The phenotypic manifestations of genetic knowledge of important agronomic traits in plants is an activity of great importance, whose results are widely used in plant breeding . The objective was to study the type of genetic segregation that occurs when crossing a dwarf genotype versus indeterminate growth habit gen- o t y p e . Their plant was found growing spontaneously in Piracicaba (SP), on - site disposal of fruits per tomatoes producers along with normal plants. Seeds of both plants were harvested separately for baseline and coded as follows: a plant with a normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarf- ism (FA). The methodology consisted of biparental and reciprocal backcrosses of the F 1 to the parent FA and obtained the F 2 generation. The data derived from the plant count populations obtained (F 1 , F 2 and backcrosses) were tested using the χ 2 according to the expected frequency and observed the normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA), under the hypothesis Mendelian segrega- tion 3:1, obtained by monogenic inheritance. From the results, it can be concluded that the phenotype observed in the plant in this study is recessive genetic origin can be inserted into other plants by crossing.

ABSTRACT: The phenotypic manifestations of genetic knowledge of important agronomic traits in plants is an activity of great importance, whose results are widely used in plant breeding. The objective was to study the type of genetic segregation that occurs when crossing a dwarf genotype versus indeterminate growth habit genotype. Their plant was found growing spontaneously in Piracicaba (SP), on-site disposal of fruits per tomatoes producers along with normal plants. Seeds of both plants were harvested separately for baseline and coded as follows: a plant with a normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA). The methodology consisted of biparental and reciprocal backcrosses of the F1 to the parent FA and obtained the F2 generation. The data derived from the plant count populations obtained (F1, F2 and backcrosses) were tested using the χ2 according to the expected frequency and observed the normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA), under the hypothesis Mendelian segregation 3:1, obtained by monogenic inheritance. From the results, it can be concluded that the phenotype observed in the plant in this study is recessive genetic origin can be inserted into other plants by crossing. | RESUMO: O conhecimento genético de manifestações fenotípicas de características de importância agronômica em vegetais é uma atividade de grande importância, cujos resultados são amplamente utilizados por fitomelhoristas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o tipo de segregação genética que ocorre ao se cruzar um genótipo anão versus genótipo de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. A referida planta foi encontrada vegetando espontaneamente no município de Piracicaba (SP) em local de descarte de frutos por tomaticultores juntamente com as plantas normais. As sementes de ambas as plantas foram colhidas separadamente para início do estudo e codificadas da seguinte forma: planta com fenótipo normal (FN) e planta com fenótipo atípico com características de porte anão (FA). A metodologia constou de cruzamentos biparentais recíprocos e retrocruzamentos da geração F1 com o genitor FA e obtenção de geração F2. Os dados obtidos oriundos da contagem de plantas das populações obtidas (F1, F2 e F1RC1) foram submetidos ao teste de χ2 de acordo com a frequência esperada e observada do fenótipo normal (FN) e planta com fenótipo atípico com características de porte anão (FA), tendo como hipótese uma segregação mendeliana 3:1, obtida para herança monogênica. Pelos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que o fenótipo observado na planta no presente estudo é de origem genética recessiva, podendo ser transmito para outras plantas via cruzamento.

The classification of the onion made based on the diameter of the bulbs and the quality measured by soluble solids, titratable acidity, relation soluble solids /acidity e a pungency due to nitrogen and planting times were evaluated in two experiments conducted from december 2011 to April 2012 and August tha december to 2012, horta in the Department of Plant Sciences Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of N rates: 0, 34, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg ha -1 N. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed of 3,0 x 0,8 m, satisfaction eight rows of plants spaced 0.10 x 0.10 m. Was used as floor area, the six central rows of plants in the flowerbed. The bulb pungency increased with the supply of nitrogen to the dose of 93 kg ha-1 . Acidity and soluble solids reduced with the application of nitrogen. The onion planting in August 2012 favored the production of better quality bulbs.

