This study was carried out to document ex-situ morphological and morphometric characteristics of the testis in the West African Dwarf (WAD) buck goat. For this aim, 24 post pubertal WAD buck testes were collected at the Ipata Abattoir in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross morphologic results revealed that WAD testis was ellipsoidal in shape with 2 borders (free and attached), margins (medial and lateral) and similar surfaces (ventral and dorsal). The surfaces were covered by an outer tunica vaginalis and a deep tunica albuginea. Histomorphology showed the testis comprised mostly of rounded and some irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules (ST). Each ST was lined by a basement membrane and a layer of germinal epithelium with lumen filled with spermatozoa surrounded by an adluminal space. Gross morphometric results showed that there were no significant differences in the weight, length, width and height of the right and left testis. Also in the volumes of testes obtained by water displacement method and using the prolate ellipsoid formula. There was a strong correlation between the weights and volumes of testes obtained using these methods. There were significant differences between the volumes of testes obtained by using the prolate spheroid and Lambert formulae, when compared with those obtained by water displacement method respectively. But there was no significant difference in testicular volume obtained by the prolate ellipsoid formula and the water displacement method. Histomorphometric results revealed no significant differences in the seminiferous tubular diameter, seminiferous luminal diameter and germinal epithelia height of the right and left testes respectively. The morphological and morphometric data highlighted in this study would be useful in comparative regional anatomy and researches on the testis of these valuable breed of goats.

The main objective of the study is to determine the structure of seed usage of the wheat farms and development of its production in Isparta and Burdur provinces. The primary data used in this study were obtained by questionnaires in the region. Data obtained from the 150 of wheat cultivation farms belongs to the 2011 production period. The most important problems faced by farms were the low product prices and high input prices. Farmers pointed out that the development of wheat production can be provided by reducing the input costs such as; fertilizer, fuel, pesticide etc. The 97.3% of the wheat growing farms in the region make the seed dressing. About 52.7% of the interviewed enterprises are storing wheat and 74.7% of the farms are aware of the wheat varieties grown. About 52% of farms were found to be the use of certified seed. Certified seed usage rate is higher in the province of Isparta (69.3%) than Burdur. There is also a statistical difference in the use of certified seeds among the provinces. In the region, it was found that farms do not have enough information about the usage of certified seed and therefore it is necessary to transfer knowledge to the grower by the extension services.

Model system chicken emulsions were prepared by replacing 5, 10, 15 and 20 % beef fat with chicken skin. Moisture, protein, fat, ash and pH were determined in raw and heat processed emulsions. Emulsion samples were evaluated for cooking characteristics, TBA values and colour parameters (L*, a*, b*). Addition of chicken skin decreased fat content and increased moisture and protein content of emulsion samples. Chicken skin replacement significantly increased water holding capacity and cooking yield and decreased fluid release. Increasing chicken skin in formulation increased a* and b* values of emulsion samples. Therefore, adding of chicken skin instead of beef fat is useful in improving technological quality and producing low fat formulation.

Mycotoxin occurrence in foods, especially in uncontrolled produced traditional foods causes serious health problems. In this study, traditional Küp cheese samples were collected from different part of Anatolian region in Turkey (Ankara, Nevşehir and Yozgat) and analyzed to determine Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level. AFM1 analysis was carried out by, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) attached with fluorescence detector (FL) The level of AFM1 in all samples was in the range of 16 and 136 ng/kg which is lower than the maximum tolerance limit of the Turkish Codex Regulations (250 ng/kg). The levels of contamination indicated that more detailed and continuous monitoring is required to increase the public health conscious and reduce consumers’ exposure to AFM1.

Carrying between February 2012 and February 2013 as seasonal, the present study aims to determine heavy metal loads of five different creeks pass through Giresun city center and disembogue to Black Sea. Heavy metal analyses were performed from selected stations by ICP-MS instrument. Without seasonal and station differences, metal levels were found as follow; Cd: 0.129-5.113, Mn: 0.009-2.937, Fe: 0.007-1.985, Cu: 0.002-1.344, Zn: 0.002-1.901, Ni: 0.003-0.149, Pb: 0.009-21.22, Cr: 0.002-0.177, Co: 0.001-0.087 mg/L in water. Cd: 0.118-166.3, Pb: 5.62-398.9, Mn: 111.7-988.2, Fe: 2919-117973, Cu: 18.60-963.9, Zn: 11.09-2471, Ni: 11.29-813.1, Cr: 10.76-860.5, Co: 8.59-757.1 mg/kg in sediment. There were statistically significant differences between seasons in sea water. Statistically differences were found on Aksu, Güre, and Batlama stations. In sediment, statically differences in Cu, Zn, Ni, Co levels were found in winter season. The same elements were also statistically different on Güre station.

