Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) ( Annelida: Clitellata: Lumbricidae) is one of the most widely used compost worms which has; 50–70 mm body length,with striated red pigmentation and clitellum on segments 27–33.Thistaxon is now widely distributed all over Europe. The origin of this species is suggested to be in the East Mediterranean. D. veneta has been the subject of several cell-biological, immunological, soil and environmental studies. In this context, the main purpose and content of the study is to analyzethe bio- ecology, morphology and seasonal variation of D. veneta with the data which was obtained from the observations and examination scarried out during 2020-2022 in two different habitat locality in Nevşehir province.

Agriculture must be necessary and sustainable for the continuity of human beings. For sustainable agriculture, productive crops can be made with good irrigation in productive crops and conscious irrigation in good irrigation. A survey was conducted with 111 producers in the central district of Tokat province to determine the factors affecting conscious irrigation and conscious irrigation. In the research, first of all, the socio-demographic structure of the producers was determined: it was determined that the producers with an active working population had a low level of education. In the second part of the research, irrigation information was tried to be determined and it was observed that most of the producers were doing salman irrigation. In the third part of the research, irrigation awareness was tried to be determined by using the scoring method of the producers and it was determined that 24% of the producers were in the category with a high level of awareness. In the last part, the factors affecting irrigation awareness were determined with the help of the ordered probit model. As a result, it has been determined that there is a linear relationship between the level of awareness of the producers, their educational status and membership in the irrigation union.

Tahini is a food product that is frequently preferred both directly and as a main ingredient in various ready-to-eat food products and is consumed with interest, especially in the Middle East geography. Its reputation has recently spread across continents to countries like Canada and the United States of America. Tahini was subjected to a number of analyses to ascertain its physicochemical and microbiological quality within the context of the study since it is a highly consumed product with high consumption and demand values. In this context, tahini samples of 10 different brands were collected from producers and commercially sold markets in Balikesir and Bursa. Samples were taken from two different lot numbers for each company. As a result of the analyzes made on the tahini samples, it was determined that the total oil amount of the samples changed between 49.76-58.7%, the salt amount changed between 0.001-0.0027%, the ash amount was between 1.02%-1.28%, and the moisture value was between 1.1-1.5%; as a result of microbiological cultivations in which the presence of yeast and mold were analyzed, an average of 75 CFU/g viability was determined, while Escherichia coli, which was screened as an indicator of fecal contamination, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp, which are pathogenic microorganisms, were not found to be contaminated in all tahini samples. One of the tahini samples was not found in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Tahini Communiqué (TFC) in terms of the amount of oil. It is concluded that 90% of the samples were manufactured in line with the TFC when the results of the chemical and microbiological analyses were combined.

