım alanları açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

The experiment was conducted to assess the integrated effects of pre-emergence herbicides and hand-weeding on weed control, yield components, yield, and their economic feasibility for cost effective weed control in faba bean. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments viz. pre-emergence s-metolachlor (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha-1) and pendimethalin (1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 kg ha-1), each at three rates metolachlor, s-metolachlor + one-hand-weeding, pendimethalin + one-hand-weeding, two-hand-weeding, complete weed free and weedy checks arranged. The weed flora consisted of broadleaved and sedge with the relative densities of 81.02 and 18.98 % at Haramaya district, and 80.83% and 19.17%, at Gurawa district, respectively. Application of s-metolachlor and pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 each supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE significantly (p ≤0.01) affected the broadleaved weeds, sedges and weed dry weight at both sites. S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE gave the lowest total number of weeds (8.29 m-2) following the weed free check. Higher grain yield (3555.8 kg ha-1) was produced with s-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 supplemented with one-hand-weeding 5 WAE following complete weed-free at Gurawa. The benefit gained from s-metolachlor and pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAE were greater than the value recorded from the weedy check by 216% and 198 %, respectively. S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and economic benefit. However, in case labour is constraint and s-metolachlor herbicide is timely available, pre emergence application of s-metolachlor at 2.0 kg ha-1 should be the alternative to preclude the yield loss and to ensure maximum benefit.

Multistoried agroforestry systems as a form of jackfruit-eggplant based is increasingly recognized as a promising option to counteract the catastrophic effects of climate change through providing multifaceted benefits. Unfortunately, farmers of Bangladesh did not manage their jackfruit orchard in a scientific manner. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the productivity and profitability of jackfruit-eggplant based agroforestry system after modification from a traditional jackfruit orchard during the period of July 2012 to December 2013. Five treatments covering four orientations of jackfruit tree and an open field was used as a control treatment. To observe the growth and economic performance of the system; soil moisture and temperature, DBH, number of fruits per tree, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, total yield, BCR, and LER were calculated following different established methods. The yield of jackfruit dramatically increased by 81% in the agroforestry system in compared to sole cropping, while eggplant shows inverse trend. Soil moisture was high in agroforestry system than that of control plot while soil temperature shows reverse pattern. Indeed, agroforestry system had some negative effects on growth performance of understorey crops. Despite, net return and BCR from jackfruit based agroforestry system were 5.58 lakh and 4.56, which was 66 and 45%, respectively higher than sole cropping systems. The LER of jackfruit-eggplant based agroforestry system was 2.17. Considering the main findings, we can elucidate that jackfruit orchards can be transformed to agroforestry system for maximizing production, generating income and conserving environment.

Tomato comes as the most commonly produced, consumed and subject for trading in the world. Alongside fresh consumption, on the other hand it forms the most significant raw material source of food industry, especially for tomato paste, frozen and dried vegetable-fruit and canned food industry. Turkey's greenhouse vegetable production field for 2016 year is 675173 decars and Antalya forms 51% of this field. Tomato forms 61.72% of Antalya's greenhouse production. The main material of the research consists of interviews made with producers resided in 5 villages/towns, where greenhouse tomato production is carried out densely in Antalya city, Alanya district. In 48 villages and towns, greenhouse tomato production is carried out, according to the official records. In the chosen areas, 365 producers exist. 20% of these producers (73) form the sample size. In the research, it was determined that the producers' average agricultural land possession is 9.13 decars and in 40.53% of these areas they grew tomatoes. None of these producers are engaged in contractual growing. All of the yield is produced for the edible (as table-top item). After the harvest, all of the products are sold in the wholesales market in county and city. 7.89% of the producers have no information on soilless agriculture, as 10.52% of them think that it has no advantages and 73.36% of them recommend traditional agriculture.

Renewable energy interest is increasing day by day due to the progressive decline of fossil fuels and negative effects on the environment. As is known, generating energy using solar energy is the most popular of renewable energy source applications. One of the reasons for this is that the sun, which is the source of all the energy in the world, will give energy for a very long time. Another important reason is the rapid developments in semiconductor electronics technology. Direct solar water heating with solar collector, power generation without photovoltaic panels, and even power generation with concentrated parabolic systems. In this research, electricity is generated by solar panels used in a traditional plateau house, photovoltaic solar batteries from solar energy and electricity stored in battery benches and electricity stored in the battery is converted to mains electricity through an inverter if necessary. Saving electric elements at home are selected, and the minimum power required for basic needs is provided. In addition, the economics of the designed system was investigated and efficiency analysis was carried out considering the energy efficiency at the optimum level.

