Dioxins is one of the chemicals groups that cause liver toxicity, live weight reduction, immune suppression, reproductive impairments, eggshell thinning, birth defects, cancers and death in animals. The 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most poisonous environmental chemical and many studies were showed high dosage of TCDD affects all animal group. Also TCDD increase cancer risk in human so this chemical described as carcinogenic by International Agency for Research on Cancer. Dioxins are stored in animal foods such as meat, milk, eggs and fish, because they are soluble in oil and remain in these products for many years. Dioxins can dissolve in fat and high stability therefore it can be infected to meat, milk, egg, and fish and store there for long time as a result people could be contained with dioxin during daily life. Animal feed additives such as organic acids, pH modifiers, starch, sugar, vegetable oil, fat, fruit and by-products of plant, kaolinite, rendering products, pelleting aids cause dioxin contamination. The maximum dioxin content in plant-origin feedstuffs and their by-products is 0.75 ng toxic equivalent/kg body weight. In this rewiew, the effects of dioxins on livestock feeding was examined.

New plantain hybrids plants have been developed but not much has been done on the post-harvest keeping quality of the fruits and how they are affected by microbial colonization. Hence fruits from a tetraploid hybrid PITA 2 (TMPx 548-9) obtained by crossing plantain varieties Obino l’Ewai and Calcutta 4 (AA) and two local triploid (AAB) plantain landraces Agbagba and Obino l’Ewai were subjected to various concentrations of acetic, sorbic and propionic acid to determine the impact of chemical concentration, chemical type and plantain variety on ripening and weight loss of plantain fruits. Analysis of titratable acidity, moisture content and total soluble solids showed that there were no significant differences between fruits of hybrid and local varieties. The longest time to ripening from harvest (24 days) was achieved with fruits of Agbagba treated with 3% propionic acid. However, fruits of PITA 2 hybrid treated with propionic and sorbic acid at 3% showed the longest green life which indicated that the chemicals may work better at higher concentrations. The Obino l’Ewai cultivar had the highest weight loss for all chemical types used. Modelling data obtained showed that plantain variety had the most significant effect on ripening and indicates that ripening of the fruits may depend on the plantain variety. It appears that weight loss of fruits from the plantain hybrid and local cultivars was not affected by the plantain variety, chemical type. The chemicals at higher concentrations may have an effect on ripening of the fruits and will need further investigation.

Anıt ağaçlar, doğanın mirasıdır. Anıt ağaçlar; “Yaş, çap ve boy itibariyle kendi türünün alışılmış ölçüleri üzerinde boyutlara sahip olan, yöre folklorunda, kültür ve tarihinde özel yeri bulunan, geçmiş ile günümüz, günümüz ile gelecek arasında iletişim sağlayabilecek uzunlukta doğal ömre sahip olan ağaçlardır”. Günümüzde bu ağaçların tescili, korunması ve geleceğe taşınması ile ilgili birçok araştırma yürütülmektedir. Anıt ağaçlarla ilgili ülkelerin farklı planlama ve yönetim stratejileri vardır. Bu çalışmanın amaçları; (1) Türkiye’de ağaçları anıtlaştıran özellikleri sunarak, araştırma örnekleriyle tescilleri hakkında bilgi sunmak, (2) Türkiye’de anıt ağaçların tescili, korunması ve yönetimi ile ilgili öneriler sunmaktır.

