RESUMO: O milheto é uma forrageira com alto potencial produtivo, principalmente devido a sua alta tolerância ao déficit hídrico e adaptação a solos de baixa fertilidade. Mesmo sendo adaptada a solos de baixa fertilidade é responsiva à adubação nitrogenada. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento e a eficiência nutricional de cultivares de milheto forrageiro em função de doses de nitrogênio (N). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em um Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico típico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com seis repetições. Os fatores constituíram-se de tratamento controle (sem adubação com N) e três doses de N (75, 150 e 225 kg ha-1) na forma de uréia e sulfato de amônio e duas cultivares de milheto (BN2 e ADR500). E a colheita realizada 80 dias após a emergência. A maior produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi obtida com a dose estimada de 179 kg ha-1 de N. A cultivar ADR500 apresentou maior altura e maior eficiência de translocação, enquanto a BN2 apresentou maior teor de N da parte aérea e de raízes. A maior eficiência de utilização e translocação de N foram alcançadas com as doses estimadas de 109 e 133 ha-1 de N para as cultivares ADR500 e BN2, respectivamente. | ABSTRACT: The millet is a forage with high yield potential, mainly due to its high tolerance to water deficit and adaptation to soils of low fertility. Even being adapted to soils of low fertility, it is responsive to nitrogen fertilization. The objective was to evaluate the growth and nutritional efficiency of millet forage cultivars, due to nitrogen (N). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a typical Yellow Oxisol Dystrophic. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme with six repetitions. The factors were the control treatment (without fertilization with N) and three doses of N (75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1) in the form of urea and ammonium sulfate and two cultivars of pearl millet (BN2 and ADR500). The harvest was performed 80 days after the emergency. The higher production of dry matter of aerial part was obtained with the estimated dose of 179 kg ha-1 of N. The cultivar ADR500 showed the highest height and greater efficiency of translocation, while the BN2 showed higher N content of the aerial part and roots. The greater efficiency of use and translocation of N were achieved with doses estimated for 109 and 133 ha-1 of N for the cultivars ADR500 and BN2, respectively.

The millet is a forage with high yield potential, mainly due to its high tolerance to water deficit and adaptation to soils of low fertility. Even being adapted to soils of low fertility, it is responsive to nitrogen fertilization. The objective was to evaluate the growth and nutritional efficiency of millet forage cultivars, due to nitrogen (N). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a typical Yellow Oxisol Dystrophic. The experimental design was a completely randomized design, arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme with six repetitions. The factors were the control treatment (without fertilization with N) and three doses of N (75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 ) in the form of urea and ammonium sulfate and two cultivars of pearl millet (BN2 and ADR500). The harvest was performed 80 days after the emergency. The higher production of dry matter of aerial part was obtained with the estimated dose of 179 kg ha-1 of N. The cultivar ADR500 showed the highest height and greater efficiency of translocation, while the BN2 showed higher N content of the aerial part and roots. The greater efficiency of use and translocation of N were achieved with doses estimated for 109 and 133 ha-1 of N for the cultivars ADR500 and BN2, respectively.

