Iron (Fe) is an important trace mineral for plant development, and plants grown in Fe deficiency experience yield losses due to the leaf chlorosis. In addition to agronomic measures that can be taken to minimize these losses, new plant genotypes can be developed effectively through genetic engineering. While dicots such as Arabidopsis thaliana use a reduction-based strategy to uptake high amounts of iron from the rhizosphere, the chelation strategy has evolved in Gramineous plants including barley (Hordeum vulgare). In this study, barley NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE1 (HvNAS1) gene, which is responsible for the production of nicotianamine that can complex with iron, was cloned and expressed at a constitutive high level in Arabidopsis plants. The expression levels of Arabidopsis genes encoding for the proteins involved in iron uptake increased together with HvNAS1 in the T3 Arabidopsis plants. Moreover, the root lengths, root and stem fresh weights, ferric chelate reductase enzyme activities of the plants also increased in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants under Fe deficiency. In addition, significant increases in iron and zinc levels were determined in the roots and shoots of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. As a result, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the barley HvNAS1 gene can take up more iron from the rhizosphere and carry this iron to the shoots. This study demonstrates the power of genetic engineering to develop Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the HvNAS1 gene and therefore tolerate iron deficiency.

2018 yılı verilerine göre Çanakkale ili Türkiye kanola üretiminde %7,5’lik pay ile 5. sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma alanı olarak belirlenen Çanakkale ilinde, 2018 yılında kanola üreten ve Tam Sayım Yöntemine göre tespit edilen 83 işletmeden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla, kanola üretiminde kullanılan girdilerin miktar ve parasal değer bakımından işletme büyüklük grupları arasında farklılık olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre; birim alana kullanılan girdilerin bedelleri arasında sadece ilaç girdisinin işletme büyüklük gruplarına göre %5 düzeyinde, birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarı dikkate alındığında sadece makine işgücü isteği değerinin işletme büyüklük grupları arasında %5 düzeyinde istatistiki yönden farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelenen işletmelerde girdi kullanımı açısından, işletme grupları arasında istatistiki yönden önemli bir fark bulunmadığını, bu durumun da kanola üretim teknolojisindeki benzerlik yanında büyük işletmelerin ölçek ekonomisinin pozitif yönlerinden faydalanamadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle orta ve uzun vadede genelde tarımsal üretimde özelde ise kanola üretiminde işletmelerin üretim düzeyleri dikkate alınarak farklı araçlarla ve değişik yöntemlerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Tüketicilerin helal gıda konusunda algı ve tutumları ülkeler ve bölgeler arasında farklılık gösterebilen sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik, yasal ve politik faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu kapsamda tüketicilerin helal gıda konusunda satın alma davranışları hakkındaki farkındalıklarını, algılarını ve tutumlarını incelemek politika önerisinde bulunulması açısından gereklidir. Bu nedenle Konya ilinde tüketicilerin helal gıda konusundaki bilinç düzeylerinin ve algılarının belirlenmesi, helal gıda konusundaki duyarlılıkların ölçülmesi ve helal gıda satın almaya etki eden sosyo-ekonomik faktörlerin belirlenmesi çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Konya ilinde basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenen 383 kişi ile tüketici anketi yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada tüketici talep yapısını incelemek için tüketicilerin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerine göre helal gıda ürünlerine tutum ve algıları beşli likert ölçeği ile analiz edilmiş olup helal gıda tüketimi ile tüketicilerin sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi için Mann-Whitney U testi ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizlere göre tüketicilerin gelir ve eğitim düzeyleri artıkça daha fazla helal gıda satın alacakları tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Konya ilinde tüketicilerin helal gıda ürünlerinde bilinç düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu ve helal gıda tüketimi konusunda duyarlılıklarının arttığı belirlenmiştir.

Hydraulic conductivity is an essential base for applied research in soil and water management, landscape, and environmental disciplines. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is one of the most important soil physical properties, which is considered in the planning of irrigation and drainage and predicting other soil hydrological processes. However, it has been frequently reported that measurement of Ksat is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive due to its high spatial variability and this has motivated researchers to develop indirect methods such as pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for developing Ksat-database in regional and national scales. In this study, eight Ksat studies with the PTFs in Anatolian soils were reviewed. PTFs were evaluated regarding their type, predictors used, and their performance. The majority of studied PTFs were developed on alluvial, colluvial, and alkaline soils in semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been common PTFs, and soil texture, bulk density, organic matter content, and pH have been common predictors used with these PTFs. Root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were the commonly used criteria in the verification and validation of the PTFs. Studies on the use of Ksat and PTFs are inadequate, and researches are still needed to be able to use it nationwide and can develop an adequate database. According to the results of PTF studies, the highest R2 and correlation coefficient (r) values belong to the Rosetta and MLR types of the PTFs, respectively. The lowest RMSE value was obtained with the equations in which the physical and chemical soil properties were used together as input data for PTFs. In addition, it has been noted that the soil morphological properties should be used as input data in PTFs studies, especially in Ksat estimation.