Different brewing methods can lead to changes in the physicochemical properties of green tea. In this study, the physicochemical properties of green tea brewed with different amounts (5, 7.5 and 10 grams) and times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 minutes) were investigated. Green tea produced by Çaykur was used in the study. Mineral analysis of green tea samples was performed with ICP-OES, and color analysis was performed with Minolta Spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method and the total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. In terms of mineral content, it was determined highest levels of mineral content (mg/kg) for Al, Ca and Mg (10 g-25 minutes); Fe, Mn and Na (10 g-25 minutes); and B (10 g-50 minutes) as 16.005, 4.099, 24.075, 0.120, 13.855, 1.320 and 0.164, respectively. It was determined lowest levels of mineral content (mg/kg) for Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn (5 g-5 minutes); B and Fe (5 g-10 minutes), and Na (5 g-15 minutes) as 2.756, 1.193, 3.324, 1.23, 0.025, 0.002 and 0.48, respectively. In terms of color, it was determined that the lowest and highest L* values are 39.97 (10 g-45 minutes) -54.23 (5 g-35 minutes), lowest and highest a* values are -2.24 (5 g-5 minutes) (-4.70) (7.5 g-35 minutes) and lowest and highest b* values are 4.91 (5 g-5 minutes)- 23.98 (10 g-60 minutes). The antioxidant activity value (inhibition %) in green tea was found to be the range of 28.51 % (5 g, 45 minutes)- 47.95 (10 g- 40 minutes), and the total phenolic content (mg GAE/mL) was found to be the range of 15.99 (5 g, 5 minutes)- 35.61 (10 g, 15 minutes). The findings determined that green tea brewed with different amounts and times showed statistical differences in terms of color, mineral content, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an edible wild plant that is widely grown in the world, including Türkiye. Purslane plant, which is an important component of Mediterranean cuisine, can grow spontaneously in nature. Stress conditions can directly or indirectly affect its growth and development in the environment in which it is grown. In the current study, stress conditions of soil organic matter content, irrigation water amount and irrigation water salinity were investigated in pot experiments. The experiments were carried out in a 72 m2 greenhouse established on the Dokuz Eylül University Tınaztepe Campus. From the variables, soil organic matter was applied as 1%, 1.8% (control), 3% and 5% on a dry weight basis. 15 purslane seeds were planted in each pot and left to germinate. Irrigation water amounts were chosen as 100%, 75%, 50%, 30%, 15% of the field capacity. The last variable in the application was determined as the salinity of the irrigation water; the conductivity of the applied irrigation waters were control (tap water-about 0.5 mS/cm), 4 mS/cm, 8 mS/cm, 16 mS/cm. All pots were prepared in four repetitions and the study was carried out with a total of 320 pots. Experiments were carried out for 90 days from the first planting. In the study, it was observed that the increase in organic matter increased plant germination. Statistical evaluation was also made and the effects of irrigation water amount and salinity were also evaluated according to principal component analysis. As the field capacity decreased, decreases were observed in plant growth, but this was mostly observed at 30% and 15% field capacity. The negative effects of salinity on plant growth were observed at 8 mS/cm and 16 mS/cm values.

The purpose of this study was to estimate and identify factors affecting the willingness of households to pay for conservation of Washera sheep in West Gojam, Ethiopia. This study used both primary and secondary data. A three-stage sampling method was used to collect data from 240 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric models. The two-dimensional test model used a method to determine the choice of the imputation method using double limited dichotomies. The study showed that education level, livestock size, extension contacts and credit source positively affected the maximum household’s willingness to pay for conservation of Washera sheep. On the other hand, age, sex, land size, and the distance of the home from the household’s market have negatively affected the maximum household’s willingness to pay for conservation of Washera sheep. Meanwhile, the total number of valid answers corresponds to 122,168 households. Therefore, the mean willingness to pay for Washera sheep conservation was US$ 3.75 per year and the total economic benefit gain from Washera sheep conservation were equivalent to US$1,069,647.23. The study recommends that households be willing to contribute to the conservation of Washera sheep breed by providing the cash. This ensures community participation in all decision making and formulation of plans and policies related to the conservation of Washera sheep breeds.

Animal and vegetable wastes are mostly utilized by burning or as fertilizer on agricultural lands. Burning these wastes does not produce a desired level of heat, and the remaining material after heat production cannot be used as fertilizer, either. For this reason, plant and animal wastes are converted into energy by obtaining biogas from biomass, which is one of the most environmentally acceptable methods of solution. This system makes it possible to both produce energy and evaluate the end product as fertilizer. In this study, the efficiency of biogas and methane production from kitchen waste and ovine manure via anaerobic fermentation was evaluated. First of all, the C/N ratio of randomly selected kitchen wastes was determined, and it was found as 34.30. The mixing ratios with ovine manure were determined by considering the C/N ratio that was found. The mixing ratios of kitchen waste and ovine manure by mass were determined as 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1, respectively, and the C/N values providing optimum biogas production in the mixtures were found. At the end of the 48-day-long anaerobic fermentation process, the highest biogas and methane production was achieved as 525 ml and 332 ml, respectively, in reactor 5 with a mixing ratio of 2:1. This reactor was followed by reactor 2 with 450 ml of biogas and 271 ml of methane production. Accordingly, it was concluded that kitchen waste could be a good mixture with ovine manure in anaerobic fermentation.

