Otomasyon, insan müdahalesine ihtiyaç duyulmadan çeşitli cihaz, sistem ve programların işletilmesini sağlayan mekanik, elektronik ve bilgisayar tabanlı bir teknolojidir. Sulama otomasyonu sistemi; çevre, su kaynakları ve üretim maliyeti dikkate alınarak daha az insan gücü, daha kontrollü ve daha kaliteli tarımsal üretim ile planlanmalıdır. Sulama programını sera, tarla ve bahçe bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinde uygulama becerisine sahip olmalıdır. Sulama otomasyonu sistemi bazı işlem basamakları takip edilerek oluşturulmaktadır. Bunlar; sulama programının hazırlanması, sistem bileşenlerinin seçilmesi, projenin hazırlanması, yazılımın hazırlanarak test edilmesi ve sistemin kurulmasıdır. Bu aşamalardan geçirilen sulama otomasyon sistemi, sulama suyunun etkin kullanımını sağlar, işçiliği azaltır, sulama programını izler ve üretim maliyetlerini azaltır. Bu çalışmada, bitki su tüketimine ve bitki kök bölgesindeki nem düzeyine duyarlı sulama otomasyonu sistemlerinin tasarımına yardımcı olabilecek iş akış şemaları oluşturulmuştur.

In this study, the microbial profiles of external top surfaces of beverage cans sold in Izmir markets, and the survival of E. coli on the top surfaces of cans were investigated through the storage period of 0, 10, 20 and 30 days at 4 and 25°C. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliforms and E.coli counts of 100 cans without protective cover and 20 cans with protective cover were examined. The numbers of TAMB on the cans without protective cover were in the range of 0.43-2.20×103 cfu/cm2. Lower bacteria counts in the range of

Çalışmada ülkemizde en çok yetiştirilen sebzeler arasında yer alan domates bitkisi araştırmanın konusu olarak seçilmiştir. Domates üretiminde Çukurova yöresi son yıllarda giderek artan bir üretim potansiyeline sahiptir. Dolayısıyla çalışma alanı olarak Çukurova yöresi seçilmiştir. Çalışmada araştırma alanındaki illere ait uzun yıllık sıcaklık ve yağış değerleri çalışmanın materyalini oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada Büyüme Derece-Gün (BDG) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Domates bitkisinin gelişim evreleri için denge sıcaklıkları seçilmiş, gelişim dönemlerindeki denge sıcaklık değerlerine göre BDG değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplanan bu değerler irdelenerek araştırma alanındaki illerin yetiştiricilik açısından uygunluğu belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda Mersin ilinin ön plana çıktığı kanısına varılmıştır. Bitkisel üretim alanlarının önceden belirlenmesi ve bu alanlara göre üretim yapılması verimi olumlu yönde etkileyecektir. Dolayısıyla üreticinin gelirinin artması ülke ekonomisine de olumlu yönde katkı sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca, domates bitkisinin gelişim evreleri için seçilen temel sıcaklık değerlerine göre çoklu doğrusal olmayan regresyon denklemleri geliştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, geliştirilen bu denklemler kullanılarak domates bitkisinin BDG değerlerini etkileyen değişkenler sayesinde domatesin gelişimi hakkında önceden bilgi sahibi olunacağı kanısına varılmıştır.

The objective of the study was to compare selected physical and chemical composition of shea butter processed from nut sourced from inorganic and organic fields. The treatments were O (shea butter processed from nut picked from organic fields) and N (shea butter processed from nuts picked from inorganic fields). These treatments were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design and were replicated four times in the laboratory for studies of free fatty acids (FFA), pH, peroxide value, insoluble impurities, unsaponifiable matter, and moisture content. The study revealed that organic shea butter had lower free fatty acids (FFA), lower moisture content, lower pH, less unsaponifiable matter, less insoluble impurities and lower peroxide value as compared to inorganic shea butter shea butter. The lower FFA value of organic shea butter indicates that it can be used for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and for direct consumption. Hence higher chances that organic shea butter and attract premium prices in both local and international markets. The study also revealed that there was a positive relationship between; unsaponifiable matter and moisture content. Insoluble impurities had a very strong correlation with unsaponifiable matter and moisture content. A very strong positive correlation was observed between peroxide value and unsaponifiable matter, moisture content, and insoluble impurities. For good quality butter, nuts should be sourced from organic fields.

The aim of this study was to find potential PGPR from sub-forest soil located different region soils of Turkey. Previous research indicated that the existing bacteria in arable soil are not capable to represent their individual performance most probably due to the competition. To overcome this phenomenon, soils are collected from sub-forest soil of Adana (Ad), Antalya (An), Hatay (Ha), Isparta (Is), Ordu (Or) and Sivas (Si) provinces. Experiment was carried out on the soil existing in Isparta in a greenhouse condition. Four fast growing bacteria colonies in tryptic soy (CASO) agar medium from each province were isolated and then, each isolate cultivated at liquid CASO broth until they reach 106 cfu ml-1. Experiments were carried out with a total of 24 bacteria including 6 province and 4 bacteria cultures from each region. The effects of those bacteria on biomass development and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays) were investigated. Sterile broth was applied treatment defined as control. The results revealed that 23 isolates out of 24 stimulated plants shoot dry weight. The highest value observed in the Or1 and Is4 isolates as 12.8 and 12.7 g plant-1 which around 77% higher than control whereas the lowest was in Or2 as 6.45 g plant-1. Plant nutrient concentrations were also influenced from inoculates where An1, Ad1, Or1, Is1 and Is3 significantly increased macro nutrients uptake where total N, available P, K, Ca and Mg were higher by 19%, 14%, 14%, 59% and 41% over the control, respectively. The Fe concentration was found 48% higher in Ad3 isolate. The Cu, Mn and Zn were the highest in Si3 as 43%, 30% and 31%, respectively. In general 4 out of 24 isolates were selected as promising PGPR for both plant development and nutrient uptake of maize.