RESUMEN: El presente experimento fue verificar las respuestas a la aplicación de micronutrientes por la aplicación de tratamiento de semillas y regulador del crecimiento vegetal. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con nueve tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) Testigo: semillas sólido (TS) con 3 % de P2O5, 2 % K2O, 0,17 % Cu, 2,8 % Mn y 6,2 % Zn a una dosis de 100 g ha-1; 2) TS a una dosis de 150 g ha-1; 3) TS a una dosis de 200 g ha-1; 4) semillas líquido (TL) con 2 % de P2O5, 1,5 % de K2O, 0,07 % de Cu, 1,2 % de Mn y 2,7 % de Zn a una dosis de 400 mL ha-1; 5) TL, dosis de 500 ml ha-1, TL a una dosis de 600 mL ha-1; 6) regulador del crecimiento vegetal que tiene citoquinina + indol-butilo + ácido giberélico, posee clase toxicológica II, 0,09 g L-1 citoquinina 0,05 g de alcohol L-1 indol-butilo y 0,05 g L-1de ácido giberélico, en una dosis de 500 mL ha-1; 7) un formulado NPK (08-28-16) 300 kg ha-1. El tratamiento de semillas, ya sea en forma sólida o líquida, promueve un aumento en la acumulación de materia seca en la parte aérea y raíces, así como en el número de granos y en el rendimiento de granos de maíz, siendo la dosis de 600 mL ha-1 de la que promueve las mejores productividades. | RESUMO: O presente experimento teve como objetivo verificar as respostas da aplicação de micronutrientes com reguladores vegetais em tratamento de sementes. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: 1) Testemunha: sementes sólidas (TS) com 3 % de P2O5, 2 % K2O, 0,17 % Cu, 2,8 % Mn e 6,2 % Zn e uma dose de 100 g ha-1; 2) TS com uma dose de 150 g ha-1; 3) TS com uma dose de 200 g ha-1; 4) Sementes líquidas (TL) com 2 % de P2O5, 1,5 % de K2O, 0,07 % de Cu, 1,2 % de Mn e 2,7 % de Zn a uma dose de 400 mL ha-1; 5) TL, a dose de 500 mL ha-1, TL com uma dose de 600 mL ha-1; 6) regulador de crescimento vegetal que continha citocinina + indol-butilo + ácido giberélico, com classe toxicológica II, 0,09 g L-1 citocinina 0,05 g de álcool L-1 indol-butilo e 0,05 g L-1de ácido giberélico, em uma dose de 500 mL ha-1; 7) um formulado de NPK (08-28-16) 300 kg ha-1. O tratamento composto por aplicação líquida em sementes, 600 mL ha-1, apresentou a maiorers massa seca de parte aérea e radicular, número de grãos e produtividade de grãos.

El presente experimento fue verificar las respuestas a la aplicación de micronutrientes por la aplicación de tratamiento de semillas y regulador del crecimiento vegetal. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con nueve tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) Testigo: semillas sólido (TS) con 3 % de P2O5, 2 % K2O, 0,17 % Cu, 2,8 % Mn y 6,2 % Zn a una dosis de 100 g ha-1 ; 2) TS a una dosis de 150 g ha-1 ; 3) TS a una dosis de 200 g ha-1 ; 4) semillas líquido (TL) con 2 % de P2O5, 1,5 % de K2O, 0,07 % de Cu, 1,2 % de Mn y 2,7 % de Zn a una dosis de 400 mL ha-1 ; 5) TL, dosis de 500 ml ha-1 , TL a una dosis de 600 mL ha-1 ; 6) regulador del crecimiento vegetal que tiene citoquinina + indol-butilo + ácido giberélico, posee clase toxicológica II, 0,09 g L-1 citoquinina 0,05 g de alcohol L-1 indol-butilo y 0,05 g L-1 de ácido giberélico, en una dosis de 500 mL ha-1 ; 7) un formulado NPK (08-28-16) 300 kg ha-1 . El tratamiento de semillas, ya sea en forma sólida o líquida, promueve un aumento en la acumulación de materia seca en la parte aérea y raíces, así como en el número de granos y en el rendimiento de granos de maíz, siendo la dosis de 600 mL ha-1 de la que promueve las mejores productividades.

ABSTRACT: The downy mildew, caused by the fungus Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a major foliar disease that attacks the melon crop in the rainy season in northeastern Brazil. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize morphologically resistant melon accessions to P. cubensis. Thirty-six accessions and four commercial cultivars were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The plot was composed of seven plants. The evaluation was conducted in the under field conditions with a diagrammatic scale and calculating the disease percentage index (DPI). Resistance sources and references genotypes were characterized morphologically. The accessions C-RN-2, C-SE-2, C-CE-2, C-PE-2, C-PI-1, and C-BA-2 show resistance to P. cubensis and are promising for use in programs breeding for resistance to downy mildew although its fruits have reduced commercial quality. | RESUMO: O míldio, causado pelo fungo Pseudoperonospora cubensis é uma das principais doenças foliares que acometem a cultura do meloeiro no período chuvoso da região Nordeste brasileira. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar morfologicamente fontes de resistência de meloeiro a P. cubensis. Trinta e seis acessos e quatro cultivares comerciais foram avaliados em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. A unidade experimental foi composta por sete plantas. E a avaliação realizada em condições de campo com uma escala diagramática, a qual fora calculado o índice de porcentagem da doença (IPD). As fontes de resistência e genótipos referências foram caracterizadas morfologicamente. Os acessos C-RN-2, C-SE-2, C-CE-2, C-PE-2, C-PI-1 e C-BA-2 apresentam resistência a P. cubensis e são promissores para uso em programas de melhoramento visando resistência ao míldio do meloeiro, embora os seus frutos tenham reduzida qualidade comercial.

