Geographical indications and designation of origins is an industrial property right describing a product originated from any region or attributable to any region due to its quality, reputation or other characteristics. Particularly, the geographical indications (GI) provide information about the raw material or final products’ geographical roots to consumers and characterize the degree of its quality. Two types of GI were defined: Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). On the other hand, the products that cannot be registered as a designation of origin or geographical indication could be registered as Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) products specialty guaranteed if it can be proven that the product is on the traditional market for at least 30 years. The main goal of this research is to examine Turkey’s current status about labelled geographic agricultural material with a comparative statistic overview.

Reports have indicated that lipid peroxidation is a key factor in soybean daddawa deterioration and Alliums are rich in antioxidants. The present study was carried out to investigate the preservative abilities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Onion (Allium cepa L) on stored soybean daddawa compared with Sodium Chloride treated samples. Soybean (Glycine max (L). Merr.) seeds fermented into soybean daddawa was preserved with both extracts (at 3, 5 and 7% concentration) and NaCl (at the concentrations of 0, 3 and 5%). The samples stored at 30±2°C for up to 14 days were analyzed for peroxide value (POV), free fatty acid (FFA), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), water absorption capacity (WAC) and fat absorption capacity (FAC). Type of solvent used in extraction did not have significant effect on all the storage indices. Extracts of Onion significantly lowered the POV, FFA and TTA generated in stored soybean daddawa. The pH of stored soybean daddawa samples treated with the NaCl and aqueous extract was not significantly affected while the ethanolic extract significantly reduced the pH from 8.26 – 8.34 to 5.72 – 5.89. The tested extracts lowered the WAC significantly while the FAC of treated soybean daddawa was not significantly affected compared to those treated with NaCl. Results of this study indicate that both extracts of Onion are more effective in lowering peroxidation in stored soybean daddawa and thus could be exploited for soybean daddawa preservation.

In aquaculture, size grading application is made in order to protect against the disadvantages caused by the length difference between fish. Via this activity, large and small individuals separate each other during the feeding period. In this study designed for this purpose, it was aimed to determine whether the large individuals added to the herd had an effect on the growth performance of small individuals in the culture of Oreochromis niloticus♀ x Oreochromis aureus♂ hybrids. In the experiment, 0 age 1-4 g hybrid juvenile which just complete the juvenile period were stocked as 40 fish / m³ in 500 l fibre tanks placed in a greenhouse and cultured for 75 days. The experimental groups were designed as a graded group (G1) containing 1 g small individual, 1 g + 2 g (G2), 1 g +3 g (G3) and 1 g + 4 g (G4). At the end of the study, it was observed that grading did not positively effect on the growth of tilapia hybrids. In contrast, it was revealed that small individuals (18,60 ± 0,33g) in the G2 group, which included large individuals, grew better than small individuals in the other groups. However, the G2 group reached a better FCR (1.39 ± 0.05) than the other groups. The best economic conversion rate was again achieved in the G2 group (11.12 ± 0.75). As a result, it was observed that the culture practice with individuals of different sizes had a positive effect on the development of hybrid tilapia juvenile, especially when juvenile were stocked as 1+2g stocking composition, as a result of well competition can be established and this situation had a positive effect on the production cost.

The tomato plant exhibiting leaf rolling, witches’ broom, distorted and elongated flower’s sepals in Iğdır province, Turkey, was observed. Total DNA extraction was performed from the symtomatic fresh tomato sample. All DNAs were subjected to Direct and Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primer sets that amplified the 16S rRNA of phytoplasmas. PCR products were purified from agarose gel and cloned into the pGEM T-Easy cloning vector. Recombinant plasmids were introduced into the prokaryotic cloning bacteria by electroporation. Plasmid isolation was performed by selecting one of the positive clones randomly and sequencing was performed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Sequencing results revealed that the 16S rRNA gene associated with phytoplasma was 1251 nucleotides in size, and this sequence was denominated as ‘Iğdır 10’ isolates and recorded in the GenBank under the MT344968 accession number. The virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (V-RFLP) and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence confirmed that the cause of disease in infected tomato plants was 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' ('Ca. P. trifolii') (16SrVI-A, Clover proliferation group), with a 1.00 similarity coefficient. This present study is the first report of ‘Ca. P. trifolii’ and its nucleotide sequence analysis in naturally infected tomato in Iğdır province.

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), considered as goat plague is the most fatal infectious viral disease for small ruminants. This disease is endemic in many parts of the world including Bangladesh causes extensive loss on livestock and economy. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of PPR and this is the first meta-analysis on PPR as per authors knowledge in Bangladesh. Articles published during the years 2000 to 2019 on the topic PPR within three electronic databases were used for prevalence estimation by random effect meta-analysis model. A total of 39 articles were finally included in the model for prevalence estimation of goat and sheep. 1589784 goat and 142036 sheep were included in the study for analysis. Analysis showed prevalence of PPR was 15.17% (95% CI: 15.11-15.22) and 9.17% (95% CI: 9.02-9.32), respectively for goat and sheep. As PPR is affecting small ruminants in variable percentage in different districts of Bangladesh, this study estimates the cumulative prevalence of Bangladesh. This study may act as a baseline for taking effective control strategy of PPR in Bangladesh through proper allocation of resources on a priority basis.