Valuation of postharvest loss and identification of its causes enables to develop proper measures required to reduce losses. The study was conducted at “Fogera” District, South Gondar, Ethiopia between 2017 and 2018 years to assess the extent of postharvest loss of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and to identify major causes with respective handling system. In this study, a total of 125 farmers and 40 traders (10 wholesalers and 30 retailers) were involved as main respondents. Data collection was done using semi structured interview schedule, key informant interview, focus group discussion and observation. Besides respondents estimation, a sample analysis was conducted to estimate the extent of postharvest loss as per the FAO minimum quality standards. Descriptive statistics such as average, percentage, frequency and standard deviation were used to analyse data and tables, graphs and charts were used to present result. Result revealed that almost half of tomato produced is damaged and puts out of normal use with highest loss at producer level due to different causes which are complex and interrelated across tomato market chain. Marketing situation, insect pest and disease, lack of awareness, low economic status of producers, late harvesting, mechanical damage during harvesting and transportation, poor quality of produce and price fall were some of the reasons identified as major cause of post-harvest loss of tomato. For solving the postharvest loss problems, actors in supply chain has to develop cooperation and effective communication among all the research, extension, and industry personnel involved.

The Syrian Sumac (Rhus coriaria) is a widely used spice in the Arab world of attractive economic importance in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Meat tenderness is one of the very most important factors for customers’ acceptability. The global objective of this study was to add an additional value to Sumac by evaluating its meat tenderizing effect. Crude sumac fruits were used to create three different extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and purified enzymatic extract). Pectoralis superficialis cuts were treated with the extracts and studied for their shear stress, pH, protein and fat contents and collagen. The hypothesis that Sumac could have a meat tenderizing effect was supported by our results showing a significant decrease in shear stress and protein content with increase in collagen solubility. Moreover, an effect on decreasing meat fat was detected, where the aqueous sumac extract decreased significantly the fat percentage in meat. The active enzymes in Sumac were shown to be variate in nature, lipase and protease, with a significant effect on collagen, thus proving Sumac’s possibility to be potentially used as a meat tenderizer.

Çalışma genç çiftçi desteklemeleri hibe programına başvuru yapan üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin incelenerek, kırsal alandan göç eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. TR-83 bölgesinde (Tokat, Amasya, Çorum, Samsun) 2016 yılında Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı “Genç Çiftçi Projesi” Destek Programına başvurmuş olan üreticiler ana popülasyonu oluşturmuştur. Örnek hacminin belirlenmesinde Neyman yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada desteklemeden yararlanan 120 üretici ve yararlanamayan 140 üretici olmak üzere toplam 260 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Veriler destelemeden yararlanma durumuna göre karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Üreticilerin göç etme eğilimleri incelendiğinde, kent ortamında yaşamaya uygun imkân olsa göç ederim diyen üretici oranı yaklaşık %17’dir. Göç etmek isteyen üreticilerin yanı sıra kararsız olan üreticiler de (%4) bulunmaktadır. Üreticiler arasında yaklaşık %21 göç potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Göç etme eğilimi olan üreticiler yaş grubu düşük olan gruplarda görülmektedir. Kırsaldaki genç nüfusun kırsaldan göç etme eğilimlerini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılan Lojistik Regresyon sonucunda; eğitim seviyesi yüksek, tarım dışı alanlardan gelir sahibi, köy yaşantısının zorlukları olduğunu düşünen, köyde yaşam standardını düşük bulan ve burada kazandığıyla geçinemeyenlerin, diğerlerine göre göç etme eğiliminin daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Dried products are widely used from the past because of their long shelf life, rich nutrient content and availability. Solar or shade drying methods have become the most widely used drying technique from past to date, due to no equipment requirement, cost and simplicity. However, this drying method has some disadvantages such as long drying time, contamination risk and requirement of large area and heavy labor. In this review, various drying methods applied in food are summarized. Then, solar energy assisted drying methods were examined in detail. Finally, solar energy-assisted drying methods involving energy storage are examined. Solar energy assisted drying is a very advantageous technique for economical production. The most important advantages of this technique are that the system can be designed in many different ways in order to provide the desired characteristics. In addition, the availability of various energy storage units contributes to the availability of the system.

In this study, the effects of the extracts obtained from flower, stem, leaf, branch and their mixture of Nerium oleander L. on the seed germination and seedling growth of four Pistacia species (Pistacia terebinthus L., P. vera L., P. khinjuk Stocks., P. atlantica Desf. and P. terebinthus L.) were investigated. Five hundred grams of N. oleander was taken from the plant parts and the extracts were mixed with distilled water (1.5 L). The extracts were applied to Pistacia species for 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that the extract had positive effects on their germination and growths of the species mentioned above. The highest germination rate for all the Pistacia species was obtained from the extracts of flower, while the lowest germination rate was recorded in the mixture of all parts of N. oleander mentioned above. Moreover, the treatment time was found to reduce the germination ratio. It was also found that the extracts from the stem of N. oleander were the most effective on the stem height of the Pistacia species studied. It was followed by the extracts from branches, leaves and flower, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the extracts from the stem of N. oleander had pronounced effect on the stem diameter of the Pistacia species studied. It was followed by the extracts from flower, leaves, and branches, respectively. In general, the effects of the extracts from several parts of N. oleander on the germination and other growing parameters were found to be almost comparable to those of synthetic promoter, Gibberellic Acid (GA3).