Water loss kinetics in osmotic dehydration of cone-shaped fruits and vegetables was modeled on the basis of diffusion mechanism, using the Fick’s second law. The model was developed by taking into account the influences of the fruit geometrical characteristics, initial water content of fruit, water diffusion coefficient in fruit, and the water concentration in hypertonic solution. Based on the obtained model, it was shown that the water diffusion coefficient and the initial water concentration of fruit have direct effects on the dehydration rate and also inverse influence on the dehydration duration. The geometrical parameters of fruit and water concentration in hypertonic solution showed direct effect on the dehydration duration as well as inverse effect on the dehydration rate. The presented model seems to be useful tool to predict the dehydration kinetics of cone-shaped fruit during osmotic dehydration process and to optimize the process prior to perform the experiments.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, altlık materyalinin kalitesi, çeşitleri ve bu materyalin etlik piliçlerin refah ve performansı üzerine etkilerini incelemektir. Etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde en uygun yetiştirme sistemi yerde yetiştiricilik olduğundan altlık materyali büyük önem kazanmaktadır. Etlik piliç üretiminde sağlanan gelişmeye bağlı olarak altlığa olan talep de artış göstermektedir. Altlık materyali olarak genelde saman, kaba odun yongası ve hızar talaşı yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bunlarla birlikte altlık materyali olarak buğday, arpa, çavdar, yulaf, ayçiçeği, çeltik, fındık, mısır, soya, fıstık, pamuk, şekerkamışı gibi malzemeler saf veya karıştırılarak kullanılmaktadır. Altlığın kalitesini altlığın nemi, pH'si, amonyum nitrat içeriği, kekleşme düzeyi ve su tutma kapasitesi belirlemektedir. İdeal altlığın nem oranı %20–25, pH değeri 8–10 arasında olmalı ve amonyak miktarı ise 25 ppm’i geçmemelidir. Altlık kalınlığı, altlığın türüne göre 2-10 cm arasında değişmekte, parça büyüklüğü de 0.6 cm’yi geçmemelidir. Altlık neminin artması pH düzeyini, NH3 konsantrasyonunu ve kekleşmeyi arttırır. Altlık materyalinin türü etlik piliçlerin performansı, refahı, sağlığı, davranışı ve ürün kalitesi üzerine etkili olmaktadır. Ayrıca bu materyallerin karkas kusurları, ayak-bacak problemleri, göğüste su toplanması, yaşama gücünde düşme, altlık nemi nedeniyle mikroorganizma gelişiminde artış, kümeslerde gaz ve toz oluşumunun artması gibi olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu olumsuz etkiler entansif işletmelerde büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde altlık materyalinin kalitesi ve çeşidi çok önemlidir.

In this study, some physicochemical and microbiological properties and antioxidant capacity of 30 rosehip marmalades produced in Tokat province by industrial or regional methods were determined. pH, water activity, viscosity, total dry content, total soluble solids, total ash, total sugar content, total ascorbic acid content and Hunter values (L*, a* and b*) were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of samples and the means were 4.12, 0.881, 2501.6 cP, 56.12%, 56.86, 0.935%, 50.24 g/L, 173.43 mg/100g, 30.89, 10.90 and 15.11, respectively. The count of S. aureus, total and fecal coliform was not detected in any samples. The total phenolic content and TEAC were performed to investigate antioxidant capacity and the average values were 921.62 mg GAE/100 g and 66.93 µmol trolox/g.

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

Sweeteners that sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Sweeteners can be classified as sugar alcohols (polyols), artificial sweeteners and natural sweeteners. The need to avoid the adverse effects of sugar cannot stop feeling the taste on humans has resulted in intense use of sweeteners nowadays. There are positive and negative opinions about the effects of their use on human health. The general tendency of food producers is to reduce the amount of sugar in the groats due to negative effects in parallel. Food sweeteners are intended for a large group of consumers, and one of the main points of the sector operators is to provide healthier, natural, nutritional and low calorie sweeteners to these consumers. In this study, we evaluated the sweeteners which are most commonly used. Many studies have been done to demonstrate the safety of sweeteners. There are also studies showing that there may be side effects even if there are few. Some sweeteners have been associated with a number of symptoms. There is a need for comparative long-term work in this area.

A study was conducted to analyze factors influencing adoption of wheat technology packages by smallholder farmers in Gurawa, Meta and Habro districts in eastern Ethiopia. The analysis was based on a household survey data collected from 136 randomly selected households. A Two-limit Tobit model was used to elucidate factors affecting adoption of technology packages measured based on an index derived from five components of wheat technologies which included row planting, pesticide application, use of improved varieties, and application of inorganic fertilizers, namely, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Urea. Among the variables included in the model, variation in district, gender, age of the household head, education status of the household head, farm size, distance to market, distance to FTC (Farmers’ Training Centers), cooperative membership, dependency ratio, and annual income of the households were found to significantly affect the adoption of wheat technology packages. Policy makers, planners and development practitioners should give due attention to these determinants to support smallholder farmers in wheat production and enhance gains derived from it.

Although the intensification of agricultural production is the reason for feeding of increasing human population the demand for organic or ecological products is increasing in parallel with the social consciousness in recent years. Hair goat breeding is made in a large part of Turkey that is suitable or may become suitable for organic production system with a few arrangements. In this study, Hair goat breeding was evaluated together with the Regulation on the Principles and Implementation of Organic Agriculture. The study is important in terms of ensuring sustainability of hair goats under the threat of crossbreeding by assessing it within organic production.