RESUMO Óleos essenciais vêm sendo intensamente utilizados em diversas aplicações comerciais, dentre elas como anestésicos. Avaliou-se o efeito de soluções com óleos extraídos de quatro tipos vegetais (melaleuca, cravo, eucalipto e menta) na sedação, na recuperação e no comportamento de estresse de tilápia-do-Nilo. Utilizaram-se soluções sedativas (óleo essencial:etanol, 1:4) na água de manejo dos peixes na dosagem de 7,4 mL/L sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste Scott-Knott (P < 0,05). De acordo com os resultados, o mais indicado para a imobilização de tilápia-do-Nilo é o óleo de cravo, no entanto as observações comportamentais indicam o óleo de melaleuca como o mais eficiente na redução do estresse. | ABSTRACT Essential oils have been extensively used in many commercial applications, one of them being anesthetics. The effect of four essential oils (tea tree, clove, eucalyptus, and mint oils) on the sedation, recovery, and behavioral stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was evaluated. The sedative solutions, prepared with essential oils and anhydrous ethanol (1:4), were used for fish management procedures at a dose of 7.4 mL L-1 in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates. The means were compared using Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05). Clove oil was found to be the most suitable oil for the immobilization of Nile tilapia; however, behavioral observations indicate that tea tree oil was the most efficient in reducing stress.

Essential oils have been extensively used in many commercial applications, one of them being anesthetics. The effect of four essential oils (tea tree, clove, eucalyptus, and mint oils) on the sedation, recovery, and behavioral stress of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) was evaluated. The sedative solutions, prepared with essential oils and anhydrous ethanol (1:4), were used for fish management procedures at a dose of 7.4 mL L - 1 in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates. The means were compared using Scott – Knott test (P < 0.05). Clove oil was found to be the most suitable oil for the immobilization of Nile tilapia; however, behavioral observations indicate that tea tree oil was the most efficient in reducing stress.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o pegamento de enxertia de tomateiro, em diferentes espécies de solanáceas e por diferentes métodos de enxertia. Foram produzidas para enxerto mudas de tomateiro da cultivar Santa Cruz Kada®. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 9 x 2, avaliando-se como porta-enxerto: os acessos de minitomate 0224-53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 e 6889-50 (Solanum lycopersicum L); as espécies silvestres de tomateiro Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ e Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’; duas outras espécies Solanum, cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum) e fisales (Physalis peruviana); e o tomateiro cultivar Santa Cruz Kada® como testemunha (auto-enxertia), e avaliados dois métodos de enxertia: fenda cheia; e encostia. Aos quinze dias após a enxertia, as plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao: índice de pegamento de enxertia; comprimento de raiz; altura das plantas; número de folhas; área foliar; massa seca das raízes, do caule e das folhas; e relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca das raízes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que o índice de pegamento e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas após a enxertia em tomateiro foi influenciado significativamente pela interação (porta-enxerto x método de enxertia). Dentre os porta-enxertos avaliados, todos podem ser recomendados, exceto o acesso de minitomate 6889-50 (S. lycopersicum L.) e a espécie S. pennellii. Para os porta-enxertos cubiu e fisales recomenda-se a utilização do método de enxertia por fenda cheia, e para os porta-enxertos acesso de (minitomate 0224-53, RVTC 57 e RVTC 20; e espécie S. habrochaites) o método de encostia. | ABSTRACT This paper aimed to assess tomato grafting on different solanaceous species through two grafting methods. Scions were cut from cultivar Santa Cruz Kada seedlings. A fully randomized experimental design was carried out with treatments in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme. As rootstocks, four accessions of mini-tomatoes (0224-53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889-50 - Solanum lycopersicum L); two species of wild tomato (Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ and Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’); other two tomato species [Solanum, cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) and physalis (Physalis peruviana)] and a control with cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (auto-graft) rootstocks were used. In addition, two grafting methods were evaluated full cleft and approach graft. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were assessed for graft-take percentage; root length; plant height; leaf number; foliar area; root, stem and leaf dry matter; and ratio between shoot and root dry matter. Based on the results, we may state rootstock and grafting interaction had effect on both graft -take rate and plant development. Overall, the studied plants should be recommended as rootstock, except for 6889-50 mini-tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and S. pennellii. Full cleft grafting was most suitable for cocona and physalis, while the approach method showed better results for the mini-tomato accessions 0224-53, RVTC 57 and RVTC 20, as well as for S. habrochaites.