RESUMO: A classificação da cebola realizadas com base no diâmetro dos bulbos e a qualidade medida pelos sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, a pungência em função de doses de nitrogênio foi avaliada em dois experimentos conduzidos no período de dezembro de 2011 a abril de 2012 e de agosto a dezembro de 2012, na Horta do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completo com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas doses de N (0, 34, 67, 101, 134 e 168 kg ha-1 de N). Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por um canteiro de 3,0 x 0,8 m, contento oito fileiras de plantas, espaçada de 0,10 x 0,10 m. Utilizou-se, como área útil, as seis fileiras centrais de plantas do canteiro. A aplicação de 101 e 168 kg ha-1 de N, favoreceram as maiores percentagem de bulbos de cebola classe 3, respectivamente nos plantio de dezembro de 2011 e agosto de 2012. A pungência do bulbo aumentou com o fornecimento de nitrogênio até a dose de 93 kg ha-1, enquanto que, a acidez titulável e os sólidos solúveis reduziram com a aplicação de nitrogênio. O plantio de cebola em agosto de 2012 favoreceu a produção de bulbos de melhor qualidade. | ABSTRACT: The classification of the onion made based on the diameter of the bulbs and the quality measured by soluble solids, titratable acidity, relation soluble solids /acidity e a pungency due to nitrogen and planting times were evaluated in two experiments conducted from december 2011 to April 2012 and August tha december to 2012, horta in the Department of Plant Sciences Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of N rates: 0, 34, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg ha -1 N. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed of 3,0 x 0,8 m, satisfaction eight rows of plants spaced 0.10 x 0.10 m. Was used as floor area, the six central rows of plants in the flowerbed. The bulb pungency increased with the supply of nitrogen to the dose of 93 kg ha-1. Acidity and soluble solids reduced with the application of nitrogen. The onion planting in August 2012 favored the production of better quality bulbs.

The process of protein enrichment of cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm Dyck) by solid state fermentation with the use of Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. was studied for improving the nutritional value of this cactus species for use as animal feed. The experiments were conducted in the Agroindustrial Waste Laboratory of State University of Southwest Bahia (Brazil). To this end, we have evaluated the effects of biotransformation on the levels of protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as the potential degradability. Bioconversion was carried out using cactus pear as the only substrate, without supplementation with nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources. The fermentation with Aspergillus niger promoted a 78% increase in/of protein content and reductions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 40%, 36%, and 28%, respectively. Degradability, in turn, was observed to have increased by 66 % after 240 h. On the other hand, the fermentation with Rhyzopus sp. was less efficient, with a 69% increase in protein content, and reductions in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 30%, 28%, and 18%. In turn, degradability was seen to have increased by 51%. The fermentation of cactus pear by Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. exhibited the protein enrichment and increased protein degradability of this Cactaceae. Moreover, this is the most ever efficient micro-organism used in bioconversion. Based on the results, bioconversion of cactus is an excellent alternative to ruminant feeding in arid or semi-arid land.

RESUMO: O processo de enriquecimento protéico da palma (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck por fermentação em estado sólido com auxílio dos fungos filamentosos Aspergillus niger e Rhyzopus sp. foi estudado visando a elevação dos teores nutricionais para o uso como ração animal. Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Resíduos Agroindustrial da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB). O efeito da fermentação em estado sólido sobre a palma forrageira foi avaliado comparando os teores de proteína, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, além da degradabilidade potencial, com os valores in natura. A bioconversão foi realizada utilizando como único substrato a palma forrageira e água, sem a suplementação de fontes alternativas de nitrogênio, minerais ou vitaminas. O fungo Aspergillus niger elevou os teores proteicos em aproximadamente 78% e promoveu a redução nos teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina em aproximadamente 40%, 36% e 28%, respectivamente. Por sua vez essa biotransformação elevou a degradabilidade potencial em 66% após 240 h. Enquanto que o fungo Rhyzopus sp. demonstrou ser menos eficiência no enriquecimento proteico, com um aumento de aproximadamente 69 %, e a redução no teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina de 30%, 28% e 18%. Ainda para este fungo a degradabilidade potencial teve uma elevação de aproximadamente 51%. Portanto a fermentação da palma forrageira com auxílio dos fungos filamentosos Aspergillus niger e Rhyzopus sp. promoveram um enriquecimento nos teores proteicos desta cactacea além de elevar a sua degradabilidade potencial. Com base nesses resultados, a bioconversão da palma forrageira empregando o método de fermentação em estado sólido pode ser uma excelente alternativa na alimentação de ruminantes em terras áridas ou semiáridas. | ABSTRACT: The process of protein enrichment of cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm Dyck by solid state fermentation with the use of Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. was studied for improving the nutritional value of this cactus species for use as animal feed. The experiments were conducted in the Agro-industrial Waste Laboratory of State University of Southwest Bahia (Brazil). To this end, we have evaluated the effects of biotransformation on the levels of protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as the potential degradability. Bioconversion was carried out using cactus pear as the only substrate, without supplementation with nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources. The fermentation with Aspergillus niger promoted a 78% increase in/of protein content and reductions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of 40%, 36%, and 28%, respectively. Degradability, in turn, was observed to have increased by 66 % after 240 h. On the other hand, the fermentation with Rhyzopus sp. was less efficient, with a 69% increase in protein content, and reductions in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 30%, 28%, and 18%. In turn, degradability was seen to have increased by 51%. The fermentation of cactus pear by Aspergillus niger and Rhyzopus sp. exhibited the protein enrichment and increased protein degradability of this Cactaceae. Moreover, this is the most ever efficient micro-organism used in bioconversion. Based on the results, bioconversion of cactus is an excellent alternative to ruminant feeding in arid or semi-arid land.

