Crop and animal production constitute a large part of the people's livelihoods in Bayburt province. In addition, the province has become one of the important animal husbandry centers of the region due to the fact that it is a transit point between the Eastern Anatolia region and the Black Sea region. But the number of small farms in Bayburt province is still very large, and the number of farms that are members of grower organizations is quite small. In addition, the migration of the young population from villages leads to an increase in the average age of the population engaged in animal husbandry and a decrease in the number of animals that can be raised depending on the labor force. In this review, the general status of cattle and small ruminants livestock in Bayburt province was given and the level of livestock in Bayburt province was revealed with current data.

In this study, the effect of P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture and V. pannonica grown in the fallow year on silage yield and quality of subsequent cereals were investigated in the arid condition of Eskişehir, Turkey. The fresh weight of P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture with 2750 kg/da was found two-fold high than V. pannonica. P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture significantly increased the fresh and dry hay weights of cereals except for H. vulgare cv. İnce. In addition, the highest grain yield was obtained by growing Triticosecale cv. Karma in P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture plots. Due to the high pH and low dry matter content of triticale samples, the Fleig scores were very low, which is a quality indicator in silage. ADF and NDF ratios were the highest in A. sativa cv. Checato as a negative quality factor. Top-dressing of nitrogen had a positive effect on the crude protein ratio. It was concluded that production of quality roughage can be sustainably increased by growing P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture in barren areas in the fallow year and followed by sowed cvs. Karma, Müfitbey, and Checato in the cereal growing season.

This study was performed to investigate how to smoke solution affects dry matter loss, crude protein (CP) and toxic compound ODAP contents of grass pea in hydroponic media during seven days period. Three doses of smoke solutions (1, 5 and 10%, V: V) by diluting with tap water were applied to seeds as priming agent, and tap water was used as a control (0%). The experiment was arranged according to the split-plot design with three replications. Compared to seed, significant change was detected in hydroponic sprouts depending on the day in terms of dry matter loss and chemical content. Grass pea sprouts had higher CP and lower ODAP content than seed, even in control treatment. Furthermore, smoke solution increased the efficiency of system by increase CP, decrease ODAP content and also decreases dry matter loss, with significant effect on doses. CP of sprouts increased day by day and was the highest on day 6 (36.27%) at the 10% dose of smoke solution followed by 5% on day 7 (36.09%). ODAP decreased up to day 6 and then began to increase, but it was lower than control at all doses of solution during to experiment. This study showed that grass pea is suitable crop for hydroponic forage produce and that smoke solution can make a significant contribution to yield and quality of sprouts, especially at the dose of 10%. However, when the yield, nutritional value, and safe use were evaluated together, it was observed that the best time for harvesting was the end of the 6th day and delaying did not provide a significant advantage and even occurred undesirable results in terms of ODAP and dry matter.

In this study, alkali dietary fiber extraction method was evaluated to obtain soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from Trigonella-foenum graecum L. (fenugreek) seeds. The process conditions of alkali extraction method ensuring the highest total dietary fiber yield were investigated by response surface methodology. Furthermore, some physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from fenugreek seeds such as water retention capacity, oil adsorption capacity, swelling capacity, glucose adsorption index and α-amylase inhibition capacity were determined. Total dietary fiber yield was 78% at 52.50 g/L of sample: NaOH ratio and 1.01 M NaOH concentration as the optimum process conditions. Furthermore, insoluble dietary fiber gave better results than soluble dietary fiber when physicochemical and functional properties were compared.

Global climate change, the effect of which has been increasingly felt in the last ten years, has made itself felt more in many regions in Turkey, especially in 2020 and 2021, and a serious temperature increase, floods and forest fires have been seen. Climate change affects the most vulnerable agricultural production. Since the adaptation of farmers to climate change is important in terms of food prices and sustainability of agricultural production, it is important to identify the barriers to adaptation of farmers to climate change. The aim of this research is to investigate the barriers to the adaptation to climate change of wheat producing farmers in Çorum province, where wheat is produced on 37% of the total agricultural land. In order to achieve this aim, 424 farmers were interviewed and their climate change 'understanding', 'perceptions', 'attitudes' and climate change adaptation 'barriers' were examined. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the farmers perceive climate change as "drying of water resources" and “increase in drought”, and they have an attitude that "we should strive together to adapt to the changing climate" rather than an individual struggle. In addition to these, it has been determined that “climate change is perceived as a serious problem” by the farmers and as a result of all these, the lack of “access to water resources” is the most important obstacle in adapting to climate change. In order to accelerate the adaptation of farmers to climate change, to protect them against the negative effects of climate change and to make local adaptation strategic plans, politicians, non-governmental organizations, public, private sector, universities, national and international organizations have important duties.

