ABSTRACT Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used for weed control in eucalyptus forests. Glyphosate drifts are common and may cause serious damage to crops. An alternative to reduce such effects is to use antidotes capable of protecting eucalyptus. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of liquid fertilizer on eucalyptus plants subjected to a glyphosate drift simulation. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 5 factorial design. The first corresponding factor was liquid fertilizer (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 L c.p. ha -1 of Fertiactyl Pós®) and the second factor dose of glyphosate drift (0, 360, 720, 1,440, and 2,160 g e.a. ha -1). The products were applied together so that the spray did not reach the upper third of the plants. At 7, 28, and 49 days after application (DAA), the percentage of intoxication of eucalyptus was evaluated. At 56 days DAA, height, leaf area, leaf nutrient contents, and shoot and root dry matter were determined. Higher doses of glyphosate (1,440 and 2,160 g ha -1) caused intoxication levels above 90% at 28 and 49 DAA without using liquid fertilizer. The combination of 2,160 g ha -1 of glyphosate with 8.0 L ha -1 of liquid fertilizer resulted in an estimated eucalyptus dry matter 7% higher than in the control and 97% higher than using 2,160 g ha -1 of glyphosate without the liquid fertilizer. We conclude that the liquid fertilizer was effective in suppressing the harmful effects caused by glyphosate on eucalyptus plants. | RESUMO O glyphosate é um herbicida não seletivo utilizado no manejo de plantas daninhas em florestas de eucalipto. Problemas com a deriva de glyphosate tem sido comum, podendo causar sérios danos à cultura. Uma alternativa para reduzir estes efeitos é a utilização de antídotos capazes de proteger o eucalipto. Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante líquido na proteção de plantas de eucalipto submetidas à simulação de deriva de glyphosate. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com o primeiro fator correspondente as o fertilizante líquido (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 L p. c. ha -1 de Fertiactyl Pós®) e o segundo por doses de deriva do glyphosate (0, 360, 720, 1440 e 2160 g e. a. ha -1). Os produtos foram aplicados juntos de modo que as caldas não atingiram o terço superior das plantas. Aos 7, 28 e 49 dias após a aplicação (DAA) foram avaliadas a porcentagem de intoxicação do eucalipto e aos 56 dias DAA determinou-se a altura, a área foliar, o conteúdo de nutrientes nas folhas e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas. Maiores doses do glyphosate (1440 e 2160 g ha -1) sem o uso do fertilizante líquido provocaram níveis de intoxicação acima de 90% aos 28 e 49 DAA. A combinação de 2160 g ha -1 do glyphosate com 8,0 L ha -1 de fertilizante líquido resultou em estimativa de matéria seca total do eucalipto 7% maior que a testemunha e 97% maior que 2160 g ha -1 de glyphosate sem o fertilizante líquido. Conclui-se que o fertilizante líquido foi eficiente na supressão dos efeitos deletérios causados pelo glyphosate às plantas de eucalipto.

ABSTRACT The amount of fungicide that adheres to the leaf during spraying and the amount that remain on the leaf after weathering are the main factors that defines the amount of active residue on the leaf surface to effectively control plant pathogens. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the tenacity and persistence of copper in citrus seedling leaves under simulated rainfall in Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The evaluated variables were copper content, solution retention, surface tension and drop spectrum. A significant and inversely proportional linear relationship to drops <100 µm was found. The percentage of copper retained in leaves of citrus seedlings with copper fungicides of suspension concentrate (SC) formulations after simulated rainfall was greater than 80%. Copper fungicides of SC formulations presented the lowest surface tension, allowing greater tenacity and persistence of copper on seedlings of citrus leaves after simulated rainfall and increased contact between the drops and leaf surface. | RESUMO A quantidade de produto que adere a folha durante a pulverização e a quantidade de material que permanece na folha após a ação de intempéries são os principais fatores que determinam a quantidade do resíduo ativo na superfície das folhas para um efetivo controle de fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho, conduzido em Jaboticabal - SP, foi avaliar a tenacidade e persistência de cobre em folhas de mudas cítricas sob ação de chuva simulada. Foram analisadas as variáveis: teor de cobre, retenção de calda, tensão superficial e espectro de gotas. Observou-se relação linear inversamente proporcional e significativa ao volume de gotas <100 μm. A porcentagem de teor de cobre retido em folhas de mudas cítricas após a simulação de chuva foi superior a 80% para os fungicidas cúpricos de formulações SC (suspensão concentrada). Os fungicidas cúpricos de formulações SC apresentaram as menores tensões superficiais, possibilitando maior tenacidade e persistência do cobre nas folhas de mudas cítricas após chuva simulada e permitindo o aumento do contato entre a gota e a superfície foliar.