– The downy mildew, caused by the fungus Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a major foliar disease that attacks the melon crop in the rainy season in northeastern Brazil. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize morphologically resistant melon accessions to P. cubensis. Thirty-six accessions and four commercial cultivars were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The plot was composed of seven plants. The evaluation was conducted in the under field conditions with a diagrammatic scale and calculating the disease percentage index (DPI). Resistance sources and references genotypes were characterized morphologically. The accessions C-RN-2, C-SE-2, C-CE-2, C-PE-2, C-PI-1, and C-BA-2 show resistance to P. cubensis and are promising for use in programs breeding for resistance to downy mildew although its fruits have reduced commercial quality.

RESUMO: A seleção de linhagens de feijão pelo padrão de tegumento, qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes é recente nos programas de melhoramento. Por isso, foram objetivos deste trabalho avaliar se as linhagens de feijão diferem quanto ao padrão de tegumento, a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes, investigar a associação entre esses caracteres e selecionar linhagens de feijão superiores para a qualidade de sementes. Para tanto, foram avaliadas 16 linhagens de feijão de diferentes obtentores em cultivo de safra agrícola. As linhagens de feijão apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao peso de mil sementes, coloração do tegumento, conteúdo de lignina, comprimento, largura e espessura das sementes, incidência de Fusarium sp., germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento da parte aérea, da raiz e total das plântulas, massa seca da parte aérea e total das plântulas e emergência de plântulas a campo. A estimativa de correlação positiva foi observada entre a emergência de plântulas a campo e a germinação (r = 0,650), a primeira contagem de germinação (r = 0,600), o envelhecimento acelerado (r = 0,793) e a condutividade elétrica (r = 0,635). A seleção indireta pela germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado foi eficiente para a identificação de linhagens de feijão com maior emergência de plântulas a campo. A seleção das linhagens TB 02-07, SM 1810, Carioca, LP 08-90, SM 1107, LP 07-80, Pérola, CNFP 10104 e TB 02-24 é recomendada para uso em programas de hibridação controlada para o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de feijão de alta qualidade de sementes. | ABSTRACT: The selection of common bean lines for seed coat standard, sanitary and physiological quality seed is recent in breeding programs. The objectives of this research were to evaluate if common bean lines differ for seed coat standard, sanitary and physiological quality seed, to investigate the correlation between these characters and to select common bean lines with high seed quality. For this, 16 inbred common bean lines were evaluated in normal rainy growing season. The common bean lines showed significant difference for the weight of thousand seeds, seed coat color, lignin content, length, width and thickness seeds, Fusarium sp. incidence, germination, first germination count, accelerated ageing, length of shoot, root and total of seedling, dry matter of shoot and total of seedling and emergency of seedling in field. A positive correlation coefficient was found between emergency of seedling in field and germination (r = 0.650), first germination count (r = 0.600), accelerated ageing (r = 0.793) and electric conductivity (r = 0.635). The indirect selection by germination, first germination count and accelerated ageing is effective to identify common bean lines with the highest emergency of seedling in field and germination. The selection of TB 02-07, SM 1810, Carioca, LP 08-90, SM 1107, LP 07-80, Pérola, CNFP 10104 and TB 02-24 lines is recommended for use in controlled hybridization programs for improvement of news common bean cultivars of high seeds quality.