Vegetable farming beyond the regular cropping calendar when supply is low and prices are high increases consumers range of choices and enhance profit. Nepal offers favourable potential for off-season vegetable production. However, inadequate approach to market and seasonal fluctuation of available vegetable creates difficulties in commercialization of off-season production. The current paper describes about what opportunities and importance do off-season farming has in Nepal and the constraints it has to encounter with. The cheap availability of labour, increasing interest of the government, and climatic suitability provide an opportunity for the farmers to make profitable income due to high prices during the off-season period which reduces the risk of failure of the farm, marketing risk, and maintains market equilibrium. Nevertheless, this cultivation system faces challenges of high post-harvest loss, poor implementation of policies, hijacked subsidies, inadequate irrigation facilities, and high pest infestation on-farm side and scarcity of cold storage, high transact cost, unmanaged collection, and market centers on the market side. Commercialization of off-Season vegetable production can create a better environment for income improvement and maintain market equilibrium.

This study was carried out as a pot experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions in order to reveal the effect of microalgae [Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck (Beijerinck)] application on plant growth of rocket salad (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa Mill.) in different doses of fertilizer applications. Sieved soil in 3-liter pots was used as the growing medium. Equal amount of irrigation was applied to all pots during the period from seed sowing to the end of the experiment. Microalgae application was applied twice (100 ml and 150 per pot) to the seedling growing medium. As chemical fertilizer, 0%, 50% and 100% of NPK (160 mg N kg-1, 80 mg P2O5 kg-1, and 100 mg K2O kg-1) were applied. As parameters in rocket plants, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf relative water content, membrane damage index, total soluble content, and some nutrients (K, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, and Mn) contents were examined. According to the data obtained, microalgae applications were found to have a positive effect on plant growth in general. It was observed that the values increased in most parameters examined in algae-applied applications compared to the control group. Among the applications, the best values were found in 50% fertilizer + microalgae and 100% fertilizer + microalgae applications.

The bean plant is a legume plant that binds free nitrogen of the air by the nodosity formed in the roots. For this reason, it was aimed to investigate the effect the pod of bean characteristics of bean by applying different doses of phosphorus and nitrogen on Göksun beans cultivar. In the study, 0, 3, 6, 9 kg da-1 phosphorus and 0, 4, 8, 12 kg da-1 nitrogen doses were applied to Göksun bean variety. The pod length (cm), pod width (mm), pod diameter (mm), number of pods per plant (edet), weight of a single pod (g), number of seeds per pod (pieces), weight of single seeds (g) of Göksun bean cultivar were investigated. In the research, it was noted that the effect of phosphorus doses only on the pod diameter, the effects of nitrogen doses on the pod length, pod diameter, pod width, single seed weight and seed number of pod were significant. The differences in number of pods in the plant, seed number of pods, pod length, pod weight, single seed weight in terms of phosphorus and nitrogen interaction were founded statistically significant. According to the results of the research, it was determined that 4 kg da-1 and above nitrogen dose applications made a positive contribution in terms of pod properties

Kanatlı hayvanların sindirim sistemi kısa olduğundan yemlerin sindirim sisteminde kalış süresi kısadır. Buna ilave olarak, kanatlı hayvan türlerinin birçoğunun selüloz, selüloz fraksiyonları (ADF ve NDF) ile nişasta tabiatında olmayan polisakkaritleri sindirebilme ve bunlardan yararlanma yetenekleri düşüktür. Bundan dolayı kanatlı hayvanların beslenmesinde besin madde içeriği yüksek olan daha pahalı yemlerin kullanılması zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Bu durum ise beyaz et ve yumurta gibi hayvansal ürünlerin fiyatlarını yükseltmektedir. Kanatlı hayvan beslemedeki bu dezavantajı avantaja çevirmek için sindirim sistemi daha güçlü, selülozca zengin ucuz yem kaynaklarını daha iyi sindirebilen, kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanabilen alternatif kanatlı hayvanlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sahip olduğu özellikler açısından değerlendirildiğinde, ucuz yem kaynaklarından daha iyi yararlanabilecek kanatlı hayvanlardan birisinin de kaz olduğu görülecektir. Kazların selülozca zengin kaba yemlerden etkin bir şekilde yararlanabilmesi, yem giderlerini azaltmak suretiyle hayvansal ürünlerin daha ekonomik olması için uygun bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlı hayvanlara göre kaba yemlerden daha iyi yararlanmasından dolayı beyaz et ve yumurta üretimi için kaz yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaştırılması özellikle kırsaldaki nüfus için önemli bir gelir ve geçim kaynağı olabilir. Bu derlemede, kazların mikrobiyal sindirim özellikleri, selüloz başta olmak üzere selüloz fraksiyonlarından ve nişasta tabiatında olmayan yem unsurlarından yararlanabilme yetenekleri incelenmiştir.