The aim of this paper was to determine resistance types of snap beans genotypes under infestation of bruchins Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) in a no choice and free choice tests. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four and five replications, respectively. In no choice test, it was evaluated the total number of viable and unviable eggs, dry weight of the consumed food, percentage of emerged insects, weight of insects, longevity of adults and biological cycle of egg to adult. In a free choice test, the number of attracted insects for each genotype and total number of eggs were evaluated. The genotype ARFVI047 presents oviposition non-preference resistance type to Z. subfasciatus. The genotype ARFVI008 presents resistance type of the antibiosis to Z. subfasciatus. The genotypes ARFVI006, ARFVI008 and ARFVI029 present resistance of non-preference for oviposition type to Z. subfasciatus and the genotype HAV 56 black seed presents resistance of non-preference type for feeding of A. obtectus.

The spreading of umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda Câmara) occurs sexual and asexual forms, with little information about the propagation by cuttings. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA), length and timing of collection of propagules in propagating of umbuzeiro. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 5 (IBA concentrations: 0, 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000 mg.L-1) x 2 (length of cuttings: 10 and 20 cm) x 2 (times of collection of cuttings: march and september) with three replications of twenty cuttings per experimental unit. The cuttings were immersed in IBA solution for the time of 10 seconds and placed in polyethylene bags containing substrate composed of sand, clay and vermicompost (3:1:1 v / v), which were packed and kept for 90 days under nursery, mesh that allowed the passage of 25% brightness. After this period the following variables were analyzed: percentage of rooted cuttings and shoots, number average root cuttings, and the mass of the fresh matter roots and shoots. The most rooting percentage was obtained in the stakes of umbuzeiro 20 cm inlength treated with IBA (6000 mg.L-1), planted in march. The smallest roots of umbuzeiro in September was probably because the plant was starting the process of flowering.

This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of herbicides on the biomass and nodulation ofcowpea. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in experimental design with randomized blocks, in factorial arrangement 4x2 + 2, corresponding applications of the herbicide bentazon, clethodim, fomesafen and smetolachlor, the recommended dose (RD) and recommended twice (RDA) in four periods of development of cowpea (20, 30, 45 and 55 days after planting, DAP). An inoculated control treatment without herbicide application and a control without inoculation, no application of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer were included. Inoculation was performed with the strains INPA UFLA 03-11B and 03-84. The results showed for the experiment in a greenhouse that bentazon and clethodim, both at the recommended dose and double dose, provide low phytotoxicity to cowpea and has little influence on nodulation and crop biomass. The herbicide smetalochlor presents high degree of phytotoxicity in cowpea, completely inhibits the vegetative growth when applied at twice the recommended dose.

This paper aimed to investigate the dynamic of energy balance components over Orós reservoir and neighboring areas using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and TM-Landsat 5 images. Also, the relation among albedo, NDVI, net radiation, sensible and latent heats and soil heat flux were analysed. The studied land uses were: Dense vegetation, irrigation fields and degraded areas (human activities). Eight images of 217/64, orbital/point, for the following data: 08/24/1992, 08/14/1994, 07/02/1996, 07/11/1999, 08/17/2001, 07/06/2003, 07/14/2006 e 08/20/2008 were used. The images were processed using the software Erdas IMAGINE using 9.0IMAGE. The SEBAL algorithm was applied to quantify the latent heat flux from the surface energy balance, which is composed of net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G) and sensible heat flux (H). The energy in form of sensible and latent heat showed similar tendencies for irrigated fields and dense native vegetation. The highest increase of sensible heat was registered on the degraded areas (human activities) in the last three years. All of the components of the energy balance presented distinct tendencies over the studied land use, expressing that the energy balance can be used to identify the changes on the land use pattern.

The aim of this paper was to: a) verify if digital radiographic image measurements of G. biloba seeds could replace those obtained with a manual caliper; b) determine the degree of seed development through digitally measuring the air chamber of the seed and, c) make a radiographic pattern to characterize the seed species according to its anatomical and morphological structure, identify physical damage and characterize the species according to physical variables. In order to draw the radiographic patter, the seeds were submitted to different treatments: seed imbibition in rolled paper at 20 ºC for 48 hours; artificial damage by puncturing dry and imbibed seeds; artificial damage by fracturing dry and imbibed seeds. Seed anatomy structures were measured with a digital caliper and a manual caliper. The digital radiographic measurements could: a) replace the measurements taken with a manual caliper; b) obtain measurements that a manual caliper cannot supply; c) measure the air chamber in order to determine the level of seed filling; d) characterize the species by its anatomical and morphological structures, detect insect damage or fracture and make a radiographic pattern of G. biloba seeds.