RESUMO A ferrugem asiática da soja, cujo agente etiológico é o fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causa redução da área foliar fotossintética e diminui a produtividade da cultura, sendo o controle químico uma das principais medidas no seu manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia e a seletividade do fungicida fluxapiroxade no controle da ferrugem asiática na cultura da soja, em condições edafoclimáticas do Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em área sob sistema de plantio direto, no Centro de Pesquisa Agrícola, Rio Verde, Goiás, durante a safra 2012/2013, utilizando a cultivar NA 7337. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com doze tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicação de fluxapiroxade (FX), piraclostrobina (PT), epoxiconazol (EX) e metconazol (MZ). A severidade média da doença nas plantas chegou a 37% na testemunha. Todos os tratamentos contendo fungicidas diferiram da testemunha. Os tratamentos 9, 10, 11 e 12 foram os que proporcionaram maiores níveis de controle da ferrugem asiática, os tratamentos 10, 11 e 12 alcançaram maiores massa de mil grãos e os tratamentos 2, 3 e 11 foram mais produtivos que a testemunha, porém inferiores aos 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 e 12, sendo estes estatisticamente iguais. O incremento de produtividade em relação à testemunha variou de 10,05% (piraclostrobina, epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina + óleo mineral) a 30,55% (piraclostrobina, piraclostrobina + fluxapiroxade + óleo mineral, piraclostrobina + metconazol + óleo mineral). Os maiores níveis de controle foram evidenciados nos fungicidas contendo fluxapiroxade. | ABSTRACT The etiologic agent of the Asian soybean rust is the Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which causes a reduction in the photosynthetic leaf area and, consequently, in the crop yield. Chemical control is one of the main measures for its management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of the fluxapyroxad fungicide on controlling the Asian soybean rust, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado biome. The experiment was conducted in an area under no-tillage system, in the Agricultural Research Center, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil, during the 2012/2013 crop season, using the cultivar NA7337. A randomized block experimental design was used, with twelve treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of applications of fluxapyroxad (FX), pyraclostrobin (PT), epoxiconazole (EX) and metconazole (MZ). The average severity of the disease in the plants reached 37% in the Control. All treatments with fungicides differed from the Control. Treatments 9, 10, 11 and 12 provided the greatest rates of soybean rust control. The treatments 10, 11 and 12 had the highest thousand grain weights, and the yields of the treatments 2, 3 and 11, despite higher than the Control, were lower than the treatments 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12, which had statistically equal yields. The increasing in yield, compared to the Control, ranged from 10.05% (pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin + mineral oil) to 30.55% (pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad + mineral oil and pyraclostrobin + metconazole + mineral oil). The highest rates of soybean rust control were presented by fungicides containing fluxapyroxad.

ABSTRACT During the chemical control of pests, diseases and weeds, great importance is given to the phytosanitary product and little attention to the application technology. The control of soybean pests did not escape the general rule and, therefore, some pests known as secondary, and even nonexistent, became responsible for great damage to the soybean crop. The objective of this work was to test the application of insecticide at different speeds (5 and 16 km h-1) by varying the rates of application in 108 to 110 and 199 to 216 L ha-1 to quantify the difference in the coverage percentage of the applied insecticide in the canopy of soybean plants, and to verify the interaction of these factors with efficacy parameters for the control of caterpillars (Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens). In general, the highest leaf coverage by the insecticide was observed in the upper part of the canopy, regardless of the rate and speed of application, resulting in lower leaf damage. For the middle and lower thirds of the plant, the decrease in speed influenced more the decrease in leaf damage by the caterpillars than the increase in the spray volume. | RESUMO Durante o controle químico de insetos, doenças e plantas daninhas, dá-se muita importância ao produto fitossanitário e pouca atenção à técnica de aplicação. O controle de pragas da soja não escapa à regra geral e, dessa forma, algumas pragas ditas como secundárias, e até mesmo inexistentes, passaram a ser responsáveis por grandes prejuízos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de inseticida em diferentes velocidades (5 e 16 km h-1) variando as taxas da aplicação entre 108 a 110 e 199 a 216 L ha-1 para quantificar a diferença na porcentagem de cobertura do inseticida aplicado no dossel de plantas de soja e verificar a influência desses fatores em parâmetros de eficácia para o controle das lagartas (Helicoverpa armigera e Chrysodeixis includens). De modo geral, a maior cobertura foliar pelo inseticida foi observada no terço superior do dossel, independente da taxa e velocidade de aplicação, refletindo em menores injúrias foliares. Para os terços médio e inferior, a diminuição da velocidade teve mais influência na diminuição do dano foliar do que o aumento do volume.