The aim was to study during a year, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the thinning Caatinga grazing sheep at continuous stocking, in Serra Talhada-PE. The research consisted of data collection of vegetation and sheep, in 38 hectares of Caatinga from a private farm. We evaluated the herbage mass, herbal chemical composition, botanical composition, bare soil, litter, plants height, stocking rate, animal performance and herbage allowance. Herbage mass ranged from 422 ± 42 to 1262 ± 95 kg DM.ha-1within the period January 2011 to January 2012, which led to decreased herbage allowance (13,1± 1,3 a 56,4± 4,2 kg MS.kg PV- 1 ). The weight gain of sheep observed was 2.0 ± 2.2 kg. head-1 .period-1 and 3.8 ± 4.0 kg.ha-1 .period-1 . The litter during the dry season was higher in October 2011 (38.8 ± 4.1%) and January 2012 (41.4 ± 4.3%). Increased values were observed on bare soil, mainly in dry season, averaging 24.4 ± 1.5%. With the advance of the dry season, the concentrations of DM, NDF, ADF and TC of pasture increased, while the CP, MM, and NFC decreased. In general, the Caatinga show varieties in the range of herbage mass, forage chemical composition, and animal performance, over the year.

ABSTRACT: The aim was to study during a year, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the thinning Caatinga grazing sheep at continuous stocking, in Serra Talhada-PE. The research consisted of data collection of vegetation and sheep, in 38 hectares of Caatinga from a private farm. We evaluated the herbage mass, herbal chemical composition, botanical composition, bare soil, litter, plants height, stocking rate, animal performance and herbage allowance. Herbage mass ranged from 422 ± 42 to 1262 ± 95 kg DM.ha-1within the period January 2011 to January 2012, which led to decreased herbage allowance (13,1± 1,3 a 56,4± 4,2 kg MS.kg PV-1). The weight gain of sheep observed was 2.0 ± 2.2 kg. head-1.period-1 and 3.8 ± 4.0 kg.ha-1.period-1. The litter during the dry season was higher in October 2011 (38.8 ± 4.1%) and January 2012 (41.4 ± 4.3%). Increased values were observed on bare soil, mainly in dry season, averaging 24.4 ± 1.5%. With the advance of the dry season, the concentrations of DM, NDF, ADF and TC of pasture increased, while the CP, MM, and NFC decreased. In general, the Caatinga show varieties in the range of herbage mass, forage chemical composition, and animal performance, over the year. | RESUMO: Objetivou-se estudar no período de um ano as características quantitativas e qualitativas da Caatinga raleada sob pastejo de ovinos em lotação contínua. A pesquisa consistiu em levantamento de dados da vegetação e dos ovinos em 38 hectares de Caatinga em propriedade particular. Foi avaliada a massa de forragem, composição bromatológica e botânica, solo descoberto, serrapilheira, altura média de plantas, taxa de lotação, desempenho animal e oferta de forragem. A massa de forragem variou de 422 ± 42 a 1.262 ± 95 kg MS.ha-1 no período de janeiro/2011 a janeiro/2012, com consequente variação da oferta de forragem de 13,1 ± 1,3 a 56,4 ± 4,2 kg MS.kg PV-1. O ganho de peso vivo dos ovinos observados foram 2,0 ± 2,2 kg.cabeça-1.ciclo-1 e 3,8 ± 4,0 kg.ha-1.ciclo-1. A serrapilheira no período seco foi maior nos meses de outubro/2011 (38,8 ± 4,1%) e janeiro/2012 (41,4 ± 4,3%). Elevados valores de solo descoberto foram observados principalmente ao longo do período seco, apresentando em média 24,4 ± 1,5 % em relação ao período total. Com o avanço do período seco os teores de MS, FDN, FDA e CHOT do pasto aumentaram, enquanto que os teores de PB, MM e CNF reduziram. A Caatinga raleada apresenta variações, ao longo do ano, na massa de forragem, composição bromatológica e desempenho animal.

