Bağcılıkta üzüm çeşitleri belirlenirken, sürgün, yaprak, salkım ve meyveye ait karakterizasyon özellikler kullanılmaktadır. Bu karakterizasyon özellikler uluslararası yöntem birliğinin oluşması için “Uluslararası Bitki Gen Kaynakları Merkezi” (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) adına oluşturulmuş bir çalışma ekibi ile “Bağcılık ve Şarapçılık Ofisi” (Office Internatıonal de la Vigne et du Vin-OIV) ve “Uluslararası Yeni Bitki Çeşitlerinin Korunması Birliği” (International union for the Protection of New Varietes of Plants- UPOV) ile işbirliği içinde yapılan çalışmalarla geliştirilmiş ‘Üzüm Tanımlayıcıları’ (Grape Descriptors) adıyla bir normda yayınlanmıştır. Üzüm çeşitlerinin sahip olduğu ampelografik özellikler bu normdaki karakterizasyon özelliklere göre belirlenerek ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Her üzüm çeşidinin sürgününe, yaprağına, salkımına ve meyvesine özgü ampelografik özellikleri bulunmaktadır. Bu özellikler ‘Üzüm Tanımlayıcıları’ normuna göre belirlendikten sonra sayısal veya sözel olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ampelografik özellikler kullanılarak Corint, Merlot, Tayfi, Michele palieri, Narince üzüm çeşitlerinin derin öğrenme teknikleri ile sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Amaç üzüm çeşitlerinin ampelografik özelliklerini kullanarak derin öğrenme teknikleri ile hangi üzüm çeşidi olduğunu belirlemektir. Yapılan çalışma için 15 katmandan meydana gelen yeni bir CNN modeli oluşturulmuştur. Beş sınıf bulunan veri setinde beş adet üzüm çeşidinin salkım ve meyvelerine ait 227x227x3 boyutunda toplam 1028 adet görüntü kullanılmıştır. Görüntülerin %80’i eğitim için %20’si ise doğrulama için ayrılmıştır. MATLAB programında, yeni ve özgün olarak geliştirilen CNN modeli ile %96,10 sınıflandırma başarım oranı elde edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler neticesinde geliştirilen CNN modelinin başarılı olduğu ve üzüm çeşitlerinin sınıflandırılmasında kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause foodborne poisoning and can form biofilms, reducing enterotoxin production and the penetration rate of antibiotics. Therefore, infections and poisonings caused by S. aureus can be difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance levels of S. aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and the presence of biofilm and mecA gene and to reveal the risk to public health. S. aureus was isolated in 30 (30%) of 100 raw milk samples obtained from Van province. A total of 48 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 30 samples. All 48 isolates (100%) obtained were resistant to penicillin G and cefoxitin, 4 (8.33%) to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol, and 25 (52.08%) to erythromycin. All of the isolates (100%) were found to be susceptible to ceftriaxone. In addition, 26 (54.16%) of the obtained isolates were found to be resistant to at least 3 antibiotics. The strains found to be resistant to penicillin and cefoxitin were also intermediate to at least one of the antibiotics. Biofilm genes were detected in 18 of the S. aureus isolates (37.5%). Twelve of the biofilm-forming isolates contain icaA (66.6%), 3 contain icaD (16.6%) and the other 3 contain bap genes (16.6%). Three of the isolates contain icaA and icaD genes and the other three isolates contain icaA and bap genes together. It was determined that only 2 of the isolates contained the mecA gene. The isolates containing the mecA gene also contained the icaA and icaD genes. In conclusion, the fact that S. aureus isolates had high antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming genes, and methicillin resistance genes showed that raw milk may be a serious public health problem.

The chokeberry plant, which is native to North America and the south of Canada, is a deciduous, shrub-shaped, berry-like plant belonging to the Rosaceae family, which survives for many years. It is seen as a plant that adapts easily to almost every climatic condition and soil and has many beneficial properties for health. Within the scope of this study, methanol, 70% ethanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and water extracts were prepared from the fruits collected from the Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott plant, which is cultivated in the Kırklareli region. The chemical contents of the obtained extracts were clarified by high performance liquid chromatography. It was determined that phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, quercetin-3-galactoside, p-coumaric acid were found in the extracts, and ethyl acetate extract was found to have the richest phenolic substance profile. Malvin anthocyanin compound was detected only in methanol extract.

Soybean is a nutritious crop commonly used for food enrichment due to its rich nutritional content and valuable functional characteristics. Soy products and also soymilk are potential ingredients for substitution of milk powder in food products with respect to providing high nutritious quality, lowering production cost and being an alternative for vegan and vegetarian diets. In this study, soymilk powder and soy protein isolate were added to milk chocolate to obtain a functional food product. Some chemical, physical and functional properties of powder ingredients were determined. Soymilk powder was found to have 44.43 % protein, 18.14 % fat and 6.06 % ash content. According to the chemical analysis, inactivation of 99.1 % for LOX-1, 100 % for LOX-3 and 98.5 % for trypsin inhibitors was achieved by heat treatment of 98 °C for 20 minutes. Functionality of chocolates was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. The results were significantly higher than the literature data. Considering all results in terms of functionality, it can be stated that soymilk powder and soy protein isolate can be added to milk chocolate in order to obtain a functional food product.

