Food additives are used to protect food, increase quality and extend shelf life in many stages, from production to consumption of food. Colorants added by food producers to color food or to adjust the color to desired level are among the commonly used food additives. Considering today's developing production technologies, foods fade or discolor at various stages of processing, storage, and sale due to physical and chemical conditions such as heat, light, pH and oxygen. Colorants are used to regain these color losses, to enhance weak colors, to give color to the food that is actually colorless, and to win back the favour of customers by hiding low quality. Therefore, the most used food colorants in Canada, China, European Union, Mexico and United States of America were presented. The chemical name, chemical structure, common uses, acceptable daily intake (ADI), and toxicity literature of six most used artificial food colors were reviewed.

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to investigate the influence of plant nutrient management on the yield performance of transplant Aman rice. The experiment comprised two Aman rice varieties viz. Binadhan-15 and Binadhan-16, and ten nutrient management viz. Recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDF) Urea-TSP-MoP-Gypsum-ZnSO4 @ 150-110-70-60-5 kg ha-1, Cowdung @ 10 t ha-1, Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 , 25% less than RDF + cowdung @ 5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + cowdung @ 10 t ha-1 , 25% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 25% less than RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Binadhan-15 produced taller plants (97.86 cm), effective tillers hill-1 (6.28), grains panicle-1 (101.73), higher grain (3.58 t ha-1) and straw (4.99 t ha-1) yields compared to Binadhan-16. In case of nutrient management, 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 produced taller plants (101.1 cm), effective tillers hill-1 (7.07), grains panicle-1 (105.1) and grain yield (4.08 t ha-1). The highest grain yield (4.25 t ha-1) was recorded in Binadhan-15 fertilized with 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and the lowest grain yield (2.28 t ha-1) was obtained in Binadhan-16 fertilized with vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. So, it can be concluded that transplant Aman rice cv. Binadhan-15 fertilized with 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 appears as the promising practice to obtain the highest grain yield.

Leguminosae or Fabaceae is the third-largest flowering plant family and is important in terms of both food production and soil fertility. Wild Vicia species and the genetic diversity of the Southeastern Anatolia Region provide an invaluable resource for the improvement of cultivated temperate feed and legume crops. The rapid progress of technology in recent years has nowmade it possible to use modern techniques in phylogenetic studies and to examine plants in a greater detail using biochemical, cytological and molecular methods to supplement purely systematic studies. The use of molecular phylogenetic analysis is the most attractive alternative strategy for a more accurate identification of the species of the Vicia genus. In the current study, some Vicia L. taxa growing naturally in the Southeastern Anatolia Region were investigated using molecular phylogenetic analysis. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced in order to study the phylogenetic relationships of Vicia L. taxa. Lathyrus inconspicuous L. and Lathyrus cassius Boiss. were used as an outgroup. The ITS area was determined to be approximately 479- 672 bp. The ITS sequences were submitted to the NCBI database and accession numbers obtained. The resulting tree clearly groups and separates the sect. Narbonensis, Ervilia, Peregrinae, Lathyroides, Vicia and Cracca species but was less able to distinguish species from sect. Hypechusa and Lentopsis. The data acquired were observed to be reliable in terms of solving the taxonomical problems of the Vicia L. taxa. The morphological distinctions are greatly supported by DNA sequence studies. The species-specific markers developed in this study are useful for early detection of targeted Vicia taxa and can act as a guide to the basic data required for the evolution of systematic breeding and conservation strategies, as well as for germplasm resources.

With high nutritional value, goji berry is an important fruit for human nutrition and health. Goji berry cultivation is done widely in many countries, farming has become widespread in recent years in Turkey. In study grown goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) in Turkey are determined the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit (pH, titration acidity, dry matter content, ash content, water activity (aw) value, protein content, HMF content, total phenolic content, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, sucrose content, colour values, mineral contents, organic acid contents, amino acid contents and some plant hormone content). Goji berry fruits have pH value 5.18, titration acidity value 2.16%, dry matter content 89.40%, ash content 4.30%, water activity (aw) value 0.35, protein content 13.18%, HMF content 9.38 mg/kg, total phenolic content 9.05 mg GAE/g, total sugar content 59.26%, decreasing sugar content 57.35%, sucrose content 1.90%, L* value 40.33, a* value 22.97, b* value 33.00, C* value 40.21, H° value 55.15. In addition, the mineral content, organic acid content, amino acid content and some plant hormones of goji berry fruits were determined by analysis.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Programlanabilir Lojik Kontrol (PLC), basınç transduseri ve motopomp kullanarak toprak hidrolik iletkenliğini ölçen sistemi atölye koşullarında modellemektir. Çalışmada, uzunluğu 2 m ve çapı 100’lük bir plastik boru, burgu deliğine benzetmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Ayrıca PLC ve modülü kullanılarak bir set oluşturulmuştur. Hidrolik iletkenlik ölçüm sisteminde, burgu deliği yöntemi (burgu deliği tabanı geçirimsiz tabakanın üstünde kalan) kullanılmıştır. Burgu deliği eşitliği kullanılarak CODESYS-ST dilinde sistemin programı yazılmış ve PLC’ye yüklenmiştir. Elle (ESY) ve PLC (PLCSY) ile ölçülen boru (burgu deliği) içindeki su yükleri arasında regresyon analizi sonucu PLCSY = 0,99ESY + 1,69 (R² = 1) şeklinde bir eşitlik elde edilmiş ve bu iki veri setinin Ortalama Mutlak Yüzde Hata (MAPE)'sı %0,41 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Her bir hidrolik iletkenlik ölçüm süresi, vananın tam açık olduğunda yaklaşık 5 dak., yarım açık olduğunda 6 dak. ve üçte bir açık olduğunda ise 8 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. Boru tabanından statik düzeyine uzaklık (d, cm) 1., 2. ve 3. vana açıklıklarında sırasıyla ortalama 122,83, 123,91 ve 123,7 cm olarak ölçülmüştür. İlk çeyrek bölümde su yükünün 20’den 25’e, 25’den 30’a, 30’dan 35’e ve 35’den 40’a yükselmesi için vana açıklıklarına göre geçen süre ortalaması sırasıyla 4,4, 6,0 ve 26,1 sn olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hidrolik iletkenlik değerleri vana açıklıklarında sırasıyla ortalama 18,6, 13,2 ve 3,1 cm/saat olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçülen veriler bir SD karta kaydedilmiştir. Bu işlemlerin tamamı otomatik olarak yapılmıştır. Bu sistemin, hidrolik iletkenliği arazi koşullarında doğru, ekonomik ve hızlı ölçeceği beklentisi yüksektir ve arazi koşullarında test edilmelidir.