The poultry industry in the developing countries is facing some challenges, one of which is an increase in the cost of feed because of high prices of protein and energy sources. Moringa oleifera is a rich source of protein and crude fiber content. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 7.12 to 39.17%. Negligible content of tannins and other anti-nutritive compounds and offers an alternative source of protein to ruminants and non-ruminants. Although rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals, Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that have not been studied for many years. In addition, they are also faced with the problem of the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens due to unwise and excessive use of antibiotics. In this paper, feeding studies made on the Moringa oleifera used in nutrition of poultry and ruminant species have been reviewed.

Compulsory competition occurring in the world trade has led the enterprises to different marketing system. Marketing problems seems to be a problem in Turkey rather than agricultural production problems. In this aspect, marketing alternatives are sought. E-commerce is a system with more opportunities in agricultural marketing. Increasing the applicability of this system in Turkey will eliminate many problems associated with marketing in agriculture. With an active use of E-commerce in agricultural marketing, it provides convenience at marketing products of agro-related industries agencies and producers and all country will have a potential market position. In this study, possibilities offered by e-commerce to the agricultural sector, opportunities, threats, deficiencies and contributions to agricultural sector have been addressed. Without the limitations of place and time via the internet and computers, establishing national and international supply and demand balance of e-commerce seems to play important roles in maintaining an active and alive marketing. Furthermore, it is an important tool in reducing agricultural marketing problems.

In this study, it was evaluated paraoxonase activity (PON) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissue of Oreochromis niloticus fed with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplemented diet. For this purpose, fish were fed commercial diet supplemented with 0.25%, 0.35% and 0.45% dietary MOS for 60 days. At the end of experiment, PON activity of liver tissue was increased in MOS groups when compared to control group. It was determined that MDA level of tissue was decreased significantly in MOS groups when compared to control group.

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of the mechanical properties such as maximum force at the skin rupture point, energy at the skin rupture point and the skin firmness on color maturity of tomato by supervised learning algorithms of data mining. In the present study, a total of 88 tomato samples were used, and color measurements for each tomato in 4 different equatorial regions were performed and a total of 352 color measurement units were used. In the classification processes performed according to these mechanical properties, K-Star, Random Forest and Decision Tree (C4.5) algorithms of data mining were utilized, and in the comparison of comprising classification models, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean absolute error (MAE), Root relative squared error (RRSE) and Relative absolute error (RAE) values, which are some of the criteria of error variance, were considered to be low, while the classification accuracy rate was considered to be high. As a result of the comparison made, the classification model formed according to K-Star instance-based algorithm [MAE: 0.004, RMSE: 0.006, %RAE: 1.73, %RRSE: 1.70] has been found to be a better classifier compared to the others. With the classification made according to K-Star algorithm, the maximum force at the skin rupture point on the degree of maturity of tomato and the skin firmness were found to be green, light red, and their effects are non-significant during the color conversion periods, and found significant during other periods while the energy at the skin rupture point is only pink and has been to be significant during the color conversion stages and non-significant during other stages.

Six groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) cultivars i.e. Golden, BARI-2000, Australian, BARD-479, ICG-7326 and 2KCGC20 were evaluated against the attack of Odontotermes obesus in terms of percentage infestation of workers and soldiers, their damage and impact on the yield. The maximum mean populations of O. obesus workers were recorded on 2KCGC20 (30.82±2.75 workers/plot) and Australian (30.65±2.92 workers/plot), followed by BARI 2000 (19.55±2.51 workers/plot), Golden (17.30±2.27 workers/plot) and BARD-479 (16.82±2.06 workers/plot). The minimum mean population of O. obesus workers was found on ICG-7326 cultivars (14.85±1.81) workers/plot. The maximum mean population infestation of O. obesus soldiers was recorded on 2KCGC20 cultivar (4.88±0.25 soldiers/plot) followed by Australian (4.15±.30, soldiers/per plot), BARD-479 (2.00±.17 soldiers/plot), ICG-7326 (1.70±.14 soldiers/plot), BARD 2000 (2.40±.25 soldiers/ plot). The minimum mean population of O. obesus soldiers was found on Gold (1.87±.17 soldiers/plot). Population of O. obesus workers was positively related with the damage and negatively related the yield in all the groundnut cultivars.