Studies on the floristic diversity including climbers and also research directed to survey of these species are rare in Northeastern Brazil. With the aim of contributing to the knowledge of this component in the Northeast region and provide data on the flora of Rio Grande do Norte, a floristic study was carried out in a fragment of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest in the municipality of Parnamirim and an identification key was created for the species. 20 species were registered belonging to 19 genera and 11 families. Eight of these species are new records for the state. The richest families in species were Fabaceae (05), Dilleniaceae (03), Bignoniaceae (02), Convolvulaceae (02) and Passifloraceae (02). The sum of the representatives of these families corresponded to 60% of the total number of species recorded. Comparative analysis suggests that studies be conducted focusing the diversity of climbing in northeastern Brazil, especially because these indicate the state of conservation of forests.

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the most cultivated leguminous in the world. In spite of being a very studied species, there are theoretical models for the development for different habits of culture. The concept of thermal time, replacing the chronological time, has been used frequently, with the advantage to be independent of location and time of sowing. Considering the relevance of the activity for the State of Piauí, this work had the purpose of describing fenology of the variety BR 17 - Gurguéia, relating the number of day-degrees necessary to the development of each fenological state. An experiment was realized in the Departamento de Fitotecnia of Centro de Ciências Agrárias of Universidade Federal do Píauí, Teresina- Piauí. It was found that the number of vegetative stages is indefinite and that the variety shows at least six reproductive stages. The vegetative stage V1 (2º in the main branch with leaflets fully open) was the longest and from the stadium V10 (11º in the main branch with leaflets fully open) was overlap of vegetative and reproductive stages. The cultivar BR 17 - Gurguéia in rainfed crop, requires 818.2 degree-days from sowing until the early reproductive stage and 1103.5 degree days from planting to the end of the reproductive cycle, with wide adaptability for the State of Piauí; the cultivar BR 17 - Gurguéia presents six reproductive stages, LV the stadium is the longest among the vegetative and reproductive stages, individually, need a greater number of degree- days that the vegetation

This paper aimed to evaluate the use of cactus pear as the main substrate for the production of amiloglucosidase by solid state fermentation with the aid of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Agro-industrial wastes at the State University of Southwest Bahia - UESB. The cactus pear was dried up to about 2% moisture. The variables in the fermentation process were water activity (0.891, 0.964, 0.976 and 0.983) and fermentation time (24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 120 h). The results showed high enzyme production by the third day of fermentation, irrespective of water activity in all trials, after the fermentation time reduction of enzyme activity was observed, with the highest activity was 60.32 U/g in 72 hours and the water activity of 0.891. During the fermentation process the fungus synthesized and excreted the enzyme without the need for any other inducer addition to forage cactus and water, thus demonstrating the viability of using the palm as raw materials for bioprocesses.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and microbial of biofertilizers at different decompositions times. For this, we used biofertilizers two. The experimental designused was entirely randomized in factorial scheme 2x7 two sources of manure (cattle and chicken) and seven times of decomposition (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days), with three replications. We evaluated the chemical parameters (pH, CE, dry mass, N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and microbiological (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes total). The chicken manure gave significant increase of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, dry mass and electrical conductivity. The highest concentration was within 15 to 20 days of decomposition, with the exception of nitrogen, with the highest concentration on the preparation of biofertilizer. In the microbiological analysis, the chicken manure resulted in higher total population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes total) compared to beef. The decomposition periods of biofertilizers influence on nutrient levels, diversity and populations of microorganisms.

This paper aimed to characterize the main agricultural productive systems of the county of Ibimirim in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, in order to obtain data that can serve as subsidy to the implementation of agroforestry systems. Different productive unities were characterized through semi-structured interviews with local agriculturists selected through a stratified sampling. Each layer was composed by the main activity executed by the family which correspondent to: group 1: irrigated agricultural systems; group 2: traditional systems and forest extractivism; group 3: apiculture; group 4: handicraft fishing. The sample was composed by 5% of the small agriculturist in the groups 1, 2 and 3 and 2% in the group 4, due to this group being more homogeneous. The irrigated agriculture stood out in economic terms, althought it has demonstrated limited autonomy due to external raw materials dependence in addition to contribute to soil and hydric resource degradation. The traditional systems high adaptability and the apiculture conservationist character have generated a low impact under the local ecosystems. Fishing, forest extractivism and forest management are activities that allow the agriculturist maintenance in the rural environment and constitute a source of revenue during the dry season. The activities diversification and the integration of different productive systems has been a concrete possibility for income generation and improvement in the life quality of the families in the region. This way, the agroforestry systems of multiple use must be priority in rural development programs for the region sustainability.