Bu çalışmada keçiboynuzu ekstraktında bulunan D-pinitolün 1-5 kDa ayırma sınırı aralığında nanofiltreler kullanılarak zenginleştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Zenginleştirme aşamaları ekstraksiyon, durultma, adsorban uygulaması ve nanofiltrasyon uygulamalarından oluşmaktadır. Nanofiltrasyon uygulamasını optimize etmek amacıyla Box-Behnken Cevap Yüzey Metodu (CYM) kullanılmıştır. Son aşamada elde edilen ürünün saflık kontrolü için D-pinitol içeriği, şeker kompozisyonu, toplam fenolik madde (TFM), toplam kuru madde (TKM) ve mineral madde kompozisyonları kullanılmıştır. Ekstraktlarda en yüksek D-pinitol konsantrasyonuna 5 kDa ayırma sınırındaki nanofiltrasyonda, 3 bar besleme basıncı, 25°C besleme sıcaklığı ve %83,3 permeat oranı koşullarında ulaşılmıştır. Bu koşullarda elde edilen permeat akısının D-pinitol içeriği 10,48 g/L olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca nanofiltrasyon prosesi için basınç, sıcaklık ve permeat/retentat oranı değişkenlerine bağlı bir optimizasyon modeli oluşturulmuş ve farklı koşullara bağlı olarak ekstraktların D-pinitol konsantrasyonundaki değişim yüksek doğrulukla (R2=0,91) matematiksel olarak modellenmiştir. Bu modele bağlı olarak, keçiboynuzu ekstraktlarında en yüksek sakkaroz, TFM ve TKM miktarları D-pinitol konsantrasyonunun %8,7 olduğu koşulda belirlenmiştir.

This study was carried out to determine the plant protection practices of the garlic growers in Gaziantep province. For this purpose, a survey consisting of 20 questions and based on simple random sampling method was conducted with 81 growers in each of the districts of Araban, Oguzeli, Yavuzeli, Central, Nurdagı, Nizip and Karkamış districts in 2018. The data evaluated and expressed as percent ratio. According to the findings from the surveys, garlic growers stated that they preferred pesticide dealers suggestions for the selection and determination of doses of pesticides used in pests and diseases, they also stated that the price and expiration date were not an important factor in the selection of pesticides. In addition, it is found that growers avoid using the same pesticide continuously against same diseases and pests, they do not make any changes in there commended pesticide doses, pesticides leave residues on the products, they paid attention the time between the last application and harvest. It has been reported that the use of protective clothing and mask during the application by the growers is relative, they do not use pesticides as a mixture, they apply different processes to empty pesticide boxes. It was determined that garlic growers prefered chemical control and did not have knowledge about the concept of biopesticides.

In this study, it is aimed to determine sugar beet production in Konya province, operation of factories in the region, the situation of farmers, privatization, production structure of sugar beet and the problems based on it. For this purpose, data were collected by questionnaires from 175 producers, who were selected according to Probability-Based Sampling method, from the producers operating in the cooperatives registered in the Association of Beet Cultivators Cooperatives (Pankobirlik) in Ilgın district of Konya. According to the findings, the difficulties encountered in production were listed as high irrigation cost of sugar beet (87.4%), difficulty in combating diseases and pests (77.7%), excess labor demand compared to other products (74.3%), and insufficiency of water in the region (72.0%) in sugar beet production. In addition, about 77% of producer’s state that product prices are low. Approximately 60% of the producers in the region have stated that they are against the privatization of sugar producing factories. When the results are evaluated, it is necessary to take into consideration the costs in determining sugar beet purchase prices and to include sugar beet production within the scope of support to reduce production costs. In addition, it is considered necessary to take essential steps by considering producer opinions on privatization and to review sugar policies.

In this study, equipment elements which have been used in Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University campus, were analysed considering various criteria in terms of landscape architecture. In this study, lighting and flooring elements, trash cans, sitting elements etc. were evaluated considering some criteria such as maintenance, design, ergonomics, etc. Within the scope of the study, it has been determined whether the equipment elements in the campus meet the people needs. There are insufficient number of seating elements in the campus, security problems occur due to the lack of lighting elements in certain places. The bus stops in the campus are sufficient numerically, and they are in suitable areas in terms of location. In addition, the number of telephone booths and the number of trash cans in the campus are insufficient. The designs of the equipment elements are similar, and equipment elements have traditional design. As paving elements, key paving stones are used on pedestrian roads, so that in some areas, collapses occur, so fall, snag, etc. on pedestrian roads. Finally, suggestions for using equipment elements in campus areas were developed.

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) (Rosaceae) is a spring fruits. It is not preferred to be consumed as fresh because it is sour, but it is extremely beneficial for human health. In addition to fresh consumption, it is used in the production of fruit juice, syrup, jam, marmalade, cake and ice cream in the food industry. Sour cherry is grown widely in Tokat and 80-85% of the grown cherries are sold to juice factories. Producers mostly adopt chemical control against pests. In this respect, monitoring pesticide residues on sour cherry is extremely important. This study was carried out to determine the pesticide residue levels in samples taken from sour cherry production areas in Tokat province in 2020. The residue analyses were performed by using QuEChERS method and LC-MS / MS (Liquid Chromatography / Tandem Mass Spectrometer). According to the results, the pesticide residue levels were found below the maximum residue limits (MRL) given in Turkish Food Codex (TFC).

In this study, we aimed to prepare new calixaren embedded mercapto groups supported liquid membranes and to use them in the transport of heavy metals. For this purpose 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(3-thiol-1-oxypropane)-26,28-dihydroxylcalix[4]arene was synthesized. The synthesized calixarene compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and the other techniques. The prepared compounds were supported polyamide liquid membranes and obtained calix[4]aren embedded supported liquid membranes (C@PSMs). The characterization of C@PSM was carried out by FTIR, TGA and elemental analysis techniques. Transport experiments were carried out with Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) as trace metals, to transport from donor phase to accept phase. From the results, it was calculated flux (J) and recovery (RF) values. The affinity (the percentage of metal ion transferred from the source solution) of a PIM towards a range of divalent cations was found to follow the order Zn(II)> Cd(II)> Pb(II).