ABSTRACT Citrus black spot (CBS) is a disease caused by the Phyllosticta citricarpa fungus that causes lesions in fruits and, in more severe stages, fruit drops. The use of systemic fungicides is the main control measure for CBS; however, an alternative control measure is the use of cupric fungicides applied alone with short intervals. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of applications of copper oxychloride at different rates on the control of CBS. The experiment was conducted in Bebedouro, SP, Brazil, in the 2014/2015 crop season, in a randomized block design, using a Citrus sinensis variety (Valencia). The treatments consisted of copper rates (zero - control; 31, 24.5, 18.5, 12.2, and 9.1 mg of metal copper per cubic meter of canopy) using copper oxychloride (concentrated suspension - CS; 588 g L-1 of copper oxychloride or 350 g L-1 of metal copper), and an additional treatment with application of a cupric fungicide (cuprous oxide) and a strobilurin fungicide. The applications were carried out with 14-day intervals, starting when 2/3 of the petals of the plant's flowers were fallen, totaling 14 applications. The incidence and severity of CBS were evaluated five times with 30-day intervals up to mid-November, when the fruits were harvested. The data were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Applications of copper oxychloride CS at rates of 31 and 24.5 mg m-3 with 14-day intervals are efficient for the control of CBS, with similar efficiency to the farm standard treatment. | RESUMO A Mancha Preta dos Citros causada pelo fungo Phyllosticta citricarpa é uma doença que causa lesões em frutos e queda prematura em estágios mais severos. O uso de fungicidas sistêmicos é a principal medida de controle, porém a busca por um controle alternativo pode envolver a aplicação de fungicidas cúpricos isoladamente, em intervalos reduzidos. Sendo assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o controle de MPC mediante a aplicação de oxicloreto de cobre em diferentes concentrações. O experimento foi instalado no município de Bebedouro/SP durante a safra 2014/15, variedade ‘Valência’, em delineamento em blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas concentrações: zero (testemunha), 31; 24,5; 18,5; 12,2 e 9,1 mg de cobre metálico/m3, tendo como referência o fungicida oxicloreto de cobre (588 g L-1 de oxicloreto de cobre ou 350 g de cobre metálico; formulação SC) e, um tratamento adicional, constituído pela aplicação do fungicida cúprico óxido cuproso e fungicida do grupo da estrobilurina. As aplicações foram realizadas em intervalos de catorze dias, iniciando em 2/3 pétalas caídas, perfazendo um total de 14 aplicações. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações de incidência e severidade em intervalos de 30 dias, estendendo-se até meados de novembro, quando foi realizada a colheita dos frutos. A partir desses dados foi calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Concluiu-se que aplicações em intervalos de catorze dias de oxicloreto de cobre SC a 31 e 24,5 mg/m3 copa, foram eficientes no controle de MPC, cuja eficiência foi comparável ao tratamento padrão.