This paper aimed to assess tomato grafting on different solanaceous species through two grafting methods. Scions were cut from cultivar Santa Cruz Kada seedlings. A fully randomized experimental design was carried out with treatments in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme. As rootstocks, four accessions of mini - tomatoes (0224 - 53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889 - 50 - Solanum lycopersicum L); two species of wild tomato ( Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI - 127826’ and Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’); other two tomato species [ Solanum, cocona ( Solanum sessiliflorum ) and physalis ( Physalis peruviana )] and a control with cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (auto - graft) rootstocks were used. In addition, two grafting methods were evaluated full cleft and approach graft. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were assessed for graft - take percentage; root length; plant height; leaf number; foliar area; root, stem and leaf dry matter; and ratio between shoot and root dry matter. Based on the results, we may state rootstock and grafting interaction had effect on both graft - take rate and plant development. Overall, the studied plants should be recommended as rootstock, except for 6889 - 50 mini - tomato ( S. lycopersicum L.) and S. pennellii . Full cleft grafting was most suitable for cocona and physalis, while the approach method showed better results for the mini - tomato accessions 0224 - 53, RVTC 57 and RVTC 20, as well as for S. habrochaites .

ABSTRACT The use of nitrogenous fertilizer coated by polymers may reduce losses caused by volatilization, thus exposing this element to plants for a longer period of time. The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of nitrogen in the form of conventional urea and urea coated by polymers in the production components and grain productivity of the first and second corn crops. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS in a clay-type Oxisol during the corn crops of 2011/12 and 2012. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with four replications, with a factorial 4 x 4 treatment arrangement as follows: 4 doses of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) and 4 forms of urea (conventional urea and urea coated by three different polymers). Treatments were applied at the time of corn sowing in the first season (2010/11) and second season (2011). The residual effects of nitrogen fertilization in the corn grown in the first crop season (2011/12) and the second crop season (2012) were then assessed. The polymer -coated urea did not differ compared to the conventional urea. | RESUMO A utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados revestidos por polímeros pode permitir a redução das perdas por volatilização, disponibilizando assim, esse elemento para as plantas por maior período de tempo. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito residual de doses de nitrogênio na forma de ureia convencional e ureias revestidas por polímeros, nos componentes de produção e na produtividade da cultura do milho primeira e segunda safra. O experimento foi conduzido em Selvíria - MS, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura argilosa, em 2011/12 e 2012. O experimento foi disposto em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e os tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo: 4 doses de N (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha -1) e 4 formas de ureia (ureia convencional e ureias revestidas por 3 diferentes polímeros). Os tratamentos foram aplicados na semeadura do milho na primeira safra (2010/11) e segunda safra (2011), sendo avaliado o efeito residual da adubação nitrogenada no cultivo sucessor de milho na primeira safra (2011/12) e segunda safra (2012). As formas de ureia revestidas por polímeros não diferiram em relação à ureia convencional.

The use of nitrogenous fertilizer coated by polymers may reduce losses caused by volatilization, thus exposing this element to plants for a longer period of time. The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of nitrogen in the form of conventional urea and urea coated by polymers in the production components and grain productivity of the first and second corn crops. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS in a clay-type Oxisol during the corn crops of 2011/12 and 2012. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with four replications, with a factorial 4 x 4 treatment arrangement as follows: 4 doses of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) and 4 forms of urea (conventional urea and urea coated by three different polymers). Treatments were applied at the time of corn sowing in the first season (2010/11) and second season (2011). The residual effects of nitrogen fertilization in the corn grown in the first crop season (2011/12) and the second crop season (2012) were then assessed. The polymer -coated urea did not differ compared to the conventional urea.

