Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit is a member of the cranberry family, which contains many bioactive components. However, because of its bitter taste, the number of products it can be processed is limited. In this study, beverages were prepared by adding five different herbal teas (linden, sage, chamomile, green tea, artichoke peel) to cranberry nectar sweetened with apple juice concentrate. Brix, pH, antioxidant capacity, (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC), total phenolic content, total monomeric anthocyanin, color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°) and in vitro bioaccessibility analyzes were performed in the beverages. Results of antioxidant capacity analysis were determined between 129.00±11.85 µmol TE/g DM- 365.42±2.62 µmol TE/g DM; 56.61±16.42 µmol TE/g DM – 103.39±2.36 µmol TE/g DM; 157.97±25.35 µmol TE/g DM – 276.82±22.81 µmol TE/g DM with DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP methods, respectively. The total phenolic content was found between 655.35±24.17 mg GAE/100 g DM and 1165.09±30.69 mg GAE/100 g DM. The beverages containing green tea infusion (4.13±1.69 mg/kg) had the lowest total monomeric anthocyanin content, while beverages containing artichoke peel infusion (6.33±0.67 mg/kg) had the highest. In the samples analyzed after in vitro gastric digestion, an increase was observed in the total monomeric anthocyanin amount compared to the pre-digested samples, while a decrease was found in the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content, in general. By adding herbal teas to cornelian cherry nectar, not only improved sensorial and nutritional properties of the fruit nectar, but also a new functional beverage was developed.

Processing tomato is an important agricultural crop worldwide suffering from genetic erosion due to a severe genetic diversity reduction and domestication hindrance. In Tunisia, some old underutilized tomato cultivars are increasingly being considered as genetic resources and are marginally used by small farmers constituting a real safety valve for the sustainability of the processing tomato value chain. Those tomato cultivars differ in their biometric, processing and functional quality attributes. Therefore, there is an increasing interest to examine their performances for processing and fresh market quality improvement. Recently, there was also a particular focus on improving the quality of fresh fruit via the introgression of high-pigment genes in processing tomato in order to obtain a high quality processed products. The results are important as large differences are highlighted and the main traits affecting tomato quality are also reported and clearly discussed. This suggest that maintaining of the existing genetic pools among cultivated tomato is as important as creating novel hybrids.

This proposal was initiated to assess the response of potato varieties (Dagim, Belete, Gudenie, Jalenie, Zengena, and Ater Ababa) to phosphorus application and use efficiency under screen house with plastic pots. There were seven phosphorous levels (150% recommended (3.9 g P pot-), 125% recommended (3.3 g P pot-), recommended (2.6 g P pot-), 75% of the recommended (2.0 g P pot-), 50% of the recommended (1.3 g P pot-), 25% of the recommended (0.7 g P pot-) and the control) per variety. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications with a total of 42 treatments at Adet Agricultural research center, Ethiopia. Most parameters studied significantly changed with varieties and P-rates. Belete variety and 2 g P pot-1 showed the highest values in soil available phosphorous (52.6 mg P kg-1 and 49.53 mg P kg-1, respectively,) and Belete variety and 3.9 g P pot1showed highest values in plant phosphorous concentration (3.48 mg g-1 and 3.98 mg g-1, respectively). The highest phosphorous uptake (PAE) (14.81 mg plant-1) was recorded in Belete variety. This variety could be considered as responsive cultivar. The highest phosphorous acquisition efficiency (PAE) (92.35 kg kg-1) was recorded in Belete variety, and phosphorous use efficiency (33.63 and 37.58 mg g-1) was recorded in Dagim and Ater Ababa varieties, respectively. Dagim variety can be used when external phosphorous applications become limited. Evaluation of the existing varieties of potato for their phosphorous use and uptake efficiency could potentially increase the future potato yield without excess P application

Microbial contamination in food and medicine is a situation that closely concerns human health. The fact that the microorganism causing the contamination have antibiotic resistance makes it difficult to eliminate the contamination. Deficiencies such as incorrect use of antibiotics or lack of new antibiotics have caused microorganisms to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the microorganisms with high antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance mechanisms and biofilm production ability of MRSA has made it more resistant to the environment. In this study, disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Heracleum platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils against MRSA, and the results were compared with commercial antibiotics. In addition, the effect of H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils on the biofilm produced by MRSA was also investigated. In this study, it was determined that H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils have antimicrobial activity against MRSA. It was found that H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils have antibiofilm activity against MRSA. H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp essential oils can be alternative natural sources compared to commercial antibiotics in controlling infections from MRSA.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the treatment of tap water (control), sodium hypochlorite (SH), electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW), and hydrogen peroxide (HP) on the color, texture, and sensory properties of the Eruca vesicaria as a quality criterion. For this purpose, three different concentrations (25, 50, and 75 ppm) and three different times (1, 3, and 5 min) were applied in all three washing processes. There weren’t statistically significant differences in objective (color and texture) and subjective (sensory) results in all three washing processes in terms of both concentration and time. Thus, it was determined that these processes did not have a negative effect on the quality of green leafy vegetables.