An efficient seed marketing system is very crucial for boosting vegetable production in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the vegetable seed marketing channels in Bangladesh including profit margins of various traders and different problems faced by them. Primary data from 45 vegetable farmers and 30 seed traders in Rajshahi district were collected by face-to-face interview. Descriptive and profitability analysis were employed, while problem confrontation index (PCI) was used to rank the problems. The findings revealed that vegetable seeds were traded through six major marketing channels. Private agents supply the majority of seeds where dealers, wholesalers, retailers and farmers were the key actors in the channels. However, rural market traders had the highest marketing margin and terminal market traders had the lowest. BCR for terminal market traders was 1.53 that is highest among the traders’ categories where BCR for rural market traders was lowest (1.36). Lack of bank loan facilities, inadequate capital, lack of separate market place, and lack of technical know-how were the major ranked problems faced by traders. The study recommends providing credit facilities to the traders, arranging a separated market place and proper training to increase technical knowledge.

In recent years, intensive legal regulations aimed at the production of urban areas in Türkiye, the phenomenon of migration, the spread of higher education, abnormal cost increases in agricultural activities have accelerated urbanization. Parallel to the increase in the urban population, the food supply remains insufficient. The inability to increase the production of food products brings with it problems such as malnutrition, inflation, foreign trade deficit, food security. The natural areas harbored by rural and urban areas are shrinking and being destroyed by the pressure of rapid urbanization. In addition to the abandonment of rural areas, the food crisis that has arisen as a result of the intervention of the urbanization process in agricultural areas has increased the responsibility of the central government and municipalities. In order to meet the food needs of the population and implement sustainable agricultural policies, municipalities are taking different and innovative approaches. Municipalities are making direct and indirect attempts to provide people with cheap and reliable food. In this study, the activities carried out by the municipalities in Türkiye to support sustainable agriculture and their economic and social effects were examined.

For commercial aquaculture, the obtainment of all-female salmonid populations is important in fish farms. After freezing process, variable spermatozoa maturity, higher sperm concentration, low sperm quality, and reduced fertilization success have been observed in sex-reversed female rainbow trout. For these reasons, the objective of this study was to assess effect of dilution rate and supplementation of a N-(2-Mercaptopropionyl)-Glycine (MPG)-based extender on sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sex-reversed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The supplementation of MPG [0 (control, 0), 1 mM; 2 mM; 4 mM] to extenders and dilution ratio (1:9, 1:15 and 1:25) were tested in sex-reversed female rainbow trout spermatozoa during cryopreservation. For thawing, the straws (0.5 ml) were placed in a water bath at 37°C for 30 s. Our results showed that the best concentration of MPG was 2 mM for post-thaw motility duration (120.67±9.07%), fertilization (62.67±3.10%) and hatching rate (54.33±3.10%) at 1:15 dilution rate. Overall, MPG provided improvements during cryopreservation process and could be used as protective agent.

Research is achieved for the sake of contribution towards science and getting information systematically, starting from the collection of data, passing through interpretation and final evaluation of these data and all that, in an organized manner which is called scientific research. Biotechnology includes the application both of older biological knowledge, which is based on structures, functioning, and development of animals and plants in their ecological setting, and of newer approaches, which are based on an understanding of genetics and on the cellular and subcellular processes. The development of biotechnology has given society an awesome new power and an equally awesome responsibility to use it wisely. Biotechnology is being applied in different areas of science such as agriculture, health, the environment, and many other aspects of science and industry. Most of these applications and developments are centered in the developed countries and the research is established by these notions. Currently, it has been obvious that biotechnology is crucial for notion’s economic growth and sustainable development. Yemen, as one of the most developing countries, is suffering to emerge molecular biotechnology research in universities and research units. This is because of many aspects that affect the soceity, goverment, and ultimatly the entire country, including society, human resources, facilities, infrastructure and environment resources, and stability. To conclude, the researchers in Yemen are surrounding by many challenges, which are starting in society and ending up in the laboratory. The research has very low priority on a long list of priorities such as food, stability, security, and healthcare. All the challenges can be solved, but it will need a more educated society and serious government policy toward research as a tool to build a strong society.

The congenital disability, atresia ani or atresia ani et recti or recto-vaginal fistula, is one of the most common types of congenital malformation disability. A 45-day-old male cross-breed calf was admitted to Patuakhali Science and Technology University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital with complaints of leaking feces through the umbilicus and was clinically confirmed as a recto-umbilicus fistula. This congenital condition was corrected successfully by making an artificial opening in the lower right abdominal wall. Corrective surgery was the only successful technique for repairing the recto-umbilicus fistula. The prognosis for surgical correction of the recto-umbilicus fistula in a cross-breed calf was indicated to be good.

The consumption of medicinal herbs, in the form of infusions, such as chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), mint (Mentha piperita) and muña-muña (Clinopodium gilliesii) is widespread in the region. The determination of toxic and essential elements is relevant to evaluate their incorporation into the human organism. Although the study of elemental levels in different herbs and their infusions is quite widespread, information on plants from Argentina is scarce. In the present work, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na and K were quantified in the five commercially available medicinal herbs and in their infusions by atomic absorption and emission spectrometry. In general, the nutrient levels obtained in the herbs studied followed the sequence: K > Ca > Mg > Fe > Na > Cu while in the infusions the order was: K > Mg > Na > Ca > Fe > Cu. Pb was found in the chamomile and wormwood infusions at levels below 10 µg.L-1, whereas Cd and As were not detected (LOD= 0.07 μg.L-1 and 7 μg.L-1 respectively). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values calculated for the essential elements in the infusions were lower than the recommended daily intake (RDI) levels suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and did not provide the diet with significant nutritional values. As for to the toxic elements Pb, Cd and As, the EDI values obtained in the infusions were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI), indicating that they do not entail a health risk.