Bu araştırmada Samsun ilindeki tarım danışmanlarının karşılaştıkları sorunlar ele alınmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Samsun ilinde görev yapan 51 tarım danışmanı ile anket yapılarak, ele alınan tarım danışmanlarına ait bilgiler ve yaşadıkları sorunlar tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları, Samsun ilindeki tarım danışmanlarının genç, eğitimli ve iletişim becerilerine önem veren bir grup olduğunu ve düzenli olarak kendilerini geliştirdiklerini göstermektedir. Araştırma aynı zamanda tarım danışmanlarının yaşadıkları sorunları da ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sorunlar arasında tarım danışmanlığı sisteminin yeterince kurumsallaşmamış olması, hukuki düzenlemelerin eksikliği ve görev-yetki belirsizlikleri gibi önemli konular yer almaktadır. Ayrıca çiftçilerin danışmanlık hizmetlerine olan talebinin düşük olması ve kamu kuruluşları arasındaki koordinasyon eksiklikleri de sektörün sorunları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tarım danışmanları için düzenli hizmet içi eğitim sağlanmalıdır. Tarım danışmanlarının saha çalışmalarını daha etkin bir şekilde sağlamak için teknolojik araçlardan yararlanılabilir. Tarım danışmanlarının çalışma usul ve esaslarını belirleyen yasal düzenlemeler daha açık ve net hale getirilebilir. Çiftçi bilinçlendirme çalışmaları ve aynı zamanda tarım danışmanlarının saha faaliyetlerini sürdürülebilmeleri için finansman kaynaklarının önceden planlanması ve güvence altına alınması önemlidir.

In this study, challenges experienced by dairy cattle enterprises in Southwestern Uganda and the factors influencing their profitability were respectively analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression in STATA 15.0 statistical software. Eighteen questions relating to the challenges experienced by dairy producers in the study area were factor analyzed using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin’s measure of sampling adequacy was 0.643, above the commonly recommended value of 0.6, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (ꭓ² (153) = 1670.13, P<0.001). Using both the scree plot and eigenvalues greater than 1 to determine the underlying components, the analysis yielded five factors explaining a total of 67.42% of the variance in the data. These factors were investment constraints, productivity constraints, climatic and environmental conditions, veterinary and social security services, and marketing constraints, which explained 21.32%, 13.01%, 11.97%, 11.03%, and 10.097% of the variance after rotation, respectively. The factors hypothesized to influence the profitability of dairy enterprises were; daily milk yield per lactating cow, the prevalence rate of diseases, percentage of lactating cows to those raised on the enterprise, attendance of animal production training, the unit production cost of milk, and enterprise size according to the number of animals raised. Regression analysis results of these factors revealed that the unit production cost of milk, enterprise size, and daily milk yield per lactating cow were statistically significant. The estimated model had an R-squared value of 0.92. The recommendations emphasized in this study were reducing milk production costs, rational use of production resources, adopting improved cattle breeds, improving feeding by supplementing animal diets with concentrate feeds to increase milk yield, and general improvement in dairy herd management practices, including disease control strategies.

The concept of lighting is of great importance in providing the security that people need so that they can have a quality of life and in meeting their aesthetic needs. Lighting design is related to the physical structure and the environment, and thanks to the lighting design, the aesthetic and functional needs of people will be met and the quality of life will be increased. The need to reflect the historical, cultural and aesthetic values of the city has brought the issue of urban lighting to the agenda. Lighting systems, which are applied without paying attention to the necessary lighting standards and criteria, cause some problems in urban spaces. One of these problems is light pollution; It is generally defined as the use of light in the wrong place, in the wrong amount, in the wrong direction and at the wrong time. Light pollution adversely affects the natural life and daily lives of people, and it is necessary to take various measures to eliminate such negativities in human life, to detect and eliminate these problems. In this study; The standards for the lighting of the city parks obtained by the literature studies were determined, the current lighting situation of the Butterfly Valley Park and the recommended lighting design produced by the Relux software in accordance with the standards. According to the findings; In the current lighting project, the total power consumed as a result of the lighting of all the lamps of the area has been calculated as 96 005.0 W. In the proposed lighting project, the total power consumed as a result of the burning of all lamps was calculated as 27 630.0 W. The obtained energy gain was found to be 96 005.0 W – 36 700.0 W = 68 375.0 W. As a result of working in the light of this information, energy savings of 1 in 3 have been achieved.