In this review, it is aimed to compare the contents of unsaturated fatty acids (Mufa, Pufa) which are essential for human health of products obtained from animals (meat, milk, eggs) grown in organic and conventional (conventional) conditions. Although the unsaturated fatty acid content and amounts of animal products reflect product quality and nutrients, organic animal products contain more unsaturated fatty acids depending on their growing systems (extensively) and accordingly it is determined to be of higher quality and nutritious. Organic agriculture, which is the cornerstone of sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry, and organic livestock, which is an integral part of it, uses natural resources effectively. It is an environmentally friendly production model that does not use additives and aims to provide healthier products with the quantity of products to consumers.

Turkey is one of the major garlic producing country in the world and the significant amount of Turkey’s production has been made using a garlic variety called Taşköprü garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Kastamonu, Turkey. In order to improve the quality of garlic production, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different doses of leonardite organic fertilizer, mineral fertilizer NPK and the mixture of both the leonardite and NPK fertilizers on the soil properties and mean performances of different characters and yield production of Taşköprü garlic. The treatments were: the plots without leonardite and NPK fertilizers (Control), (2) 80 N kg ha-1 + 40 kg ha-1 P2O5 + 100 kg ha-1 K2O (MF), (3) 2.6 ton ha-1 leonardite (Leo1), (4) 6.9 ton ha-1 leonardite (Leo2), (5) 9.7 ton ha-1 leonardite (Leo3), (6) Leo1 + MF, (7) Leo2 + MF and Leo3 + MF. Most soil characteristics and the different characters and yield production of Taşköprü garlic statistically varied between the different fertilizer treatments. The plots with the Leo3MF application showed the highest soil organic C, N, P and K concentrations, and the SOCstock and TNstock, while it had the highest bulb weight, length, equatorial diameter, weight of cloves, width of cloves, length of cloves as well as bulb yield per decare. Of the soil properties, the garlic yield was strongly positively correlated with the soil N concentration, indicating that the applications of leonardite with the different doses or the mixture of leonardite with the mineral fertilizer were resulting in higher soil N concentration and thus having the greatest effect on the garlic yields.

In wheat cultivation, sowing frequency is one of the crucial agronomic applications affecting grain yield. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of application of different sowing frequency (350, 500, 650 and 800 seeds m-2) for bread wheat cultivars (Alpu 01, Atay 85, Bezostaja 1, Harmankaya 99, Sönmez 01 and Sultan 95) on yield and yield components. Trials was carried out in Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute Eskişehir central campus fields during at 2012-13 and 2013-14 crop seasons in irrigated and rain fed conditions with 3 replications in randomized complete blocks design. In this study, the factors such as grain yield, number of spike per square meter, spike length, number of grain per spike, weight of grain per spike and harvest index were examined in terms of sowing frequency applications and cultivars in both conditions. As a result, the maximum grain yield was obtained from 650 seeds m-2 in rainfed conditions and this value was obtained from the application 500 seeds m-2 in irrigated conditions. Harmankaya_99 variety reached the highest values in terms of grain yield in both conditions and followed this by Alpu01 variety. In both conditions spike length, number of grain per spike, weight of grain per spike and harvest index parameters decreased inversely with increasing sowing frequency, while the number of spike number per square meter increased in direct proportion to increased sowing frequency. In rainfed conditions while there was a positive correlation between the grain yield with number of spike per square meter and harvest index, there was negative correlation among grain yield with spike length, number of grain per spike and weight of grain per spike. There was found significant positive correlation between grain yield with spike length and harvest index in irrigated conditions.

Rosemary has played an important role from past to present and has antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. With these features, it is used in many sectors, especially food and pharmacy. Rosemary essential oils have a positive effect on biological activity. In addition, this oil prevents lipid oxidation on foods, providing a long and fresh shelf life. Due to the high antioxidant properties of rosemary, it eliminates the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species. Since the main components of rosemary such as 1,8-cineol, camphor, α-pinene, carnosic acid, and carnosol are being antimicrobial and antifungal, it is effective against many pathogens. With this review, it is aimed to provide comprehensive information on the biological activities of rosemary and its extracts to shed light on future research.

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of organic liquid fertilizer applications on grain yield, yield characteristics and some quality trait of wheat in different periods in organic agriculture trial area. The trial was conducted in four replications according to a split-plot design in randomized blocks in trial area of the vocational Akçakale high school during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing season. Şölen 2002 and Edessa wheat varieties and organic liquid fertilizer and barnyard manure were used as materials in the research. Organic liquid fertilizer was applied in five different periods such as control, tillering, beginning of the bolting, the end of the bolting and the hearing, provided that the dose remained the same. According to the results of the research, the highest values were obtained in the end of the bolting of Şölen-2002 variety in terms of grain yield and yield components (spike length, spikelet number, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, plant height, hectoliter weight and thousand kernel weight). According to the results of two years, the highest grain yield (530.43 kg/da-1) was obtained in the end of the bolting application of Şölen-2002 variety. Since the first year of the study was warmer and more drought than the second year, While the yield and yield components decreased, the quality characteristics (protein and dry gluten ratio) increased. Due to the temperatures, Edessa variety had higher protein and dry gluten ratios than Şölen-2002 variety.