The selection of common bean lines for seed coat standard, sanitary and physiological quality seed is recent in breeding programs. The objectives of this research were to evaluate if common bean lines differ for seed coat standard, sanitary and physiological quality seed, to investigate the correlation between these characters and to select common bean lines with high seed quality. For this, 16 inbred common bean lines were evaluated in normal rainy growing season. The common bean lines showed significant difference for the weight of thousand seeds, seed coat color, lignin content, length, width and thickness seeds, Fusarium sp. incidence, germination, first germination count, accelerated ageing, length of shoot, root and total of seedling, dry matter of shoot and total of seedling and emergency of seedling in field. A positive correlation coefficient was found between emergency of seedling in field and germination (r = 0.650), first germination count (r = 0.600), accelerated ageing (r = 0.793) and electric conductivity (r = 0.635). The indirect selection by germination, first germination count and accelerated ageing is effective to identify common bean lines with the highest emergency of seedling in field and germination. The selection of TB 02-07, SM 1810, Carioca, LP 08-90, SM 1107, LP 07 -80, Pérola, CNFP 10104 and TB 02-24 lines is recommended for use in controlled hybridization programs for improvement of news common bean cultivars of high seeds quality.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a evolução do crescimento de clones de palma forrageira submetidos a diferentes condições de disponibilidade de água no Semiárido brasileiro durante um ano de anomalia climática (biênio 2012-2013). O experimento foi conduzido no primeiro ano produtivo do segundo ciclo da cultura (março de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013) no município de Serra Talhada (PE). O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 3x3 com três repetições, sendo utilizados três intervalos de aplicação de uma lâmina fixa de 7,5 mm (7, 14 e 28 dias) e três clones de palma forrageira (IPA: IPA Sertânia; MIU: Miúda; e OEM: Orelha de Elefante Mexicana). Durante o experimento foram realizadas avaliações biométricas para análise morfológica da planta e dos cladódios ao longo do tempo. Constatou-se que as condições de disponibilidade de água não apresentaram influências significativas (P>0,05) sobre a maioria dos valores absolutos e relativos das variáveis de crescimento dos três clones. Já quando se compararam os diferentes clones, independentemente da condição de disponibilidade de água, observou-se que em termos de valores absolutos a OEM apresentou as maiores médias, diferindo apenas da MIU. Quanto a avaliação ao longo do tempo houve aumento das taxas de crescimento nos últimos meses do ciclo decorrente da ocorrência de eventos de precipitação pluviométrica, que em conjunto com a aplicação dos tratamentos de irrigação promoveram melhores incrementos biométricos nos clones OEM e IPA Sertânia. | ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the growth of clones of forage cactus, subjected to different conditions of water availability in the Brazilian Semiarid, during a year of climate anomaly (biennium 2012-2013). The experiment was carried out in the first production year of the second crop cycle (March 2012 to February 2013), in the district of Serra Talhada, State of Pernambuco. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design using a factorial arrangement 3x3 with three replications, being used three intervals of application of a fixed irrigation depth (7.5 mm), (7, 14 and 28 days), and three forage cactus clones (IPA: IPA Sertânia; MIU: Míuda and, OEM: Orelha de Elefante Mexicana). Eight biometric campaigns were performed during the experiment period for morphological analysis of the plants and cladodes along the time. It was found that water availability conditions showed no significant influence (P>0.05) on the majority of the absolute and relative values of the growth variables of the three forage cactus clones. However, when comparisons were performed among different clones, regardless of the water availability conditions, it was observed that, in terms of absolute values, the OEM had the highest means, differing only from the MIU clone. Regarding evaluations over time, there were increased growth rates in the last months of the crop cycle because of the occurrence of rainfall, which in conjunction with the application of the irrigation treatments promoted the best biometric increments for the OEM and IPA Sertânia clones.

The objective was to evaluate the growth of clones of forage cactus, subjected to different conditions of water availability in the Brazilian Semiarid, during a year of climate anomaly (biennium 2012-2013). The experiment was carried out in the first production year of the second crop cycle (March 2012 to February 2013), in the district of Serra Talhada, State of Pernambuco. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design using a factorial arrangement 3x3 with three replications, being used three intervals of application of a fixed irrigation depth (7.5 mm), (7, 14 and 28 days), and three forage cactus clones (IPA: IPA Sertânia; MIU: Míuda and, OEM: Orelha de Elefante Mexicana). Eight biometric campaigns were performed during the experiment period for morphological analysis of the plants and cladodes along the time. It was found that water availability conditions showed no significant influence (P>0.05) on the majority of the absolute and relative values of the growth variables of the three forage cactus clones. However, when comparisons were performed among different clones, regardless of the water availability conditions, it was observed that, in terms of absolute values, the OEM had the highest means, differing only from the MIU clone. Regarding evaluations over time, there were increased growth rates in the last months of the crop cycle because of the occurrence of rainfall, which in conjunction with the application of the irrigation treatments promoted the best biometric increments for the OEM and IPA Sertânia clones.

