Abstract: The agribusiness sector has experienced a significant pace of technological evolution. New resources, such as the use of drones, the internet of things, and satellite communication have been fundamental in the emergence of AgTechs, technological companies that have emerged from agribusiness. This article aims to map São Paulo AgTechs and the products and services they offer. This article contributes to the advancement of knowledge about AgTechs and their transformation of the Brazilian agribusiness field. AgTechs have expanded and strengthened the agribusiness sector, which represented approximately 21.4% of Brazilian GDP in 2019, and 26.6% in 2020, despite the political-health crisis and its challenge, it has continued the growth and investment trajectory in Rand and Development, while seeking to increase efficiency in interactions. This qualitative study is exploratory and has a bibliographic design. The data were collected from the Brazilian Association of Startups, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor reports, websites of AgTechs in São Paulo state, and Web of Science. The main results indicate the importance of the São Paulo ecosystem, in which are located 26% of Brazilian AgTechs, the largest concentration in the country. The products and services generated at AgTechs are high tech. In the state of São Paulo, there are three communities that interact with AgTechs and form an entrepreneur-innovative ecosystem.

Abstract: Sustainable agrifood global value chains depend on chain governance by the lead firm and transaction governance. However, the link between them is still unclear. We therefore investigated the scientific field on “governance in agrifood global value chain” over 15 years in the Scopus and Web of Science databases through two analyses: a descriptive bibliometric and a keywords co-occurrence analysis. Our descriptive results show that the research on the theme has increased over the years, with a concentration of the papers published in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, with emphasis on Wageningen University. The network graph showed a multidisciplinary theoreticomplcal field and four axes: chain governance; transaction governance; horizontal relationships; political and structural elements. The chain and the transaction governance are indirectly linked by the concept of upgrading, compromising sustainability’s holistic view. Although the sustainability of the chain depends on both levels of governance, this bibliometric study showed that there is a gap to be filled in this topic. We propose a study in the light of both concepts, considering upgrading, vertical and horizontal relationships, as well as public policies.

Abstract: Brazil is the world’s second-largest producer of soybeans and the largest exporter. Despite the growing importance in the international market in the last harvests, activities related to this product threaten this position. Due to its economic importance for the country, this study aims to identify the competitiveness drivers of soybean destined for the international market and to measure their impacts on the export process. Therefore, the used methodology considers the systemic character of different factors that affect the supply chain positively or negatively. As a result, the logistics infrastructure dimension was the only competitiveness driver classified as unfavorable among the analyzed factors. The advances in agribusiness are being subsequently followed by some sectors of the economy such as science and technology. On the other hand, the logistics sector has not been showing the same development, causing some weaknesses to persist, either due to the lack of infrastructure of transport production, or the inability to properly store the national harvest. The current challenge for the State is to ensure the maintenance of the quality of the infrastructure already installed and to promote an environment capable of attracting private capital and a new investment cycle.

Abstract: Although the Brazilian agribusiness sector’s relevance to the country has been widely recognized nowadays, to date, no study has been developed to evaluate the level of employment in this sector as a whole for Brazil. Therefore, the first objective of this study is to access the Brazilian agribusiness labor market, and to measure it, analyze its structure and characterize its workers. Agribusiness worker income differentials were also contrasted with income differentials in the aggregated non-agribusiness labor force. The main results from the study are as follows: a) in 2017, 18.2 million individuals, 20.1% of the country’s labor force, worked in the Brazilian agribusiness sector; b) agribusiness workers were predominately unskilled or semi-skilled with a low level of schooling; c) a large proportion of the sector’s labor force were not formally employed; and d) the average income of agribusiness employees was lower than that of individuals in other economic sectors. There is also extreme labor market heterogeneity among agribusiness sector segments – with the primary segment presenting a noticeably dissimilar profile – and a significant income differential associated with different labor market statuses, economic sub-sectors and locations, and with individual characteristics such as level of schooling, skin tone and gender.

Abstract: Successive reforms in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), enlargements of the European Union (EU) and pressures in the public budget increase the need for empirical studies to assess the role of subsidies in shaping firms’ performance and, hence, to support policy-makers decisions and decision-making in the productive sector. This paper assesses whether subsidies affect the technical efficiency of 1,943 Portuguese agribusiness firms over 2007-2015. By applying stochastic frontier models and fixed-effects models, to calculate the average efficiency of these firms, the results show different effects of subsidies among agribusiness sectors. The stochastic frontier model revealed that the subsidies have a positive and significant impact on the technical efficiency of three sectors, animal production, manufacture of food, and manufacture of paper. Further, except for firms in the forestry and logging sector, Portuguese agribusiness firms had higher average efficiency levels when subsidised, which provides evidence that subsidies could be important and contribute positively to the technical efficiency of Portuguese firms.

Resumo: O artigo trata das implicações socioambientais e econômicas da expansão da produção de soja brasileira, durante o período entre 2000 e 2012. A perspectiva de análise de sistema mundo de Terence Hopkins e Immanuel Wallerstein (1982) é aplicada para avaliar em qual medida este desenvolvimento pode ser entendido como sendo característico do processo econômico de formação de periferia. Este arcabouço teórico é combinado com contribuições contemporâneas na literatura de Análise de Sistema Mundo que enfatizam assuntos ambientais e a natureza particular do agronegócio moderno, com a finalidade de entender as complexidades do atual setor de soja brasileiro. As dinâmicas de expansão produtiva e as suas diferentes implicações na sociedade são abordadas por meio de uma análise de cadeia de commodity da produção brasileira de soja. Uma estratégia de triangulação de dados é aplicada na análise, por meio de exame de documentos oficiais, pesquisas, entrevistas e material estatístico. O artigo conclui que enquanto algumas circunstâncias divergem das interpretações da perspectiva de Análise de Sistema Mundo, outros achados sugerem uma convergência entre a recente expansão da soja brasileira e as conceitualizações deste corpo teórico sobre periferia. A análise também aponta para a necessidade de reconsiderar o determinismo estrutural da perspectiva de Análise de Sistema Mundo, particularmente com relação ao possível potencial de agência política para confrontar os desafios associados com o desenvolvimento baseado em commodities.