ABSTRACT High temperatures and low rainfall characterize the Brazilian semiarid regions. This regional climate demands the adoption of practices that increase the efficiency and sustainability of local farming. This study aimed to assess the ability of two perennial herbaceous leguminous species, calopo and tropical kudzu, to provide permanent soil cover in banana plantations in Jequitinhonha Valley, northeast Minas Gerais state, Brazil. To this end, we evaluated the differences of calopo and tropical kudzu in soil cover capacity and the amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface, nutrient content in senescent phytomass, as well as their effects on temperature and soil moisture, compared with bare soil in two experimental sites. The results showed that, compared with tropical kudzu, calopo had a higher soil cover capacity and was more effective at increasing organic material and nutrients in the soil owing to the relatively higher amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface. However, both calopo and tropical kudzu reduced soil temperature and increase soil moisture compared with bare soil. Overall, we concluded that these species can deposit high levels of senescence in the soil, providing several benefits to the cultivation system of banana plants in the semiarid regions. | RESUMO Altas temperaturas e baixa precipitação caracteriza a região do semiárido Brasileiro. Este clima regional exige a adoção de práticas que aumentem a eficiência e sustentabilidade da agricultura local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o comportamento de espécies leguminosas herbáceas perenes como cobertura permanente do solo sob pomar de bananeira, no Vale do Jequitinhonha, nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para esse fim, foi avaliado as diferenças entre as leguminosas, calopogônio e cudzu tropical na capacidade de cobertura do solo, quantidade de fitomassa senescentes depositada na superfície do solo, conteúdo de nutrientes na fitomassa senescentes, bem como seus efeitos sobre a temperatura e umidade do solo em comparação com solo sem cobertura. Os resultados demonstraram que, em comparação com o cudzu tropical o calopogônio obteve maior capacidade de cobertura do solo e, devido a maior quantidade de fitomassa senescente, foi mais eficaz no incremento de nutrientes. Além disso, ambas leguminosas reduziram a temperatura e mantiveram maior umidade do solo em comparação com o solo sem cobertura. Essas espécies podem depositar níveis elevados de material senescente sobre a superfície do solo, proporcionando várias vantagens para o sistema de cultivo de bananeiras em região semiárida.

High temperatures and low rainfall characterize the Brazilian semiarid regions. This regional climate demands the adoption of practices that increase the efficiency and sustainability of local farming. This study aimed to assess the ability of two perennial herbaceous leguminous species, calopo and tropical kudzu, to provide permanent soil cover in banana plantations in Jequitinhonha Valley, northeast Minas Gerais state, Brazil. To this end, we evaluated the differences of calopo and tropical kudzu in soil cover capacity and the amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface, nutrient content in senescent phytomass, as well as their effects on temperature and soil moisture, compared with bare soil in two experimental sites. The results showed that, compared with tropical kudzu, calopo had a higher soil cover capacity and was more effective at increasing organic material and nutrients in the soil owing to the relatively higher amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface. However, both calopo and tropical kudzu reduced soil temperature and increase soil moisture compared with bare soil. Overall, we concluded that these species can deposit high levels of senescence in the soil, providing several benefits to the cultivation system of banana plants in the semiarid regions.

ABSTRACT The precocity of cowpea is important because it indicates the possibility of increasing and/or stabilizing production in regions with long periods of drought. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and select extra-early cowpea progenies. Fifteen F3:6 progenies were evaluated in 2014 while sixty-two F7 progenies were evaluated in 2015. Two commercial cultivars were used in experiments performed in the irrigated perimeter of Baixo Acaraú, in Marco, CE. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of days for flowering (NDF), number of days for maturity (NDM), plant height (PH), pod length (PL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), number of grains per plant (NGP), weight of 100 grains (W100G) and total weight (MTOT). Data were analyzed in lattice and RBD, according to the methodology of mixed models by the REML/BLUP procedure. Also, the components of variance and genetic values were estimated. Variability among progenies, high heritability and high accuracy were identified for all traits. For NDF and NDM, the progenies presented higher behavior than the controls. The lattice arrangement contributed to a greater gain with the selection of NDF, NDM, PH, NSP, NGP and WTOT. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 41, 43 and 52 are among the top ten because they have high genetic values in three or more traits. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 43 and 52 highlight extra-earliness (precocity). | RESUMO A precocidade é importante para o feijão-caupi por representar a possibilidade de aumentar e/ou estabilizar a produção em regiões com longos períodos de estiagem. Objetivou- se avaliar a variabilidade genética e selecionar progênies de feijão-caupi extraprecoces. Foram avaliadas 15 progênies F3:6 em 2014 e 62 progênies F7 em 2015, juntamente com duas cultivares comerciais em experimentos conduzidos no perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú, localizado no município de Marco, CE. Foram avaliados os caracteres: número de dias para o florescimento (NDF), número de dias para a maturação (NDM), altura de planta (ALT), comprimento de vagem (CPV), número de grãos por vagem (NGV), número de grãos por planta (NGP), massa de 100 grãos (M100G) e massa total (MTOT). Os dados foram analisados em DBIL e DBC, segundo a metodologia de modelos mistos, via procedimento REML/BLUP. Foram estimados os componentes de variância e os valores genéticos. Identificou-se variabilidade entre as progênies, alta herdabilidade e elevada acurácia em todos os caracteres avaliados. As progênies apresentaram comportamento superior às testemunhas para NDF e NDM. O arranjo em látice apresentou maior eficiência que o DBC, pelo maior ganho obtido com a seleção nos caracteres NDF, NDM, ALT, NGV, NGP e MTOT. Os genótipos 12, 15, 30, 33, 41, 43 e 52 encontram-se entre os dez superiores, por apresentarem valores genéticos elevados em três ou mais caracteres. Os genótipos 12, 15, 30, 33, 43 e 52 destacam-se como os mais precoces.