Bread is the basic nutrient that human beings have consumed for centuries. This is because it is affordable, nutritious and satisfying. The most consumed bread on a daily basis is white bread made from refined flours. Since white breads are made from flour that has been separated from the bran and germ, they are poor in other nutrients (dietary fiber, phenolic compounds and minor nutrients) with a high starch content. For this reason, studies on increasing the nutritional value and functionalization of white bread have attracted attention for years. In this study, the changes in physical, chemical, sensory and textural properties of bread were evaluated with the addition of purple cabbage, sorrel, capia pepper, pomegranate, pumpkin and cherry extracts to bread production. It was determined that the bread was enriched with phenolics with the addition of extracts (65% on flour basis) and the best sensory results were the breads with the addition of capia pepper extract.

Economic growth and employment are taken as the two major objectives of macroeconomic policy schema in both the developing as well as developed countries. This study aims to determine the relationship between the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate of Nepal using the time-series data from 1991-2020. Difference version approach, dynamic version approach and Granger causality test were used to study the relationship between the macroeconomic variables. The difference version and dynamic version approach showed non-significant results for the regression of unemployment rate on economic growth rate which implies that the unemployment rate is not significantly affected by the economic growth rate of Nepal. The Okun’s coefficient in the difference version was -0.057 and in the dynamic version approach it was -0.058. Thus, the Okun’s law doesn’t seem to hold in case of Nepal’s economy. The Granger causality test also revealed that the change in the unemployment rate is not a predictive variable of the GDP growth rate and vice versa. The non-significant relationship between the macroeconomic variables might thus be affected by other factors. Thus, it can be suggested to the government and policymakers to recuperate the ways of solving the unemployment by formulating economic policies that are more directed towards structural and labor market transformation. Tax reduction policy, increase in government spending, skill enhancement programs and youth employment subsidy can also be suggested.

This study was conducted to determine the fertility potential of the agricultural soils of Ağrı/Eleşkirt region and the levels of basic plant nutrients. Texture classes of soil samples of the research area was; loam, clay loam and sandy clay timbre, 55% loam, 40% clay timbre and 5% sandy clay. The pH of the soils varies between 6.50-7.57, with an average of 7.14 neutral and CEC values between 17.3-29.5 cmol/kg. Lime content is 3.95-12.10%, mean of 7.11%; 30% are limy and 70% are medium limy, organic matter contents are 1.20-2.59%, average of 2%, 45% organic matter is considered low and 55% is medium. Their EC was between 0.14 and 0.43 dS/m, with an average of 0.21 dS/m; there is no salinity problem in the soils. Total N contents were 0.03-0.10%; 15% is very little, 65% is insufficient and 20% is sufficient, plant-friendly P, between 5.67-11.7 mg/kg; 20% is insufficient and 80% is sufficient; K content was 1.09-1.77 cmol/kg, an average of 1.45 cmol/kg is sufficient and excessive. The interchangeable Ca 7.90-9.90 cmol/kg is sufficient, with an average of 8.82 cmol/kg. Changeable Na, 0.87-1.56 cmol/kg, average 1.20 cmol/kg, normal level; plant Fe is sufficient in 12 of the 2.78 mg/kg to 6.90 mg/kg, 60% of the soils are sufficient and 40% are insufficient; Cu, available zinc (Zn) contents 0.29 to 0.78 mg/kg; 10% are sufficient and 90% have insufficient available Zn content; the available Mn level was insufficient in all soil samples. As a result, it was determined that at least half of the research area soils are in dire need of increasing the organic matter content, nitrogen fertilizer, partially phosphorus fertilizer and especially microelement fertilizers such as Zn and Mn. Therefore, it is recommended to eliminate the deficiencies with macro and micro elements in leaf or organo-mineral (micro-element-containing) fertilizers in light of economic and ecological planning by conducting correlation and calibration studies with plant response.

This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of dill, clove and hyssop essential oils and fungicides applied on sugar beet roots on beet storage quality during the storage period. The roots of Esperanza (KWS) variety, which was produced in the experimental areas in 2019, were used in the study. Roots were treated with 100, 500 and 1000 ppm doses of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), clove (Szygium aromaticum) and hyssop (Echinophora tenuifolia) essential oils, synthetic fungicide (80% Thiram) and Tween-80 right after harvest and the roots were placed in the storage. Weight loss of roots determined at 15-day intervals from the beginning of the storage period, dry matter ratio, brix, polar sugar, reducing sugar and alpha amino nitrogen contents, phytotoxicity and fungal infection development at the end of the 3-month storage period. The applications made in the research significantly affected the post-harvest weight and quality losses in beet. Depending on the applications, the weight losses at the end of the 3-month storage period varied between 9.43-19.90%, and the weight losses in essential oil applications were lower than the control. The highest dry matter content and brix values were obtained from clove essential oil and fungicide and Tween-80 applications. While Tween-80 and fungicide applications increased the polar sugar content compared to the control, 1000 ppm clove essential oil caused a significant decrease in the polar sugar content. In the study, reducing sugar and alpha amino nitrogen contents of roots applied 1000 ppm essential oil E. tenuifolia essential oil were lower. E. tenuifolia essential oil showed the highest antifungal activity against white mold and green mold infections. It was concluded that with the application of essential oil to the roots after the harvest, both weight and quality losses and the development of fungal diseases can be reduced, however, some active substances may cause phytotoxicity in the roots.