RESUMO O cultivo do maracujazeiro-azedo Passiflora edulis (Sims, 1818) vem obtendo destaque na fruticultura nacional devido ao aumento do consumo tanto da fruta fresca, como processada. Contudo, perdas pelo ataque de percevejos (Hemiptera: Coreidae) vêm preocupando fruticultores da região sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência e o controle de percevejos em pomar de maracujazeiro-azedo P. edulis, através da utilização de inseticidas naturais e sintéticos nas safras de 2013/14 e 2014/15 em Araquari/SC. A ocorrência de percevejos foi estudada através de amostragens utilizando a técnica do quadro de madeira com dimensão de 0,25 m2. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente durante as duas safras. As espécies e a distribuição dos percevejos nas diferentes partes da planta foram quantificadas. Os inseticidas utilizados foram: Neenmax (Azadiractina 1,0%) na dose de 10 mL/L; Orobor N1 (Ácido cítrico N 1,0% + B 0,20%) 2 mL/L; Decis 25 EC (Deltametrina 2,5%) 1 mL/L, diluídos em solução aquosa. Foram observados exemplares de três espécies de percevejos, sendo 86% Diactor bilineatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae); 13,5% Holhymenia histrio (Hemiptera: Coreidae) e 0,5% de Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). D. bilineatus apresentou alta frequência, constância e dominância durante as safras avaliadas. Os percevejos encontravam-se 64% sobre os frutos, 18,5% sobre as folhas, 7,3% sobre os botões florais, 5,8% sobre as flores e 4,4 % sobre os ramos. A pulverização com Azadiractina e Deltametrina foram eficientes para reduzir a infestação de percevejos e ocorrência de frutos murchos no pomar de maracujazeiro-azedo. | ABSTRACT Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, 1818) crops in Brazil are drawing attention due to the national production, and the increasing consumption of this fruit as fresh and processed products. However, fruit losses due to damages caused by stink bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are concerning to fruit growers in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population fluctuation and control of stink bugs in P. edulis crops grown in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 crop seasons in Araquari, SC, Brazil, using natural and synthetic insecticides. The stink bug population was evaluated using the 0.25 m2 frame technique. The evaluations were carried out weekly during the two crop seasons. The species and distribution of stink bugs in the different parts of the plant were evaluated. The insecticides and rates used were: Neenmax (azadirachtin 1.0%) at 10 mL L-1; Orobor N1 (N-citric acid 1.0% + 0.20% B) at 2 mL L-1; and Decis 25 EC (deltamethrin 2.5%) at 1 mL L-1, diluted in aqueous solution. Specimens of three stink bug species where found: 86% Diactor bilineatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae); 13.5% Holhymenia histrio (Hemiptera: Coreidae), and 0.5% Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The D. bilineatus species presented higher frequency, constancy, and dominance during the evaluated crop seasons; 64% of the stink bugs were found on fruits, 18.5% on leaves, 7.3% on floral buds, 5.8% on flowers, and 4.4% on branches. The use of azadirachtin or deltamethrin was efficient to reduce the stink bug infestation and the number of P. edulis withered fruits.

ABSTRACT The selectivity of five insecticides, regularly used in peach farming, was assessed for larvae of the predator Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) by means of bioassay in semi-field conditions. The bioassay was based on the counting of captured larvae after release in peach trees treated with the insecticides (% of active ingredient in spray liquid): deltamethrin (0.001), fenthion (0.050), phosmet (0.100), lufenuron (0.005) and malathion (0.200). Bait-cards with eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used to capture larvae from treated plants; five of them were fixed in plant canopy and five others left on the soil around stem. A protective barrier made up of galvanized steel sheet was used for each plant to avoid loss of larvae. The number of larvae feeding on the bait-cards was measured for four days. According to the number of captured larvae, each insecticide effect was estimated and classified into toxicity categories as stated by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Based on observations, the insect growth regulator lufenuron was harmless, while the neurotoxins deltamethrin and malathion were slightly harmful; and lastly, fenthion and phosmet were moderately harmful to C. externa larvae in semi-field conditions. Thus, lufenuron should be recommended for integrated pest management, since it would preserve this predator species in peach orchards. | RESUMO A seletividade de cinco inseticidas utilizados em pomares de pessegueiro foi avaliada sobre larvas do predador Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) por meio de bioensaio conduzido em semicampo. O bioensaio baseou-se na contagem do número de larvas capturadas após liberação em plantas de pessegueiro tratadas com os inseticidas (% de ingrediente ativo na calda) deltametrina (0,001), fentiona (0,050), fosmete (0,100), lufenurom (0,005) e malationa (0,200). Para captura das larvas nas plantas tratadas foram utilizados dez cartões-isca contendo ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), sendo cinco fixados na copa e cinco fixados no solo ao redor do caule. Uma barreira de proteção composta por chapa de aço galvanizado foi utilizada em cada planta para evitar a perda de larvas. O número de larvas alimentando-se nos cartões foi mensurado durante quatro dias. Em função do número de larvas capturadas, o efeito de cada inseticida foi calculado e classificado nas categorias de toxicidade segundo a “International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants” (IOBC). Baseado no efeito observado, o regulador de crescimento lufenurom foi inofensivo, enquanto os neurotóxicos deltametrina e malationa foram pouco tóxicos, e fentiona e fosmete foram moderadamente tóxicos a larvas de C. externa em condições de semicampo. Desta forma, lufenurom deve ser recomendado no manejo integrado de pragas a fim de se preservar esta espécie de predador em pomares de pessegueiro.