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to model the drying curves of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in different temperatures determine the coefficient of effective diffusion and the activation energy. For this, we used seeds of beans-cowpea cultivar BRS Guariba, harvested manually, with a water content of 21% (wet basis), dried until the water content 11% (wet basis). Drying was performed in the experimental dryer under controlled temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C ± 1 °C, and relative humidity of the air drying between 14 and 59%. 12 models of non-linear regression were tested and for selection the best model was considered to: the significance of the regression coefficient t test, the magnitude of the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²), the average relative error (P) and the estimated average error (SE). It was observed that the drying time for of the beans-cowpea seeds was 10,4 ; 5,6 ; and 2,1 h to the temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C, respectively; among the number tested, the mathematical model the Midilli was the best fit to experimental data. The coefficient of diffusion increases with temperature, with values between 5,047 x 10-11 to 12,011 x 10-11 m² s-1 for the temperature range from 30 to 50 °C. The relationship between the coefficient of diffusion effective and the drying temperature can be described by Arrhenius equation, which presents activation energy of 35,04 kJ mol-1 for spreading the liquid in the drying process of the of beans-cowpea seeds. | RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo modelar curvas de secagem do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) em diferentes temperaturas, determinar o coeficiente de difusão efetivo e a energia de ativação. Para isso, utilizou-se sementes de feijão-caupi, cultivar BRS guariba, colhidas manualmente, com teor de água de 21% (base úmida) e secas até o teor de água de 11% (base úmida). A secagem foi realizada em secador experimental sob temperaturas controladas de 30, 40 e 50 °C ± 1 °C e umidade relativa do ar de secagem entre 14 e 59%. Foram testados 12 modelos de regressão não-linear e para a seleção do melhor modelo considerou-se a significância do coeficiente de regressão pelo teste t, a magnitude do coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²), o erro médio relativo (P) e o erro médio estimado (SE). Observou-se que o tempo de secagem para as sementes de feijão-caupi foi de 10,4, 5,6, e 2,1 h para as temperaturas de 30, 40 e 50 °C, respectivamente. Dentre a série testada, o modelo matemático de Midilli foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais. O coeficiente de difusão aumenta com a elevação da temperatura, apresentando valores entre 5,047 x 10-11 a 12,011 x 10-11 m² s-1 para a faixa de temperatura de 30 a 50 °C. A relação entre o coeficiente de difusão efetivo e a temperatura de secagem podem ser descritas pela equação de Arrhenius, que apresenta uma energia de ativação de 35,04 kJ mol-1 para a difusão líquida no processo de secagem das sementes de feijão-caupi.

