The objective of this study was to identify the plants with varying chromosome numbers in the F2 generation, resulting from interspecific hybrids between hexaploid Triticum compactum and tetraploid Triticum turanicum, and to examine the morphological, physiological and agronomic characteristics of these plants. Therefore, the objective was to assess the potential for developing monosomic lines (particularly pentaploid) for the D-genome of wheat, with a view to their utilization in future breeding programs of wheat, and to ascertain the correlation between the estimated chromosome numbers and the superior phenotypic characteristics of the plants in question. The germination percentage was determined by germinating 230 seeds, which will form the F2 generation of Triticum compactum × Triticum turanicum interspecific hybrid, in Petri dishes together with the parents. Thereafter, the plants were transferred to 2 m long rows, 30 cm between rows and 10 cm above rows. The F2 plants were subjected to evaluation in order to ascertain their morphological, physiological and agronomic characteristics. Furthermore, the nuclear DNA contents of the F2 plants were determined by flow cytometry, and chromosome numbers were estimated based on the DNA contents of the parents. Finally, the correlations between the estimated chromosome numbers and the measured plant traits were determined. The nuclear DNA contents of F2 plants exhibited variability, with values ranging between 7870.39 and 11632.1 pg. Additionally, three plants with 35 chromosomes were identified. The F2 plants showed superior physiological traits compared to the parents, however, they displayed lower values for spike traits that affect yield. The superior traits had by F2 plants can be observed in subsequent generations, thus providing a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs and certain genomic studies.

Growing world population, scientists aim to achieve high-yielding products by using new techniques and methods in the fields of food, agriculture, and livestock. The aim of this study is to identify the DGAT/K232A gene polymorphism for Enhancing Performance Characteristics in Simmental cattle and to use it in breeding programs. DGAT/K232A gene polymorphism was analyzed by RFLP method in 70 Simmental cattle using CfrI restriction enzyme. The frequency of the K allele was found 0.77, while A allele was 0.23. The distribution of DGAT1-K232A genotype frequencies in the breed was not balanced (p<0.05). No significant relationship was found between DGAT1/K232Agene polymorphisms and milk yield due to the small number of samples.

Nowadays, the concept of sustainability is important in poultry meat production as in every field. The health status of the birds must be well-stated for sustainable broiler production. Considering that synthetics attract reactions and some of them are banned or limited, the use of natural feed additives for health protection has been the focus of research attention. St John’s wort is a plant that can positively affect the health of animals with bioactive components such as the hypericin it contains. St John’s wort or hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.) has antiviral and antimicrobial effects in broilers and positively affects on blood biochemical parameters. This positive effect on health level also improves performance. The review aims to give information about St John’s wort and to examine a limited number of studies on their use in the diet of broilers.

This research investigated the influence of high incubation temperature on hatching, and post-hatch characteristics of stored hatching eggs of Japanese quails. Hatching eggs of Japanese quails were stored for 7 days and incubated under two temperature conditions. The T1 group (control, 75 eggs) was subjected to a standard incubation temperature (37.5°C) while the T2 group (75 eggs) was exposed to a thermal manipulation protocol (of 38.5°C for 5 hours daily between embryonic days 5-15. The egg weight classification, chick weight, chick length, wing length, weekly body traits, body weight, total feed intake, and stress responses, weight of internal organs, whole carcass, breast, neck, wing, thigh, and neck did not significantly differ (P<0.05) between the incubation treatments. Hatchability was higher and early embryonic mortality was lower in T2 than in T1. Late embryonic mortality was lower in T1. Significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher pectoral muscle width at hatch and carcass yield/dressing percentage were observed in quails exposed to thermal manipulation protocol during embryogenesis. It was concluded that exposure of stored eggs to thermal manipulation protocol (of 38.5°C for 5 hours between embryonic days, ED 5-15, T2) during embryogenesis could enhance embryonic and growth traits, as well as carcass traits without any negative effect on stress indicators.