This study aims to characterize and evaluate seven models of turbulent flow nonself - compensating drippers available in the Brazilian market. The characterization of the emitters followed the pro- cedures of the standards NBR ISO 9261. The experiment was conducted at UNESP University Estadual Pau- lista, Botucatu Campus, Department of Rural Engineering. For the execution of the test one randomly took from each coil, segments containing 25 emitters. In the evaluation of hydraulic and technical characteristics of emitters were determined the following parameters: coefficient of manufacturing variation, coefficients of the characteristic equation of the emitter, thickness of the tube wall, internal diameter, spacing between emitters, water pressure resistance at ambient temperature and 40 o C, the tensile strength of the tube with a tension of 160 N and 180 N, and premature aging testing. The analysis of the drip tapes showed a coefficient of manufac- turing variation of less than 0.056 for all emitters. The exponents ( m ) of the equation pressure versus flow rate ranged from 0.431 to 0.575, classifying them as nonself - compensating. About the wall thickness, the internal diameter of the drip tapes and the spacing between emitters were found out that all measured values are within the required standard. From the results obtained, it can be stated that all products tested and available in the Brazilian market showed satisfactory performance and quality.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar sete modelos de tubos emissores não regulados e de fluxo turbulento comercializados no mercado brasileiro. A caracterização dos gotejadores seguiu os procedimentos das normas NBR ISO 9261. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, Departamento de Engenharia Rural. Para a realização do ensaio foram retirados ao acaso, de cada bobina, segmentos contendo 25 emissores. Na avaliação das características hidráulicas e técnicas dos gotejadores foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: coeficiente de variação de fabricação; coeficientes da equação característica do gotejador; espessura da parede do tubo gotejador; diâmetro interno do tubo; espaçamento entre emissores; resistência à pressão com água na temperatura ambiente e a temperatura de 40 oC; resistência do tubo a tração com tensão de 160 N e 180 N; e ensaio de envelhecimento precoce. As análises dos tubos gotejadores mostraram um coeficiente de variação de fabricação inferior a 0,056 para todos os gotejadores (0,07 é limite máximo segundo a norma). Os expoentes m da equação pressão versus vazão variaram de 0,431 a 0,575, classificando-os como não autocompensantes. Em relação a espessura da parede, o diâmetro interno dos tubos e o espaçamento entre os emissores foram constatados que todos os valores medidos estão dentro do exigido pela norma. Pelos resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que todos os produtos ensaiados ofertados no mercado brasileiro apresentaram excelente desempenho e qualidade. | ABSTRACT: This study aims to characterize and evaluate seven models of turbulent flow nonself-compensating drippers available in the Brazilian market. The characterization of the emitters followed the procedures of the standards NBR ISO 9261. The experiment was conducted at UNESP University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Campus, Department of Rural Engineering. For the execution of the test one randomly took from each coil, segments containing 25 emitters. In the evaluation of hydraulic and technical characteristics of emitters were determined the following parameters: coefficient of manufacturing variation, coefficients of the characteristic equation of the emitter, thickness of the tube wall, internal diameter, spacing between emitters, water pressure resistance at ambient temperature and 40 oC, the tensile strength of the tube with a tension of 160 N and 180 N, and premature aging testing. The analysis of the drip tapes showed a coefficient of manufacturing variation of less than 0.056 for all emitters. The exponents (m) of the equation pressure versus flow rate ranged from 0.431 to 0.575, classifying them as nonself-compensating. About the wall thickness, the internal diameter of the drip tapes and the spacing between emitters were found out that all measured values are within the required standard. From the results obtained, it can be stated that all products tested and available in the Brazilian market showed satisfactory performance and quality.