The study aimed to model the drying curves of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in different temperatures determine the coefficient of effective diffusion and the activation energy. For this, we used seeds of beans-cowpea cultivar BRS Guariba, harvested manually, with a water content of 21% (wet basis), dried until the water content 11% (wet basis). Drying was performed in the experimental dryer under controlled temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C ± 1 °C, and relative humidity of the air drying between 14 and 59%. 12 models of non-linear regression were tested and for selection the best model was considered to: the significance of the regression coefficient t test, the magnitude of the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²), the average relative error (P) and the estimated average error (SE). It was observed that the drying time for of the beans-cowpea seeds was 10,4 ; 5,6 ; and 2,1 h to the temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C, respectively; among the number tested, the mathematical model the Midilli was the best fit to experimental data. The coefficient of diffusion increases with temperature, with values between 5,047 x 10-11 to 12,011 x 10-11 m² s -1 for the temperature range from 30 to 50 °C. The relationship between the coefficient of diffusion effective and the drying temperature can be described by Arrhenius equation, which presents activation energy of 35,04 kJ mol-1 for spreading the liquid in the drying process of the of beans-cowpea seeds.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this Study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and cuts on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the air pornunça biomass. The experimental design of randomized blocks in a split plot with four courts, two fertilization, and four replications. The cuts were made in February, June and October 2011 and February 2012. The fertilizer was with cattle and sheep manure, applied in May 2010 and March 2011 in the amount of 20 Mg ha-1. We evaluated the structural components of the shoot, such as leaf blade, petiole, branch and full (leaf blade and petiole more branch) of pornunça. The manure beef and lamb did not influence (P>0.05) the chemical composition of the structural components of the shoot. Differences were noted between the cuts, except for dry matter (DM) of the leaf blade and the full component of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose (HC). There was a significant (P<0.05) for the in vitro digestibility of the MS of the structural components in different cuts, with the highest digestibility for structural components in the cut made in February 2011. Lower crude protein was found in the petiole and components branch. The pornunça should be considered as an alternative food for animals according to the chemical composition of the values presented in this study, with the leaf surface of the plant part that presents the best nutritional value. | RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação orgânica e cortes sobre a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da fitomassa aérea da pornunça. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro cortes, duas adubações e quatro repetições. Os cortes foram realizados nos meses de fevereiro, junho e outubro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012. A adubação foi com esterco bovino e ovino aplicados nos meses de maio de 2010 e março de 2011 na quantidade de 20 Mg ha-1. Foram avaliados os componentes estruturais da parte aérea, tais como limbo foliar, pecíolo, ramo e completo (limbo foliar mais pecíolo e ramo) da pornunça. Os estercos bovino e ovino não influenciaram (P>0,05) a composição química dos componentes estruturais da parte aérea. Diferenças foram verificadas entre os cortes, exceto para a matéria seca (MS) do limbo foliar e do componente completo de extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose (HC). Houve efeito (P<0,05) para a digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos componentes estruturais nos diferentes cortes, sendo a maior digestibilidade para os componentes estruturais no corte realizado em fevereiro de 2011. Menores teores de proteína bruta foram encontrados nos componentes pecíolo e ramo. A pornunça deve ser considerada como alternativa alimentar para os animais em função dos valores da composição química apresentada neste estudo, sendo o limbo foliar a parte da planta que apresenta o melhor valor nutritivo.

The objective of this Study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and cuts on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the air pornunça biomass. The experimental design of randomized blocks in a split plot with four courts, two fertilization, and four replications. The cuts were made in February, June and October 2011 and February 2012. The fertilizer was with cattle and sheep manure, applied in May 2010 and March 2011 in the amount of 20 Mg ha-1 . We evaluated the structural components of the shoot, such as leaf blade, petiole, branch and full (leaf blade and petiole more branch) of pornunça. The manure beef and lamb did not influence (P>0.05) the chemical composition of the structural components of the shoot. Differences were noted between the cuts, except for dry matter (DM) of the leaf blade and the full component of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose (HC). There was a significant (P<0.05) for the in vitro digestibility of the MS of the structural components in different cuts, with the highest digestibility for structural components in the cut made in February 2011. Lower crude protein was found in the petiole and components branch. The pornunça should be considered as an alternative food for animals according to the chemical composition of the values presented in this study, with the leaf surface of the plant part that presents the best nutritional value.

RESUMO: A classificação da cebola realizadas com base no diâmetro dos bulbos e a qualidade medida pelos sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, a pungência em função de doses de nitrogênio foi avaliada em dois experimentos conduzidos no período de dezembro de 2011 a abril de 2012 e de agosto a dezembro de 2012, na Horta do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completo com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas doses de N (0, 34, 67, 101, 134 e 168 kg ha-1 de N). Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por um canteiro de 3,0 x 0,8 m, contento oito fileiras de plantas, espaçada de 0,10 x 0,10 m. Utilizou-se, como área útil, as seis fileiras centrais de plantas do canteiro. A aplicação de 101 e 168 kg ha-1 de N, favoreceram as maiores percentagem de bulbos de cebola classe 3, respectivamente nos plantio de dezembro de 2011 e agosto de 2012. A pungência do bulbo aumentou com o fornecimento de nitrogênio até a dose de 93 kg ha-1, enquanto que, a acidez titulável e os sólidos solúveis reduziram com a aplicação de nitrogênio. O plantio de cebola em agosto de 2012 favoreceu a produção de bulbos de melhor qualidade. | ABSTRACT: The classification of the onion made based on the diameter of the bulbs and the quality measured by soluble solids, titratable acidity, relation soluble solids /acidity e a pungency due to nitrogen and planting times were evaluated in two experiments conducted from december 2011 to April 2012 and August tha december to 2012, horta in the Department of Plant Sciences Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of N rates: 0, 34, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg ha -1 N. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed of 3,0 x 0,8 m, satisfaction eight rows of plants spaced 0.10 x 0.10 m. Was used as floor area, the six central rows of plants in the flowerbed. The bulb pungency increased with the supply of nitrogen to the dose of 93 kg ha-1. Acidity and soluble solids reduced with the application of nitrogen. The onion planting in August 2012 favored the production of better quality bulbs.