This study was carried out in Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department, Industrial Plants Tissue Culture Laboratory in 2020. In the study, effects of different media (LS media, LS+1 mg/L Gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.1 mg/L kinetin (KIN) and LS+0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on sweet potato genotypes (Havuc and Hatay Yerlisi) were investigated. Plant and root weights, plant and root lengths, and number of nodes and roots were determined. In this study, plants grown in cytokinin and gibberellin media had higher root number, root weight, root length, plant height, number of nodes and plant weight compared to the ones grown in auxin media. Havuc local genotype had higher values in terms of the investigated traits in all of the media studied.

Bitkilerde ve üzerinde yaşayan mikroplar (bitki mikrobiyomu) bitki sağlığı için kritik öneme sahiptir ve besin alımını kolaylaştırarak, bitki hormon seviyelerini düzenleyerek ve patojen saldırısına karşı koymaya yardımcı olarak etkilerini gösterirler. Bitkiler karmaşık mikrobiyomlarla ilişkili meta organizmalardır. Bitki yüzeylerinde (epifitler) veya bitki dokuları (endofitler) içinde bulunan mikroorganizmaların çoğu, herhangi bir bitki hastalığına neden olmaz, ancak genellikle konakçı bitkilerinin besin tedarikine önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunur. Ayrıca bitki mikrop etkileşimi sekonder metabolit miktarında değişimlere neden olur. Bu derlemede, bitki sekonder metabolit miktarını artıran bitki ve kökle ilişkili mikrop (Rizosfer) arasındaki etkileşimine odaklanarak bu fenomeni destekleyen mekanizmalar hakkında anlayışımızı geliştirecek detaylı bilgiler verilmektedir.

Bazı volkanik arazilerden çıkan kaynak sularında Flor düzeyinin yüksek olduğu ve bu suların Flor toksikasyonuna neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Doğubayazıt’ta Tendürek yanar dağının eteklerinden çıkan bazı kaynak sularında yüksek miktarda, Iğdır ve Kapadokya volkanik arazilerinde ise normal düzeyde Flor olduğu bilimsel çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Bu araştırmada ise söz konusu bölgelerde bulunan kanyak sularının içme suyu olarak verildiği çiftlik hayvanlarının kemik Flor düzeylerini ne şekilde etkilediği karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya kondu. Kemik, su ve idrar örneklerindeki Flor analizleri iyon ayrımı yapabilen elektrot (ISE) kurulu iyon metre yardımıyla yapıldı. Çiftlik hayvanlarının idrar ve kemik flor düzeyleri su örneklerine benzer bir seyir izledi. Doğubayazıt kemik ve idrar örneklerinin flor seviyeleri, Iğdır ve Kapadokya bölgelerine göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Kemik Flor analiz sonuçlarını dış bakı kemik ve diş muayene bulguları da destekledi. Bu araştırmada analizi yapılan su, idrar ve kemik Flor düzeyleri arasında kuvvetli ilişkinin varlığı belirlendi. Flor düzeyi bakımından içme suyunun idrar ve kemik üzerinde çok kuvvetli etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, Doğubayazıt’ta Tendürek dağından köken alan Flor düzeyi yüksek suları içen çiftlik hayvanlarının kemiklerindeki Flor düzeyleri normalden yüksek tespit edildi. Bu durum içme suyu yolu ile şekillenen doğal Flor toksikasyonunun kemikler üzerinde Flor birikimine neden olduğunun kanıtı olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Plants have been used for centuries to treat various diseases. In this study, Marrubium globosum Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. plant was used as a material. The extract of the plant was extracted with the help of soxhlet device using ethanol, which is a good polar solvent, and Rel Assay kits were used to determine the oxidant and antioxidant levels in the plant extract. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of M. globossum were tested against standard bacteria and fungus strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the analysis, TAS value of plant extract was determined as 7.677±0.231, TOS value as 12.387±0.083 and OSI value as 0.162±0.004. In this context, it has been observed that the plant has an important antioxidant potential. In addition, the plant extract was found to be effective against test microorganisms at 50-200 μg/mL extract concentrations. As a result, it has been determined that M. globossum can be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

Disasters adversely affect human life. Many people face sheltering problems after disasters. Temporary shelter areas are very important in terms of meeting people's post-disaster sheltering needs. In this study, it was aimed to determine temporary shelter areas in the city center of Burdur. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to determine temporary shelter areas. According to certain criteria and spatial standards, six temporary shelter areas were determined in the city center of Burdur, and their adequacy was tested. Temporary shelters are located in urban open and green lands. Temporary shelter areas determined under today's conditions are adequate. However, it is predicted that temporary shelter areas will be inadequate in the upcoming process. Some recommendations were made about the problems and the path to be followed in the upcoming process. These recommendations will be useful for the post-disaster process.