In social & economic science disciplines, the lack of strong theories is often reflected in the lack of well-accepted common metrics defined by a UNIT. PAHU Method vs. PC is developed to investigate the feasibility of developing well-grounded common metrics/unit to advance behavioural, economic-social, food security & science research, both in terms of advancing the development of theory and increasing the utility of research for policy & practice. In addition aiming, to consider whether a set of criteria can be developed for understanding when the measurement of a particular construct is ready to be standardized & to explore how the research community can foster a move toward standardization when it appears warranted. In this globalised society, even imperial measures are defined with reference to the metric/unit standards. A radical evaluation method change in global food systems is needed to meet the challenges. State of the art of PAHU Method /Age and Gender Corrected Per Capita (PCagc) is to evaluate demographic structure, consumer & past and future food consumption potential of developed & developing countries, target populations, their food sufficiency & also food security evaluations of family and households. It involves systematic attempts to create awareness of 19.4 percentage UNIT error inherent to PC & pave the way to food - other goods consumption evaluations plus global impact of hunger & environmental issues until 2020-2050-era. PAHUM was applied & evaluated EU28 demographic structure & food consumption issues for 1999/2010/2020. Now it focuses on research with systems approach, contributing to the development of tomorrow’s food systems for family/household evaluations including CO2 emissions-biodiversity relations. A radical evaluation method change in global/EU food systems is needed to meet the global challenges, including family/household on UNIT basis. The principal is always to ask questions “Why”, “What” and “How” will naturally unfold and found the reality of PAHUM. Reality is reality…

In this context, it is necessary to select and develop salt-tolerant genotypes that can grow in salty soils and have high yields, and formulate strategies which may enhance the plant survival under salinity stress. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an important biological hormone that provides resistance to abiotic stress conditions and can be secreted by plants. Melatonin concentration in plants varies depending on genotype, temperature and growth period. Increase in melatonin concentration is associated with increased SNAT and HIOMAT/ASMT enzyme activity. It plays an important role in gibberellic acid and abscisic acid biosynthesis during the germination and provides plant growth and development. Exogenous application of melatonin significantly alleviates chlorophyll degradation and stomatal closure caused by salt stress, improves photosynthesis and enhances plants' salt tolerance. Besides it significantly reduces the harmful effects of salinity by regulating plant physiology, improving plant morphology, photosynthesis and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The present review discusses the recent studies on the effect of melatonin on plant growth and physiology against salt stress that have important impacts on plant growth and development have been given according to the findings of various researches. It also highlights the mechanim/s of melatonin-induced salinity stress tolerance in plants.

A total of 46 chub mackerel and 23 Atlantic mackerel samples were taken from the commercial fishermen engaged in purse seine fishing from the Izmir Bay during the fishing period of 2020-2021. The samples were dissected in the laboratory, 15 ovaries from mature females were taken and fecundity was determined. The minimum, maximum and mean values of total length of Scomber scombrus respectively; It is 26.9-31 cm (mean: 28.89±1.44), 150 420-454 260 (mean: 259 300±97 369). A linear relationship was determined between total length fecundity in mackerel and this value was TL=25.396+0.000013×F (R2=0.83). Oocyte diameter; It is 1.1-.2 (mean: 1.16±0.10) mm. The minimum, maximum and mean values of total length of Scomber colias respectively; it is 25.1-25.9 cm (mean: 25.59±0.26), fecundity 134 853-417 500 (mean: 322 381±84 172). A linear relationship was found between total length fecundity in lichen and this value was TL=24.682+0.000003×F (R2=0.80). Oocyte diameter; It is 0.99-1 (mean:1.02±0.06) mm.