The present study aimed to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia multicaulis Vahl plant collected in Gaziantep province, Turkey. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined with modified agar dilution method. The findings demonstrated that S. multicaulis had high antioxidant activity. However, it is recommended to avoid excessive consumption of the plant due to high OSI. It was also determined that plant extracts possessed antimicrobial potential. As a result, it was determined that the plant can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial resource.

Phytophthora spp., Oomycetes sınıfında yer alan, tek ve çok yıllık bitkilerde kök, kök boğazı ve yaprak yanıklığı oluşturarak ani ölümlere yol açan önemli bir hastalık grubudur. Orman ağaçlarında ilk Phytophthora çalışması, Türkiye ormanlarının en yaygın ağacı olan meşelerde yapılmış ve ülkenin birçok bölgesinde, Phytophthora türlerinin bitkilerde kurumalar ve geriye ölüm belirtileri oluşturduğu, bu hastalıklara P. cinnamomi, P. citricola, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. quercina, Phytophthora sp. 1 ve Phytophthora sp. 2’ in neden olduğu, en yaygın türün ise P. quercina olduğu belirlenmiştir. Phytophthora türlerinin yaygın olarak görüldüğü ikinci orman ağacı kestanedir ve ülkemizin hemen hemen her yöresinde Phytophthora kök çürüklüklerine rastlanmıştır. Kestanede dört türün hastalık yaptığı, bunlardan P. cambivora’nın daha çok iç bölgelerde bulunduğu, P. cinnamomi’ nin ise ılıman yerlerde sahil bölgelerde bulunduğu, P. plurivora ve P. cryptogea’ nın daha az oranda bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu türlerden P. cambivora ve P. cryptogea, karaçamlarda da saptanmıştır. Diğer orman ağaçlarından Dişbudaklarda P. lacustris, Şimşirlerde P. plurivora, P. occultans; Atkestanelerinde P. citrophthora ve P. cactorum; Kokarağaçta P. nicotianae tespit edilmiştir. Ülkemizde incelenen birçok orman ve süs bitkisi üreten fidanlıklarda da Phytophthora hastalıkları belirlenmiştir. Değişik fidanlıklarda; P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. cactorum, P. citricola, P. megasperma ve P. syringae türlerinin hastalık oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu derlemede bu bulgular ile ilgili detaylı bilgi sunulmuştur.

Since the national farmers' day on May 12, 2017 in Kaya, Burkina Faso, the debate on agriculture has been to establish the agricultural entrepreneurship through the concept of agriculture as a family business (ACEF). And it is from this perspective that this study was conducted to analyse the financing possibilities open to family farming and to deduce the constraints of the transition from family farming to enterprise farming. To do this, we used the exegetical method to characterize the existing agricultural formations, to identify the means of financing and the constraints of the agricultural transition. The agricultural sector is strongly dominated by family farming with low physical and financial capital. The means of financing are self-financing and external financing. However, the transition will not be without problems because there are technical and political constraints to overcome.

Araştırmada önemli bir hümik ve fülvik asit kaynağı olan leonarditin ağırlık esasına göre değişik miktarlarda toprağa karıştırılmasının kıvırcık yaprak salatada (Lactuva sativa var. crispa) su tüketimi ve tarımsal verimliliğe olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma sera koşullarında saksı denemesi olarak yürütülmüştür. Kullanılan toprak killi-tınlı bünyeye sahip olup, denemede 10 L hacimli PE saksılar kullanılmıştır. Araziden alınan topraklar sera içerisinde yere serilerek kurutulmuş ve leonardit ile karıştırılıp inkübasyon süresince bekletilmiş sonrasında saksıya alınmıştır. Çalışma 3 yinelemeli olmak üzere 4 farklı konuda tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde tasarlanmıştır. Konular L0: (Kontrol), L5: (%5 leonardit + %95 toprak), L10: (%10 leonardit + %90 toprak) ve L20: (%20 leonardit + %80 toprak) şeklinde oluşturulmuştur. Bitki su tüketimi saksıların tartımı yoluyla belirlenmiştir. En yüksek su tüketimi L0 kontrol konusunda (leonardit uygulanmayan saksı toprağı) 9,74 L ile gerçekleşmiş iken, en düşük L20 konusunda 7,20 L olmuştur. Farklı miktarlarda uygulanan leonardit düzeylerinin verim ve bazı gelişim parametreleri üzerine etkileri ayrı ayrı istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P

This study was carried out to detect the content of amino acid in female and male specimens of blue swimming crab (Portunus segnis) obtained from (including 12 male crab and also 12 female crab) North Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. The protein was identified as 17.63% and 18.13% for female and male crab respevtively. Totally 9 essential amino acids were recorded in the present study. Lysine and leucine constituted the highest essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations in P. segnis. This species was found to be in good score in terms of the level of EAA and the EAA/Non-EAA ratios when compared with other economical crab species.