Spoilage of pasteurized milk is mainly caused by the presence of organisms that either survive pasteurization (psychrotolerant spore-formers) or re-contaminate milk in the processing environment (post-pasteurisation contaminants).  Pasteurization of bovine milk by heat treating at 72°C for 15-30 seconds ensures milk quality without impairing its organoleptic and nutritional status and extends shelf life to 12-14 days at refrigeration temperatures. Nisin A is a class I bacteriocin known to inhibit gram positive bacteria and approved by the European Food and Safety Authority as a food preservative. It is commercially available as Nisaplin®, which contains a concentration of 2.5% w/w of nisin. This study examined the effect of Nisaplin® at different concentrations on spoilage of refrigerated commercial whole pasteurized milk over a period of 59 days. At a high concentration of 4 mgml-1, Nisaplin® reduced the total bacterial count below the limit of detection in the milk, and inhibition was visible for at least 14 days at 4°C. Previously isolated milk spoilage bacteria were identified using 16s rRNA gene sequencing and utilised as target indicators for bacteriocin production. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LMG6901, Microbacterium lacticum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were utilised as indicator strains in a screen of milk spoilage organisms for bacteriocin production. This resulted in identifying the putative bacteriocin producer Carnobacterium divergens, a lactic acid bacterium active against L. bulgaricus. The study concludes that Nisaplin® is effective in the reduction of microbial load and its effectiveness could be increased when combined with other preservative methods thus forming an extra hurdle in the milk.

This study explores the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica against foodborne pathogens and clinical isolates. Phytochemical analysis identified key compounds, including alkaloids (7.15 ± 0.0365 mg/g), flavonoids (3.16 ± 0.007 mg/g), and tannins (0.18 ± 0.0025 mg/g). Food samples yielded Escherichia coli isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, and Serratia marcescens. The antibacterial efficacy was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against these pathogens and clinical isolates, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aqueous extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against all food pathogens, with Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Serratia marcescens exhibiting the largest inhibitory zones (34 mm). Among clinical isolates, only Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed selective inhibition. Conversely, the methanolic extract was largely ineffective, displaying activity only against Serratia marcescens (average inhibitory zone of 11.7 mm). These results underscore the potential of A. hierochuntica aqueous extracts as a natural antimicrobial agent and suggest further investigation into its bioactive compounds for improving food safety and addressing multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Excel is a useful and powerful software for simple regression analysis without any programming skills and that is why, it is widely preferred by the undergraduate students from various areas such as chemistry, biology and agriculture as well as many engineering disciplines such as chemical engineering, food engineering and bioengineering. Parameter values and coefficient of determination (R2) can be easily obtained together with the graphical representation for those models exist in Excel such as linear and exponential models. It is also possible to visually examine the model fit and experimental data together on the same graph. For linear models (linear in parameters) Excel Add-In Data Analysis-Regression tool creates a summary output, and parameter estimates, parameter uncertainties, adjusted R2 (R2adj) and root mean square error (RMSE) values can be found even for the models that do not exist in Excel. For nonlinear models (nonlinear in parameters) Excel Add-In Solver tool can be used to obtain parameter estimates (but not uncertainties), and R2, R2adj and RMSE can be calculated manually. Despite these advantages, there are some shortcomings of Excel for regression analysis. For linear models with no-intercept Excel reports the incorrect and overoptimistic R2 and also reports incorrect and overpessimistic R2adj. Excel has also some nonlinear models such as exponential and power models in it; however, Excel computes linear parameter estimates for those nonlinear models and again optimistic R2 is calculated. This paper aims (i) to show these inaccuracies with their reasons by using published data, (ii) how to obtain the correct results, (iii) to warn the instructors who would use Excel for regression analysis in class. Excel users (instructors, students, professionals in any field) should be aware of the pitfalls when using Excel for regression.