– The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different water depths and nitrogen fertilization levels applied by fertigation on the physical attributes of guava fruits cv. Paluma. The study was carried out taking into account factors water depths (1144, 1465, 1785 and 2106 mm) and nitrogen fertilization levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 ). The water depths 1730 and 1750 mm increased production and the average weight of guava fruit in, respectively, 25.1 and 31.6%. The applications 178 and 152 kg N ha-1 increased at 67.1% in the production of fruits and 16.3% the average fruit weight. The combined application of 150 kg N ha-1 and 1789 mm of water amounted to 63.3% of the total weight of fruit. The equatorial diameter of the fruit was influenced by individual water depths applied evidencing an increase of up to 26.8%. Already combinations 200 kg N ha-1 and 1746 mm of water increased the longitudinal diameter of the fruits by 18.77%. The application of water depth to 1144 mm, associated with 143 kg N ha-1 gave index of the most satisfactory way to guava fruit.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different water depths and nitrogen fertilization levels applied by fertigation on the physical attributes of guava fruits cv. Paluma. The study was carried out taking into account factors water depths (1144, 1465, 1785 and 2106 mm) and nitrogen fertilization levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1). The water depths 1730 and 1750 mm increased production and the average weight of guava fruit in, respectively, 25.1 and 31.6%. The applications 178 and 152 kg N ha-1 increased at 67.1% in the production of fruits and 16.3% the average fruit weight. The combined application of 150 kg N ha-1 and 1789 mm of water amounted to 63.3% of the total weight of fruit. The equatorial diameter of the fruit was influenced by individual water depths applied evidencing an increase of up to 26.8%. Already combinations 200 kg N ha-1 and 1746 mm of water increased the longitudinal diameter of the fruits by 18.77%. The application of water depth to 1144 mm, associated with 143 kg N ha-1 gave index of the most satisfactory way to guava fruit. | RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes lâminas totais de água e níveis de adubação nitrogenada, aplicados via fertirrigação, sobre os atributos físicos de frutos de goiabeiras cv. Paluma. O estudo foi conduzido levando-se em consideração os fatores lâminas de água (1144; 1465; 1785 e 2106 mm) e doses de nitrogênio (50; 100; 150 e 200 kg ha-1). As lâminas de água 1.730 e 1.750 mm aumentaram a produção e o peso médio de frutos de goiabeira em, respectivamente, 25,1 e 31,6%, já as aplicações de 178 e 152 kg de N ha-1elevaram em 67,1% a produção de frutos e em 16,3% o peso médio de frutos. As aplicações combinadas de 150 kg de N ha-1 e 1.789 mm de água elevaram em 63,3% o peso total dos frutos. O diâmetro equatorial dos frutos foi influenciado isoladamente pelas lâminas de água aplicadas constatando-se um aumento de até 26,8%. Já as combinações 200 kg de N ha-1 e 1.746 mm de água incrementaram o diâmetro longitudinal dos frutos em 18,77%. A aplicação da lâmina de água correspondente a 1.144 mm, associada a 143 kg de N ha-1 conferiram índice de forma mais satisfatório aos frutos de goiabeira.

