The work was carried out in order to evaluate the distribution of water applied to the plots, pointing out possible causes of waste and suggest solutions to the optimal use of irrigation water. Worked up with flow tests to determine the coefficients of Distribution Uniformity (CUD) and Christiansen (CUC). Obtained is then the graph of uniformity in the profiles of three-dimensional distribution of water in the plots. It also studied the relationship between the flow rates and actual project and the possible causes that led to problems. The results showed that the highest flow rates were observed at the beginning of the lines of issuers and end of the line of derivation. It was also observed that the sheet of water applied is largely of times greater than blade of water designed, presenting, however, points of disability where the blade was less than required in the project.

This study was conducted to evaluate the yield of two maize varieties cropped with organic and mineral fertilizations either associated or unassociated. The randomized experimental design was used under a factorial scheme 2 x 3 x 2, with four replicates. The first factor corresponds to two maize varieties (Nitrodent and Nitroflint), whereas the second one represents three levels of mineral fertilization: without mineral fertilizer; 300 kg/ha of 4-14-8 + 100 kg/ha ammonium sulfate (S.A.); and 600 kg/ha of 4-14-8 + 200 kg/ha S.A. The third factor represents two organic fertilization levels: without organic fertilizer; and 40 m3/ha organic compound. The experimental plot consisted of eight plant rows with 8m length each one and 1m spacing from each others, so totaling 64 m2 area. The yield of the maize grains by plot were evaluated, and the data were subjected to variance analysis (test ¿ 5%). The averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability level. Both varieties Nitrodent and Nitroflint only cropped under the organic system reached more than 6.500 kg/ha. The exclusive organic cropping system provided higher yields of maize grains, compared to the conventional system. No significant differences were found between the exclusive organic system and the combination of both organic and conventional systems upon the grain yield of the Nitrodent variety.

The current work has as objective to determine and compare the variation of basic density of the wood throughout the stem of Psychotria cf. Sessilis, specie belonging to the Rubiaceae family and known popularly as grandiuva d'anta. The sample was performed in three selected trees at random in Dense Ombrophila Forest, in the municipality of Apiuna and Presidente Nereu Ramos - SC. The trees were knocked and they had its dendometric variables measured. The basic density was determined in samples 1,5 x 1,5 x 5 cm, taken from inside of the disc (cerne) and from the outside (alburno), being these collected next to chest (DAP), 0%, 10%, 50%,75%, 95% from the point of morphologic inversion, above this, two samples with branches named G1 and G2 were collected. The basic density was obtained through the relation between drought weight and green volume of samples and showing itself growing from the base to the top of the tree. In the analyze of variance's performance (ANOVA) was not able to be verified differences statistically significant between the averages in densities along the log and the branches, the average basic density was 0,426 g.cm3. The uniformity found to the basic density along the stem is a characteristic gives the specie stability and security for its use in structural projects, however it's needed deeper studies to better scientific fundaments of its physical and technological properties.

This study aimed at knowing the diversity of fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) and discussing the influence of abiotic factors on the population fluctuation of these species on a guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchard in Russas, CE. Two McPhail traps baited with protein hydrolisate at 5% were set up on the orchard. The traps were serviced weekly and all the insects captured were transported to the laboratory where the fruit flies were separated from other insects, counted and preserved in alcohol (70%). The survey was carried out from January to December 2003. Tephritids were identified at the Laboratório de Moscas-das-Frutas at UFERSA, in Mossoró (RN). Population fluctuation was calculated based on the number of flies/trap/day, considering the total number of males and females of Anastrepha and Ceratitis. Climate data used in this study were obtained from CENTEC weather station. The correlation between population fluctuation and abiotic factors was analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient at the 5% level. A total of 1,164 fruit flies belonging to four species were captured - Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi (77.45%), A. sororcula Zucchi (18.69%), A. obliqua (Macquart) (0.15%) and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (3.71%). Among the abiotic factors, temperature and relative humidity were the ones that most indirectly influenced the population fluctuation of fruit flies. However, the availability of host fruits is the preponderant factor that determines the populational peaks of fruit fly species throughout the year on this guava orchard in Russas (CE).