The classification of the onion made based on the diameter of the bulbs and the quality measured by soluble solids, titratable acidity, relation soluble solids /acidity e a pungency due to nitrogen and planting times were evaluated in two experiments conducted from december 2011 to April 2012 and August tha december to 2012, horta in the Department of Plant Sciences Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of N rates: 0, 34, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg ha -1 N. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed of 3,0 x 0,8 m, satisfaction eight rows of plants spaced 0.10 x 0.10 m. Was used as floor area, the six central rows of plants in the flowerbed. The bulb pungency increased with the supply of nitrogen to the dose of 93 kg ha-1 . Acidity and soluble solids reduced with the application of nitrogen. The onion planting in August 2012 favored the production of better quality bulbs.

RESUMO: O processo de enriquecimento protéico da palma (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck por fermentação em estado sólido com auxílio dos fungos filamentosos Aspergillus niger e Rhyzopus sp. foi estudado visando a elevação dos teores nutricionais para o uso como ração animal. Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Resíduos Agroindustrial da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB). O efeito da fermentação em estado sólido sobre a palma forrageira foi avaliado comparando os teores de proteína, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, além da degradabilidade potencial, com os valores in natura. A bioconversão foi realizada utilizando como único substrato a palma forrageira e água, sem a suplementação de fontes alternativas de nitrogênio, minerais ou vitaminas. O fungo Aspergillus niger elevou os teores proteicos em aproximadamente 78% e promoveu a redução nos teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina em aproximadamente 40%, 36% e 28%, respectivamente. Por sua vez essa biotransformação elevou a degradabilidade potencial em 66% após 240 h. Enquanto que o fungo Rhyzopus sp. demonstrou ser menos eficiência no enriquecimento proteico, com um aumento de aproximadamente 69 %, e a redução no teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina de 30%, 28% e 18%. Ainda para este fungo a degradabilidade potencial teve uma elevação de aproximadamente 51%. Portanto a fermentação da palma forrageira com auxílio dos fungos filamentosos Aspergillus niger e Rhyzopus sp. promoveram um enriquecimento nos teores proteicos desta cactacea além de elevar a sua degradabilidade potencial. Com base nesses resultados, a bioconversão da palma forrageira empregando o método de fermentação em estado sólido pode ser uma excelente alternativa na alimentação de ruminantes em terras áridas ou semiáridas. | ABSTRACT: The process of protein enrichment of cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm Dyck by solid state fermentation with the use of Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. was studied for improving the nutritional value of this cactus species for use as animal feed. The experiments were conducted in the Agro-industrial Waste Laboratory of State University of Southwest Bahia (Brazil). To this end, we have evaluated the effects of biotransformation on the levels of protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as the potential degradability. Bioconversion was carried out using cactus pear as the only substrate, without supplementation with nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources. The fermentation with Aspergillus niger promoted a 78% increase in/of protein content and reductions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 40%, 36%, and 28%, respectively. Degradability, in turn, was observed to have increased by 66 % after 240 h. On the other hand, the fermentation with Rhyzopus sp. was less efficient, with a 69% increase in protein content, and reductions in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 30%, 28%, and 18%. In turn, degradability was seen to have increased by 51%. The fermentation of cactus pear by Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. exhibited the protein enrichment and increased protein degradability of this Cactaceae. Moreover, this is the most ever efficient micro-organism used in bioconversion. Based on the results, bioconversion of cactus is an excellent alternative to ruminant feeding in arid or semi-arid land.