The research was conducted in the years of 2020-2021 during the growing seasons such as 2021A started from September 2020 till the end of January 2021 and 2021 B started from February till end of June 2021, in Busogo sector, Musanze District, Northern Province. The purpose of this project was to assess the impact of fertilization and drying methods such as sun drying, dry shelter and kitchen drying on aflatoxin contamination in maize before and after harvesting. The area from which this project was conducted was chosen due to the availability of a lot of number of maize growers who cultivate them not only for consumption but also for trade purpose either processed or non-processed. During this study, a total of twenty-four samples were collected, examined and evaluated for aflatoxin levels in both seasons. In the season 2021A and 2021B sample collection equivalent to twelve in each season was done then dried them within 30 days by using different drying methods such as dry shelter, kitchen drying, sun drying. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatment of fertilizer combination in four replications was used in this study and all experimental plots were planted with one maize variety (H628) purchased from Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board. Except samples from maize cultivated without fertilizer, level of aflatoxin infection was found to be higher 10 Parts per billion. The East African countries community standard limit of 10 parts per billion which indicate a health risk to the consumer, when comparing the three drying methods employed in this study, the kitchen drying method produced lower levels of aflatoxin (1.6 parts per billion) than the dry shelter (3.2 parts per billion) and sun drying methods (2.9 parts per billion), samples taken from the control plot (T4) stands for no fertilizer application resulted greater levels of aflatoxin with an average of 25.75 prts per billion compared to other treatments which yielded aflatoxin levels of at lower than 10 parts per billion. The use of kitchen drying can be recommended as well as mixture of both organic and inorganic fertilizers when growing maize in order to reduce the level of aflatoxin.

Sunulan çalışmanın amacı kedilerde ovaryohisterektomi sırasında butorfanol, medetomidine ve ketamin kombinasyonu ile yapılan anestezinin kan gazı parametrelerine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada 6-72 ay aralığında, farklı ırklarda, 19 adet kısırlaştırılan dişi kedi kullanıldı. Anesteziden önce vena cephalica antebrachi’den heparinli enjektöre 1 mL kan alınarak kan gazı parametreleri değerlendirildi. Klinik muayene ve laboratuvar analizler sonucunda sağlıklı olduğu belirlenen kediler ovaryohisterektomi için genel anesteziye alındı. Anestezi indüksiyonu için butorfanol (0,01 mg/kg, IV) uygulandı, uygulamadan 5 dakika sonra medetomidine (0,08 mL/kg, IV) ve 10 dakika sonrasında ise ketamin (5-7,5 mg/kg, IV) damar içi yolla verildi. Ketamin uygulamasının 10. dakikasında kedilerden tekrar kan örneği alındı. Anestezi öncesi ve sırasında alınan kan örneklerinde pH, pCO2, pO2, sO2, Na, Ca, K, Cl, Glu, Lac, BE ve HCO3 düzeyleri değerlendirildi. Anestezisi indüklenen kedilerde pH, pO2, sO2, BE ve HCO3 düzeylerinin anestezi öncesine göre daha düşük, pCO2 ve laktat konsantrasyonlarının ise yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak ovaryohisterektomi uygulanacak kedilerde kan gaz parametreleri takibinin yapılmasının, operasyon öncesi ve sonrası oluşabilecek komplikasyonların önlenebilmesi için yararlı olabileceği düşünüldü.

At Banganga, Kapilbastu, Nepal, a field experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 to determine the performances of transplanted spring rice under different weed management techniques. With five treatments and four replications, the experiment was structured as a single-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments consisted of Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide, Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT, Hand weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT, Cono-weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT and control. The plots treated with Pretilachlor plus hand weeding recorded a significantly higher plant height (99cm), higher number of effective tillers per meter square (11.97), higher panicle length (26cm), and higher number of grains per panicle (200.60) at 90 DAT. The sterility percentage and the no. of grains per panicle were not affected by the weed management practices. Cono-weeding was found statistically superior in terms of grain yield (6.09 Mt ha-1) and harvest index (42.10 %). The experiment concluded that the weed management practices affect the grain yield of transplanted spring rice.

The farm is an abstract category in Economic theory for describing agents managing farming activity, while the real governing structures are farms of different juridical types – physical persons, sole traders, cooperatives, ago=companies, etc. Most of the time, farm’s competitiveness is inadequately assessed through technical and accountancy efficiency, factors’ productivity, profitability, market shares, etc. because critical governance aspects are ignored. This article incorporates the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics assumptions and principles and tries to give new insights on the real competitiveness of economic organizations in modern agriculture.  It suggests a holistic framework for assessing farm’ competitiveness taking into account economic, financial, and governance efficiency, and evaluates absolute and comparative competitiveness of governing structures of Bulgarian farming. The novel assessment system includes four pillars, four criteria, 17 particular, and 5 integral indicators. The first-in-kind evaluation, based on survey data, found that the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms is good. The competitiveness of cooperatives is highest, followed by corporations and associations, sole traders, and physical persons. Critical for competitive positions of farms are: low productivity, income, financial security, and adaptability to natural environment, where public support and farms’ management strategies should be directed. Large shares of the country’s farms have low competitiveness, and if measures are not taken to improve management, restructuring, state support, etc., many farms will cease to exist in the near future. In some cases, other characteristics of governing structures like size, specialization, market orientation, and ecological location, are critical for determining competitiveness level. The suggested and successfully tested framework for assessing the competitiveness of farms should be further improved and applied more widely and periodically in the country and internationally. The precision and representativeness of the information used should also be improved by increasing the number of surveyed farms and their important characteristics. The later requires close cooperation with producer organizations, national agricultural advisory service, and other interested parties as well as extending and improving the system for collecting agro-statistical information in the country and the EU.