The water and soil natural resources in the semi-arid tropics are under pressure and are inclined to degradation due to the severe environment and shallow soils, in ecologically sensitive regions to anthropic actions. In view of the above, this work aimed to characterize the structure and the hydraulic evaluation of the surface water typical of interrill erosion, in a caatinga area of Serra Talhada country in Brazil. For this the quadrant point method was used in the structural characterization of the vegetation of caatinga for trees and shrubby species. Laminar surface regime was generated from a rain simulator in 2 m2 plots with caatinga in the humid and dry seasons. The differentiations of the flow rates, average surface water speed and the Reynolds number, had demonstrated the significant effect of seasonality on the characteristic laminar surface water of the interrill erosion. The observed tree-shrub structure of caatinga contributed to the low values of runoff coefficient of the interrill areas, demonstrating the efficiency of caatinga, and its resulting vegetated cover in the interception of rain and, in the delay of the surface water. The low values runoff also observed also contributed to the high rates of infiltration of water.

Moringa oleifera Lam is a leguminous species well adapted to arid and semi arid conditions and is largely used as ornamental for parks and gardens in the animal feeding and human diet and as medicinal. Since research informations on this plant species are scarce, the current work aimed to evaluate the production of leaves, stems and roots dry matter in Moringa oleifera Lam seedlings hidroponicaly grown under physiological conditions or not. The treatments used were the following: (1) nutrient solution containing all required macronutrients (experimental control) or lacking (2) N; (3) P; (4) K; (5) Ca; (6) Mg and (7) S. The Moringa oleifera Lam showed different responses to the imposed treatments. Nutrient solution free of N, P and Mg decreased whole dry matter production (WDM) and increased root to shoot ratios (R/S), however both parameters were not affected in plants grown under absence of K, Ca and S in the nutrient solution.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional state of ten arboreal plants occurring at Paraíba's Semi-Árido aiming to contribute to the nutritional diagnosis of Caatinga's species, advice on soil fertilization and the resulting betterment of environmental quality in those areas. To this end, leaves and twigs samples of the species angico(Piptadenia macrocarpa Benth), aroeira (Astronium urundeuva Engl), umbueiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) mofumbo(Combretum leprosum Mart.), pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart), pau d' arco (Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols.), marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Mull. Arg.), craibeira (Tabebuia caraiba Mart. Burt.), tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiqua Mart.) and umburana (Torresia cearensis) were taken for the essaying of these species nutritional state. The collected material was firstly dried and grinded to determine the levels of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn. The results evinced that the evaluated species showed comparable levels of macro andmicronutrients, when confronted with the nutritional diagnosis of other arboreal species.

This paper reports the first occurrence of insect-pest Carpophilus hemipterus L. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) infesting dog food collected in Viçosa, Minas Gerais in the period may 2008.

To evaluate litter production monthly, a experiment was carried in RPPN Fazenda Tamanduá, Santa Terezinha (PB), from august/2005 to july/2006. The litter collectors of 1m x1m were distributed in a well preserved Caatinga forest sister. Litter was fractioned into leaves, stems, reproductive structures and miscellany, and then dried and weighed. Estimated total litter production in the twelve month was 2.283,97 kg ha-1, being 65,09% leaves, 25,41% stems, 8,72% reproductive structures and 0,87% miscellany. The magnitude of litter deposition was leaves > stems > reproductive structures > miscellany, with deposition seasonality, with deposition peacs in the sainy season begin.

With the purpose of to evaluate the milk composition of cows fed with sugar cane whose crude protein had been corrected with soybean meal and different urea levels and ammonia sulphate, twelve dairy Holstein pure breed and crossbreed cows maintained in tie stall fed ad libitum twice a day had been used. The forage:concentrated relationship at the beginning of experiment was 55:45%, corresponding 1kg of intent ration for each 2kg of milk produced. The animals were distributed in three Latin squares 4x4, according to lactation period. The duration of each period was 17 days, being the first 10 days of adaptation and seven days to data collection. The experiment was composed of four treatments: sugar-cane with soy bean meal and sugar-cane with 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2% of the mixture urea and ammonia sulphate (9:1). No difference was found among the diets for milk production with and without correction to 3.5% fat, neither for milk composition and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) when the diet with soy meal based concentrate was compared with the diets with different urea levels. The soy meal can be used for protein correction the sugar-cane. For correction using the mixture urea and ammonia sulfate (9:1) the level of 1.2% is recommended.