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo a análise da concessão da rodovia BR-163, considerando as possíveis implicações sobre a competitividade no transporte da soja do estado de Mato Grosso. Esta proposição se justifica, sobretudo, porque o pedágio, a priori, representa custo ao transporte rodoviário, qualquer gasto acrescido a ela poderá comprometer a margem de lucro. Esta pesquisa foi subsidiada por revisão bibliográfica e documental, utilizando de pesquisa do tipo descritiva. Buscou-se identificar os principais componentes do custo do transporte rodoviário e o impacto da rodovia concedida na competitividade do setor. Assim, foi feita uma análise comparativa do custo do transporte de soja em rodovias pagas (concedidas) e as economias com custos que são inerentes a esta modalidade de transporte, decorrente da ótima condição da pavimentação asfáltica. Para perpetrar essa verificação e contrapor os custos com pedágio, foram elencadas três variáveis, são elas: (i) a economia com o combustível, (ii) a economia com o custo operacional dos caminhões e (iii) a economia que se faz em menor perdas de grãos de soja. O resultado encontrado após a quantificação das variáveis econômicas apontou impacto positivo, com benefícios econômicos para o estado de Mato Grosso.

Resumen: este estudio tuvo como objetivo proponer un enfoque multidimensional de análisis de la sostenibilidad en la agroempresa asociativa rural. Se utilizó un muestreo dirigido seleccionando cuatro programas de acompañamiento al fortalecimiento de la asociatividad rural llevados a cabo en cuatro departamentos de Colombia: Antioquia, Cauca, Nariño y Valle del Cauca. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante 79 entrevistas semiestructuradas con diversos actores y posteriormente analizados utilizando análisis factorial. El estudio permitió construir un enfoque para el análisis de la sostenibilidad de organizaciones agroempresariales rurales a partir de la identificación de 50 variables que fueron agrupadas en dos componentes y tres subcomponentes: Socio organizacional (Capital social, Planeación organizacional e Integración territorial) y Empresarial (Económico, Productivo tecnológico y orientación al mercado), para la definición de un índice de sostenibilidad de la agroempresa rural (Isoar). El cálculo del Isoar permitió identificar que los dos subcomponentes menos destacados en todos los casos estudiados fueron el Productivo-Tecnológico y la Orientación al mercado, mientras en los casos más exitosos los componentes más destacados fueron el capital social y la integración territorial. Se concluye que el enfoque de sostenibilidad de las agroempresas asociativas rurales soportado en un modelo multidimensional constituye pilares para la formulación de políticas públicas.

Este trabalho analisa a questão do financiamento da produção agrícola sob uma ótica sistêmica, considerando o papel dos agentes privados no fornecimento de crédito rural. Desenvolve-se a idéia de que o volume e o custo de recursos financeiros disponibilizados para a produção agrícola são afetados por "fricções" em diversas transações sequenciais interligando emprestadores e tomadores de crédito. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar as vantagens comparativas dos diversos agentes que atuam no mercado de crédito, enfocando o potencial de cada agente em reduzir as tais fricções. Esta análise comparativa baseia-se na leitura do funcionamento do mercado de crédito agrícola dos Estados Unidos e pode ser aplicada nara o desenvolvimento de novos arranjos contratuais no mercado brasileiro.

Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as transformações na estruturaprodutiva do agronegócio de Minas Gerais, segundo as definições de agregado I(fornecedor de bens e insumos para a agropecuária), agregado II (agropecuária),agregado III (processamento e industrialização agrícolas) e agregado IV(distribuição agrícola). Para isso, foi utilizada a matriz de insumo-produto deMinas Gerais, de 1999. O agronegócio gerou rendas equivalentes a 29,76% do PIBde Minas Gerais e 9,6% do PIB do agronegócio nacional. Do PIB do agronegóciomineiro, os setores fornecedores de insumos para a agropecuária participaramcom 20,73%; a agropecuária, com 27,53; e as atividades de processamento,industrialização e distribuição, com 51,75%. A economia mineira apresentoucaracterísticas de economia alimentar industrializada, considerando aparticipação da produção agropecuária próxima de um terço do valor total doagronegócio. Tais resultados são significativos e evidenciam o grau deimportância do agronegócio ao desenvolvimento da economia mineira.<br>Agribusiness productive structures and its changes in Minas Gerais state wereanalyzed in this study, according to following aggregate definitions: aggregate one (suppliersof input and goods for agricultural sector); aggregate two (agricultural production); aggregatethree (processing and industrialization agricultural); and aggregate four (agriculturaldistribution). For this purpose, the 1999's input-output table of Minas Gerais state was used.Incomes generated by agribusiness represented 29.76 percent from the GDP (Gross DomesticProduct) in Minas Gerais state and 9.6 percent from the GDP in the national agribusiness. Asfor GDP from Minhas Gerais state, agricultural input supplier sectors reached 20.73 percent;agricultutural sector (27.53 percent); processing, industrialization and distribution activities(51.75 percent). The Minas Gerais state economy was characterized as an industrial foodeconomy due to its agricultural production near of one-third of the total agribusiness value.The results are relevant and emphasize how important is the agricultural sector for thedevelopment of the economy in Minas Gerais state.