With its high protein, vitamin and mineral content, Spirulina platensis (SP) is the most widely used microalgae as a food supplement and the most cultivated microalgae for this purpose. Zinc is a regulatory microelement that is incorporated into the structure of many proteins in the cell and is particularly deficient in cereal-based societies. Due to the high adaptability of SP to environments with high metal concentrations and its high capacity to secrete substances called phytochelatin and metal-binding capacity, in this study zinc-enriched SP (ZnSP) was produced by binding metals to SP by organic means. For this purpose, modified media with 4 different Zn concentrations were prepared and SP was cultured in these media. Optical density, chlorophyll-a, phycobiliprotein and dry cell weight analyses were performed to monitor the culture. During the culture period, biomass and filtered culture medium were collected from logarithmic and stationary stages and Zn analyses were performed. The most suitable culture medium and growth conditions were determined to obtain Zn-enriched SP. 338.4 mg kg-1 Zn was measured in SP biomass grown in Zn-3 medium containing 8 mg L-1 Zn. It may be possible to obtain Zn-enriched SP in this medium and under the specified culture conditions, and even this ratio can be increased by adding Zn to the culture medium after the logarithmic stage.

Çavdar, öncelikle hayvan yemi olmak üzere, ekmek unu, biyogaz, biyoetanol veya alkol üretiminde kullanılan önemli bir tahıldır. Çavdar üretimi yapılan ekolojik bölgelerde yüksek tane verimi elde etmek için uygun ekim sıklıklarının belirlenmesi önemlidir. Araştırma 2022-2023 ve 2023-2024 yetiştirme dönemlerinde Tokat-Kazova koşullarında bir adet tescilli çeşit (Aslım-95), bir adette çeşit adayı (Cerit) olmak üzere 2 adet çavdar genotipinde 4 farklı ekim sıklığı (350, 450, 550, 650 tohum/m2) uygulanarak yürütülmüştür. Denemeler tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde, ana parsellere genotipler, alt parsellere ekim sıklıkları yerleştirilerek üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada metrekarede başak sayısı, başak uzunluğu, başakta tane sayısı, tek başak verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve tane verimi belirlenmiştir. Yılların ortalamasına göre, metrekarede başak sayısı 526-630 adet, başak uzunluğu 9,4-12,2 cm, başakta tane sayısı 29,2-43,8 adet, tek başak verimi 0,95-1,65 g, bin tane ağırlığı 29,3-33,1 g, hektolitre ağırlığı 69,5-71,4 kg ve tane verimi ise 261,3-373,4 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Genotipleri kendi içerisinde değerlendirdiğimizde; bin tane ağırlığı bakımından Aslım-95 çeşidinden, diğer özellikler bakımından ise Cerit genotipinden yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. En yüksek tane verimi genotiplere göre 325,9 kg/da ile Cerit genotipinden, sıklıklara göre ise 347,3 kg/da ile 350 tohum/m2 sıklıkta elde edilmiştir.

Son yıllarda tüketicilerin doğal ürünleri tüketmeye yönelik eğilimlerinin artması ile birlikte olumsuz etkileri olmayan, çevre dostu, güvenli ve yüksek antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip biyokoruyucular, gıda endüstrisinde alternatif antimikrobiyal ajanlar olarak daha önemli bir konuma gelmiştir. Laktik asit bakterileri tarafından doğal süreçler sonucu üretilen bakteriyosinler gıda güvenilirliğinin sağlanması ve kalitesinin arttırılması açısından önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır. Bakteriyosinler logaritmik fazda ya da logaritmik fazın sonunda ribozomal olarak sentezlenen ve antagonistik etkiye sahip olan antimikrobiyal peptitlerdir. Bakteriyosinler, Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif bakteriler üzerine hücre zarında gözenek oluşumu ve hücre duvarı yapısının bozulması gibi çeşitli etki mekanizmalarına sahiptir. Bakteriyosinlerin karakterize edilebilmesi için saflaştırma proseslerinin verimli olması oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca, geri kazanım verimini arttırmak amacıyla mikroorganizmaların üreme koşullarının optimize edilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bakteriyosinlerin ısıya karşı stabil olmaları, yüksek sıcaklıkta işlem gören birçok gıda maddesinde kullanılabilirliklerini arttırmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, bakteriyosinlerin sınıflandırılması, etki mekanizması, üretimine etki eden faktörler, optimizasyonu, saflaştırılması ve karakterizasyonunun yanı sıra gıda sistemlerindeki inhibitör etkinlikleri ele alınmıştır.