The precocity of cowpea is important because it indicates the possibility of increasing and/or stabilizing production in regions with long periods of drought. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and select extra-early cowpea progenies. Fifteen F3:6 progenies were evaluated in 2014 while sixty-two F7 progenies were evaluated in 2015. Two commercial cultivars were used in experiments performed in the irrigated perimeter of Baixo Acaraú, in Marco, CE. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of days for flowering (NDF), number of days for maturity (NDM), plant height (PH), pod length (PL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), number of grains per plant (NGP), weight of 100 grains (W100G) and total weight (MTOT). Data were analyzed in lattice and RBD, according to the methodology of mixed models by the REML/BLUP procedure. Also, the components of variance and genetic values were estimated. Variability among progenies, high heritability and high accuracy were identified for all traits. For NDF and NDM, the progenies presented higher behavior than the controls. The lattice arrangement contributed to a greater gain with the selection of NDF, NDM, PH, NSP, NGP and WTOT. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 41, 43 and 52 are among the top ten because they have high genetic values in three or more traits. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 43 and 52 highlight extra-earliness (precocity).

ABSTRACT The incorporation of organic matter has been used to manage of diseases caused by soilborne pathogen, but there is a gap in the use of coffee residues on disease supressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter sources against cassava root rot caused by F. solani CFF109. Fertilization with coffee residue (CR), cattle manure (CM), earthworm excrements (EE) and goat manure (GM) resulted in suppression of cassava root rot. The treatments of CR and CM presented higher reduction in the cassava disease severity. There were changes in the soil microbial community structure by organic matter incorporation, mainly in total fungi and Gram-negative bacteria populations. The total organic carbon and magnesium are negatively associated with disease severity. The microbial quotient, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were positively and the biomarker a-15:0 was negatively associated with disease severity. This study indicated that agro-industrial residues can be recycled for providing organic matter and nutrients with effect for management of plant diseases by suppressing soilborne pathogens. This is the first evidence that the industrial residue of coffee can be use in the management of cassava root rot, caused by F. solani. | RESUMO A incorporação da matéria orgânica é usada no manejo de doenças causadas por patógenos habitantes do solo, mas existe uma lacuna no uso de resíduos de café na supressão de doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de fontes de matéria orgânica contra a podridão radicular da mandioca, causada por Fusarium solani CFF 109. A fertilização com resíduo de café (CR), esterco bovino (CM), húmus de minhoca (EE) e esterco caprino (GM) resultou na supressão da podridão radicular da mandioca. Os tratamentos CR e CM apresentaram alta redução na severidade da doença em mandioca. Houveram mudanças na estrutura da comunidade microbiana do solo pela incorporação de matéria orgânica, principalmente na população de fungos totais e bactérias Gram-negativa. O carbono orgânico total e magnésio são negativamente associados com a severidade da doença. O quociente microbiano, fosfatases alcalina e ácida foram positivamente e o biomarcador a-15:0 foi negativamente associado com a severidade da doença. Este estudo indica que resíduos agroindustriais podem ser reciclados para fornecer matéria orgânica e nutrientes com efeito para o manejo de doenças de plantas por suprimir patógenos habitantes do solo. Esta é a primeira evidência que o resíduo da indústria de café pode ser usado no manejo da podridão radicular da mandioca, causado por F. solani.