The objective of this Study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and cuts on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the air pornunça biomass. The experimental design of randomized blocks in a split plot with four courts, two fertilization, and four replications. The cuts were made in February, June and October 2011 and February 2012. The fertilizer was with cattle and sheep manure, applied in May 2010 and March 2011 in the amount of 20 Mg ha-1 . We evaluated the structural components of the shoot, such as leaf blade, petiole, branch and full (leaf blade and petiole more branch) of pornunça. The manure beef and lamb did not influence (P>0.05) the chemical composition of the structural components of the shoot. Differences were noted between the cuts, except for dry matter (DM) of the leaf blade and the full component of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose (HC). There was a significant (P<0.05) for the in vitro digestibility of the MS of the structural components in different cuts, with the highest digestibility for structural components in the cut made in February 2011. Lower crude protein was found in the petiole and components branch. The pornunça should be considered as an alternative food for animals according to the chemical composition of the values presented in this study, with the leaf surface of the plant part that presents the best nutritional value.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this Study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and cuts on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the air pornunça biomass. The experimental design of randomized blocks in a split plot with four courts, two fertilization, and four replications. The cuts were made in February, June and October 2011 and February 2012. The fertilizer was with cattle and sheep manure, applied in May 2010 and March 2011 in the amount of 20 Mg ha-1. We evaluated the structural components of the shoot, such as leaf blade, petiole, branch and full (leaf blade and petiole more branch) of pornunça. The manure beef and lamb did not influence (P>0.05) the chemical composition of the structural components of the shoot. Differences were noted between the cuts, except for dry matter (DM) of the leaf blade and the full component of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose (HC). There was a significant (P<0.05) for the in vitro digestibility of the MS of the structural components in different cuts, with the highest digestibility for structural components in the cut made in February 2011. Lower crude protein was found in the petiole and components branch. The pornunça should be considered as an alternative food for animals according to the chemical composition of the values presented in this study, with the leaf surface of the plant part that presents the best nutritional value. | RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação orgânica e cortes sobre a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da fitomassa aérea da pornunça. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro cortes, duas adubações e quatro repetições. Os cortes foram realizados nos meses de fevereiro, junho e outubro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012. A adubação foi com esterco bovino e ovino aplicados nos meses de maio de 2010 e março de 2011 na quantidade de 20 Mg ha-1. Foram avaliados os componentes estruturais da parte aérea, tais como limbo foliar, pecíolo, ramo e completo (limbo foliar mais pecíolo e ramo) da pornunça. Os estercos bovino e ovino não influenciaram (P>0,05) a composição química dos componentes estruturais da parte aérea. Diferenças foram verificadas entre os cortes, exceto para a matéria seca (MS) do limbo foliar e do componente completo de extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose (HC). Houve efeito (P<0,05) para a digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos componentes estruturais nos diferentes cortes, sendo a maior digestibilidade para os componentes estruturais no corte realizado em fevereiro de 2011. Menores teores de proteína bruta foram encontrados nos componentes pecíolo e ramo. A pornunça deve ser considerada como alternativa alimentar para os animais em função dos valores da composição química apresentada neste estudo, sendo o limbo foliar a parte da planta que apresenta o melhor valor nutritivo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sowing periods in production , productivity component and physiological quality of seeds of three soybean cultivars (TMG133RR, P98Y70RR and NS7670RR) in Orthic Quartzarenic Neosoil in the cerrado region. The design used was a randomized block a factorial scheme design with four repetitions, and each plot with useful space consisted of three rows of four meters length, spaced at 0.45 meters. Field evaluations were the final stand, the height of the plants, height of the first pod insertion, the mass of 100 seeds and productivity. Already in the lab seeds were evaluated for germination and vigor (first germination count, emergency, emergence speed index, length and dry mass of the aerial part of the plant and roots, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test). It concludes that it is possible to use Orthic Quartzarenic Neosoils , located in the Cerrado region at altitudes higher than 600 m, in years and places with good water distribution in the spring - summer seasons, for grain and soybeans production, but as a first goal, the crop should be sown in the first 20 days of November otherwise it should take place in early December.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sowing periods in production, productivity component and physiological quality of seeds of three soybean cultivars (TMG133RR, P98Y70RR and NS7670RR) in Orthic Quartzarenic Neosoil in the cerrado region. The design used was a randomized block a factorial scheme design with four repetitions, and each plot with useful space consisted of three rows of four meters length, spaced at 0.45 meters. Field evaluations were the final stand, the height of the plants, height of the first pod insertion, the mass of 100 seeds and productivity. Already in the lab seeds were evaluated for germination and vigor (first germination count, emergency, emergence speed index, length and dry mass of the aerial part of the plant and roots, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test). It concludes that it is possible to use Orthic Quartzarenic Neosoils, located in the Cerrado region at altitudes higher than 600 m, in years and places with good water distribution in the spring-summer seasons, for grain and soybeans production, but as a first goal, the crop should be sown in the first 20 days of November otherwise it should take place in early December. | RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de épocas de semeadura na produção, componentes de produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de três cultivares de soja (TMG133RR, P98Y70RR e NS7670RR) em Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico na região do cerrado. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados num esquema fatorial com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela com área útil constituída por três linhas com quatro metros de comprimento, no espaçamento de 0,45 m. As avaliações no campo foram estande final, altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, massa de 100 sementes e produtividade. No laboratório, as sementes foram avaliadas quanto à porcentagem de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca de parte aérea e raiz, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado e tetrazólio). Conclui-se que é possível a utilização de Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órticos, localizados em região de cerrado com altitude superior a 600 m, em anos e locais com boa distribuição hídrica na primavera-verão, para produção de grãos e sementes de soja, sendo que no primeiro objetivo, a cultura deve ser semeada nos primeiros 20 dias de novembro e no segundo caso, essa deve ocorrer no inicio de dezembro.