ABSTRACT In recent decades, soybean has been one of the most widely grown crops in Brazil. The soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the main defoliating pests of soybean that cause damage and affect the cost of production. The overall objective of the present study was to characterize the resistance of C. includens to diamide insecticides. To this end, the baseline susceptibility of C. includens to flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole was characterized to estimate their concentrations for diagnostic monitoring of resistance in populations collected in commercial soybean crops in southern Brazil during the 2018/19 season. Under field conditions, evaluations were made of the residual activity of three diamide insecticides: chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, teflubenzuron, methoxyfenozide, and bifenthrin for discrimination between flubendiamide-susceptible and resistant C. includens. Chrysodeixis includens was more tolerant to cyantraniliprole than to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole. The field populations had a higher survival rate than the susceptible population. The resistant population showed a resistance ratio to flubendiamide of 70.1-fold. Under field conditions, the residue of the study insecticides, except for bifenthrin, enabled discrimination between flubendiamide-susceptible and resistant C. includens. The data indicate the need to study the cross-resistance relationships between insecticides to improve the rotation recommendation. They also reinforce the importance of using other good management practices, e.g., the use of insecticides based on pest sampling and the choice of other control methods to prevent C. includens from becoming resistant to diamide insecticides.

ABSTRACT The adequacy of spraying technology in the control of Asian rust to factors related to soybean cultivars and fungicide type is fundamental for the efficiency in the control of this disease. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the chemical control of Asian soybean rust and the deposition of the fungicide applied in the crop, according to different volumes and spray nozzles. Four field experiments were set up during the 2014/2015 season, each carried out with one soybean cultivar, using: NA 5909 RR®, NS 7237 IPRO®, BMX Potência RR® and W 712 RR®. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The first factor corresponded to the use of fungicides: [pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole] and [pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole] + mancozeb; the second factor, types of spray nozzle: double and triple fan; and the last factor, application volume: 60 and 120 L ha-1. The highest application volume resulted in greater deposition of droplets in the canopy of the plants, regardless of the fungicide, type of spray nozzle and cultivar. The association of fungicides [pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole] + mancozeb showed greater efficacy in controlling rust, regardless of the type of spray nozzle and the volume applied when compared to [pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole]. The highest volume of application promoted less disease evolution in the cultivars NA 5909 RR®, NS 7237 IPRO® and BMX Potência RR®. The yields of the cultivar were higher when the combination [pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole] + mancozeb was used.

ABSTRACT The sesame crop has great economic potential due to the various possibilities of exploitation, however, there is a lack of information about the chemical control of weeds in the crop, mainly about the application of herbicides in pre-emergence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability and efficacy of herbicides applied in pre-emergence for the control of weeds in the sesame crop. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments consisted of seven herbicides (diuron, flumioxazin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, metribuzin, linuron, and S-metolachlor) and a mixture (metribuzin + oxyfluorfen) applied in pre-emergence. The two control treatments were weeded and nonweeded plots. The variables evaluated were percentage of control of the weed community, grain yield, gross and net income, rate of return, and profitability index. The highest productivity value was for weeding, followed by the herbicides diuron and flumioxazin, with 2,000.44 kg ha-1, 1,957.35 kg ha-1;, and 1,933.13 kg ha-1, respectively. The herbicides diuron and flumioxazin obtained the highest net income, in the amounts of R$ 7,831.26 and R$ 7,762.85, respectively. The diuron and flumioxazin applied in pre-emergence showed more than 80% in the control of weeds in the sesame crop, showing efficiency in the control. The use of herbicides applied in pre-emergence to control weeds, mainly diuron and flumioxazin, is as efficient as mechanical control, demonstrating the potential for use and economic viability in relation to mechanical control, which presents a high cost/benefit ratio.