Sorbitol is an important source of abiotic stress that is used to increase osmolality in cell cultures. It increases the antioxidant enzymes of defense catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the stress state of cells. Sorbitol plays an important role in stimulating these enzymes in cells and increasing phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) activity. The aim of this study was to apply increasing doses of sorbitol elicitor to cell suspension cultures to determine the changes in cell number, viability, dry weight, and camphor content. In vitro plantlets were obtained from plant seeds and stem segments of these plants were used as explant source. Cell cultures were established after callus formation. Then, 0 (control), 5, 25, and 50 g L-1 sorbitol was dissolved in distilled water and cultured. Samples were taken three times in total, starting from day 1 to day 3. The content of camphor was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cell number, viability,dry weight, and camphor content increased significantly with increasing doses of sorbitol compared to sampling times. Compared to the initial culture, the amount of camphor increased by 40% at the 5 g L-1 dose, 82% at the 25 g L-1 dose, and 154% at the 50 g L-1 dose. In A. gypsicola cell cultures, increasing doses of sorbitol have clearly demonstrated the secondary metabolite accumulation and its positive effect on cell growth.

Bu araştırmada, Adıyaman ve Gaziantep illerinde organik tarım yapan üreticilerin tarım sigortasına yaklaşımları anket yoluyla belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gaziantep ilinde 84, Adıyaman ilinde ise 79 adet organik tarım üreticisi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ortalamalar ve Khi-kare yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tarım sigortası yaptırıp yaptırmama durumunu etkileyen değişkenler lojistik regresyon analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Her iki ilde en çok sigorta yaptırılan organik ürün antepfıstığı olup, bunu zeytin, üzüm, ceviz, badem ve nar takip etmiştir. En çok sigorta yaptıran yaş grubunun 46 yaş üzeri ve ilköğretim mezun grupları olduğu görülmüştür. Adıyaman ilindeki organik tarım yapan çiftçilerin, tarım sigortası yaptırma durumunun Gaziantep ilindeki çiftçilere oranla 0,501 kat olduğu saptanmıştır. Üreticilerin tarım sigortası yaptırma nedeni olarak, ürünlerinin çok zarar görmesi, geleceğe daha güvenle bakabilmek, sürekli afet riskinin olması ve sigortaya devletin destek vermesini sebep olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Tarım sigortası yaptırmayan üreticiler gerekçe olarak, sigorta maliyetinin yüksek olması, hasar ödemelerinin zamanında yapılacağına inanmamaları ve doğal afetlerden hiç zarar görmemiş olmalarını bildirmişlerdir.

Bal, insan diyetinin önemli elemanlarından biridir. Kestane balı diğer ballar içerisinde sağlığa sunduğu katkılar nedeniyle özel bir yere sahiptir ve fonksiyonel bir gıda olarak kabul edilir. Bu çalışmada değerli bir ürün olan kestane balının gastronomik açıdan Türkiye ve Dünya’da kullanım alanları ve önemi sosyal medya, internet kaynakları taranarak araştırılmış ve kullanım alanlarının arttırılması amacıyla bütünsel bir yaklaşımla doğru hammadde temininden ürün tasarımı ve sunumuna değin dikkat edilmesi gereken kritik noktalara değinilmiştir. Bu amaçla ülkemizdeki farklı yörelerden elde edilen kestane balı örneklerinde total antioksidan (TAS), total oksidan (TOS) ve oksidatif stres indeksleri (OSI) değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde en yüksek antioksidan potansiyelinin Bursa/Kurşunlu ilinden, en düşük antioksidan potansiyelinin ise Kastamonu/Fakaz ilinden temin edilen örneklerde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre balın içerisinde bulunan antioksidan etkili bileşiklerin coğrafik bölgelere göre değişiklik gösterdiği ve genel olarak kestane balının antioksidan potansiyelinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca kestane balının gastronomik kullanımının yurt dışına göre kısıtlı kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ürün tasarımında tat duyusunu etkileyebilecek ürün şekli, kıvamı, tabak rengi, sunum şekli gibi etkenlerden faydalanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.