The study aimed to model the drying curves of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in different temperatures determine the coefficient of effective diffusion and the activation energy. For this, we used seeds of beans-cowpea cultivar BRS Guariba, harvested manually, with a water content of 21% (wet basis), dried until the water content 11% (wet basis). Drying was performed in the experimental dryer under controlled temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C ± 1 °C, and relative humidity of the air drying between 14 and 59%. 12 models of non-linear regression were tested and for selection the best model was considered to: the significance of the regression coefficient t test, the magnitude of the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²), the average relative error (P) and the estimated average error (SE). It was observed that the drying time for of the beans-cowpea seeds was 10,4 ; 5,6 ; and 2,1 h to the temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C, respectively; among the number tested, the mathematical model the Midilli was the best fit to experimental data. The coefficient of diffusion increases with temperature, with values between 5,047 x 10-11 to 12,011 x 10-11 m² s -1 for the temperature range from 30 to 50 °C. The relationship between the coefficient of diffusion effective and the drying temperature can be described by Arrhenius equation, which presents activation energy of 35,04 kJ mol-1 for spreading the liquid in the drying process of the of beans-cowpea seeds.

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to model the drying curves of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in different temperatures determine the coefficient of effective diffusion and the activation energy. For this, we used seeds of beans-cowpea cultivar BRS Guariba, harvested manually, with a water content of 21% (wet basis), dried until the water content 11% (wet basis). Drying was performed in the experimental dryer under controlled temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C ± 1 °C, and relative humidity of the air drying between 14 and 59%. 12 models of non-linear regression were tested and for selection the best model was considered to: the significance of the regression coefficient t test, the magnitude of the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²), the average relative error (P) and the estimated average error (SE). It was observed that the drying time for of the beans-cowpea seeds was 10,4 ; 5,6 ; and 2,1 h to the temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C, respectively; among the number tested, the mathematical model the Midilli was the best fit to experimental data. The coefficient of diffusion increases with temperature, with values between 5,047 x 10-11 to 12,011 x 10-11 m² s-1 for the temperature range from 30 to 50 °C. The relationship between the coefficient of diffusion effective and the drying temperature can be described by Arrhenius equation, which presents activation energy of 35,04 kJ mol-1 for spreading the liquid in the drying process of the of beans-cowpea seeds. | RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo modelar curvas de secagem do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) em diferentes temperaturas, determinar o coeficiente de difusão efetivo e a energia de ativação. Para isso, utilizou-se sementes de feijão-caupi, cultivar BRS guariba, colhidas manualmente, com teor de água de 21% (base úmida) e secas até o teor de água de 11% (base úmida). A secagem foi realizada em secador experimental sob temperaturas controladas de 30, 40 e 50 °C ± 1 °C e umidade relativa do ar de secagem entre 14 e 59%. Foram testados 12 modelos de regressão não-linear e para a seleção do melhor modelo considerou-se a significância do coeficiente de regressão pelo teste t, a magnitude do coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²), o erro médio relativo (P) e o erro médio estimado (SE). Observou-se que o tempo de secagem para as sementes de feijão-caupi foi de 10,4, 5,6, e 2,1 h para as temperaturas de 30, 40 e 50 °C, respectivamente. Dentre a série testada, o modelo matemático de Midilli foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais. O coeficiente de difusão aumenta com a elevação da temperatura, apresentando valores entre 5,047 x 10-11 a 12,011 x 10-11 m² s-1 para a faixa de temperatura de 30 a 50 °C. A relação entre o coeficiente de difusão efetivo e a temperatura de secagem podem ser descritas pela equação de Arrhenius, que apresenta uma energia de ativação de 35,04 kJ mol-1 para a difusão líquida no processo de secagem das sementes de feijão-caupi.