The process of protein enrichment of cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm Dyck) by solid state fermentation with the use of Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. was studied for improving the nutritional value of this cactus species for use as animal feed. The experiments were conducted in the Agroindustrial Waste Laboratory of State University of Southwest Bahia (Brazil). To this end, we have evaluated the effects of biotransformation on the levels of protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as the potential degradability. Bioconversion was carried out using cactus pear as the only substrate, without supplementation with nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources. The fermentation with Aspergillus niger promoted a 78% increase in/of protein content and reductions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 40%, 36%, and 28%, respectively. Degradability, in turn, was observed to have increased by 66 % after 240 h. On the other hand, the fermentation with Rhyzopus sp. was less efficient, with a 69% increase in protein content, and reductions in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 30%, 28%, and 18%. In turn, degradability was seen to have increased by 51%. The fermentation of cactus pear by Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. exhibited the protein enrichment and increased protein degradability of this Cactaceae. Moreover, this is the most ever efficient micro-organism used in bioconversion. Based on the results, bioconversion of cactus is an excellent alternative to ruminant feeding in arid or semi-arid land.

RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento in vitro do fungo Fusarium guttiforme em condições de temperatura e luminosidade distintas e determinar o método de inoculação mais eficiente para a avaliação da resistência de abacaxizeiro à fusariose. Para a determinação do comportamento in vitro foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando para cada o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três temperaturas e três regimes de luminosidade), com cinco repetições para avaliação do índice de crescimento micelial e produção de conídios. As avaliações dos métodos de inoculação foram realizadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3x4 (métodos x distância de inoculação) a partir de folhas "D" de abacaxizeiro da cv. Pérola, inoculadas a 2, 5, 8 e 11 centímetros da base pelos métodos palito infestado com estruturas do patógeno, disco de micélio sem ferimento e disco de micélio com ferimento na folha. Não houve diferença significativa no comportamento in vitro dos isolados analisados. A temperatura e fotoperíodo recomendadas para a multiplicação de F. guttiforme foram de 25°C e 12 horas, respectivamente, por apresentar maior índice de crescimento micelial e produção conídios. O método indicado para avaliação de resistência à fusariose do abacaxizeiro por meio de inoculação foi o palito infestado com estruturas do patógeno, a uma distância de 2 a 11 cm da base da folha. Para que ocorra infecção do patógeno F. guttiforme faz-se necessário a realização de ferimento no local a ser inoculado. | ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro behavior of the fungus Fusarium guttiform in different conditions of temperature and luminosity and determine the most efficient inoculation method for evaluating the resistance of pineapple to fusariosis. To determine the in vitro behavior, two experiments was performed, with the same design, conduction, and evaluation. It was used a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement of 3x3 (three temperatures and three light regimes), with five replications. The evaluations of inoculation methods were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3x4 (methods x distance of inoculation). D leaves of pineapple, cultivar Pearl, were inoculated at two, five, eight and eleven centimeters from the base by the methods of infected toothpick, mycelium disc without injury and mycelium disc with injury on the leaf. There was no significant difference on in vitro behavior of the isolates analyzed. The indicated temperature and luminosity for the multiplication of F. guttiform were 25°C and 12 hours, respectively, since they showed significant my celial growth and increased production of reproductive structures. The indicated method for evaluation of resistance to fusariosis in pineapple was the inoculation by infected toothpick at a distance between 2 - 11 cm from the base of the leaf. It becomes necessary to perform an injury at the site to be inoculated for the infection of the pathogen F. guttiform occurs.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro behavior of the fungus Fusarium guttiform in different conditions of temperature and luminosity and determine the most efficient inoculation method for evaluating the resistance of pineapple to fusariosis. To determine the in vitro behavior, two experiments was performed, with the same design, conduction, and evaluation. It was used a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement of 3x3 (three temperatures and three light regimes), with five replications. The evaluations of inoculation methods were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3x4 (methods x distance of inoculation). D leaves of pineapple, cultivar Pearl, were inoculated at two, five, eight and eleven centimeters from the base by the methods of infected toothpick, mycelium disc without injury and mycelium disc with injury on the leaf. There was no significant difference on in vitro behavior of the isolates analyzed. The indicated temperature and luminosity for the multiplication of F. guttiform were 25°C and 12 hours, respectively, since they showed significant my celial growth and increased production of reproductive structures. The indicated method for evaluation of resistance to fusariosis in pineapple was the inoculation by infected toothpick at a distance between 2 - 11 cm from the base of the leaf. It becomes necessary to perform an injury at the site to be inoculated for the infection of the pathogen F. guttiform occurs.