The incorporation of organic matter has been used to manage of diseases caused by soilborne pathogen, but there is a gap in the use of coffee residues on disease supressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter sources against cassava root rot caused by F. solani CFF109. Fertilization with coffee residue (CR), cattle manure (CM), earthworm excrements (EE) and goat manure (GM) resulted in suppression of cassava root rot. The treatments of CR and CM presented higher reduction in the cassava disease severity. There were changes in the soil microbial community structure by organic matter incorporation, mainly in total fungi and Gram-negative bacteria populations. The total organic carbon and magnesium are negatively associated with disease severity. The microbial quotient, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were positively and the biomarker a-15:0 was negatively associated with disease severity. This study indicated that agro-industrial residues can be recycled for providing organic matter and nutrients with effect for management of plant diseases by suppressing soilborne pathogens. This is the first evidence that the industrial residue of coffee can be use in the management of cassava root rot, caused by F. solani.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de sorgo sacarino cultivado em condição semiárida, procurando-se determinar a época de maturidade fisiológica das sementes em função da aplicação foliar com silicato de potássio. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste - CE no período de chuvas dos anos de 2014 e 2015. Utilizaram-se as variedades BRS 506 e BRS 511 sob adubação foliar com silicato de potássio nas doses 500; 1000 e 1500 mL.ha -1, além das parcelas controle (sem aplicação) e com colheita realizada em quatro épocas (30, 37, 44 e 51 dias após a plena floração (DAF)). Foram avaliados as porcentagens e velocidade de germinação, o teste de envelhecimento acelerado e o crescimento de plântulas. As sementes obtiveram germinação acima de 90% a partir dos 37 dias DAF, atingindo alto vigor de plântulas aos 51 dias APF. A adubação foliar com silicato de potássio nas condições aplicadas promoveu acréscimo na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. As cultivares BRS 506 e BRS 511 apresentam o máximo de qualidade fisiológica entre 49 e 53 dias DAF. | ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological quality in seeds of sweet sorghum grown under semi-arid conditions, and to determine the age of physiological maturity of the seeds as a function of the foliar application of potassium silicate. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Valley Experimental Farm, in Pentecoste in the state of Ceará, during the rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 varieties were used, under foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mL.ha -1, in addition to the control lots (with no application); harvesting was at four periods, 30, 37, 44 and 51 days after full bloom (DAB). The percentage and speed of germination were evaluated, together with the accelerated ageing test and seedling growth. The seeds presented greater than 90% germination from 37 DAB, reaching high seedling vigour at 51 DAB. Foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate under the conditions of the experiment resulted in an increase in the physiological quality of the seeds. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 cultivars displayed the highest physiological quality between 49 and 53 DAF.

The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological quality in seeds of sweet sorghum grown under semi-arid conditions, and to determine the age of physiological maturity of the seeds as a function of the foliar application of potassium silicate. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Valley Experimental Farm, in Pentecoste in the state of Ceará, during the rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 varieties were used, under foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mL.ha -1, in addition to the control lots (with no application); harvesting was at four periods, 30, 37, 44 and 51 days after full bloom (DAB). The percentage and speed of germination were evaluated, together with the accelerated ageing test and seedling growth. The seeds presented greater than 90% germination from 37 DAB, reaching high seedling vigour at 51 DAB. Foliar fertilisation with potassium silicate under the conditions of the experiment resulted in an increase in the physiological quality of the seeds. The BRS 506 and BRS 511 cultivars displayed the highest physiological quality between 49 and 53 DAF.

ABSTRACT This work evaluated the effect of soil water availability on growth and productivity variables of cowpea in northeastern Pará, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a field of 2,100 m2 at the experimental site of the Federal Rural University of Amazon, during the driest season of the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, in a completely randomised design with two treatments (irrigated and non-irrigated), both with 12 replications in the reproductive phase (2012 and 2013). Growth and productivity data were submitted to analysis of variance with two variation factors (water regime and experimental year) at 5% probability. Student's t -test at 5% probability was used in the means of the stomatal conductance data, since this was monitored only in 2012. Final biomass production presented a reduction of 54.3% in 2012 and 26.4% in 2013 as a result of water deficit (DEF) of 76 and 26 mm, respectively. Mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 73% in the grain-filling stage as a result of the lower water availability during this period. Average cowpea productivity under water deficit reached 1,257 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 1,396 kg ha-1 in 2013. The reduction in water supply over the reproductive period significantly decreased production by 72 and 41% (F test, p < 0.05) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. An accumulated water deficit during the reproductive phase caused a maximum LAI reduction of 47% in 2012 (DEF of 76 mm) and of 13% in 2013 (DEF of 26 mm). | RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade de água no crescimento e produtividade do feijão-caupi cultivado no Nordeste do estado do Pará, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em uma área de 2.100 m2 na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, durante o período menos chuvoso de 2011, 2012 e 2013, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (irrigado e não irrigado), com 12 repetições na fase reprodutiva (2012 e 2013). Dados de crescimento e de produtividade foram submetidos a análise de variância com dois fatores de variação (regime hídrico e ano experimental) a 5% de probabilidade. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student a 5% de probabilidade nas médias de condutância estomática por ser monitorada apenas em 2012. A produção final de biomassa apresentou redução de 54,3% em 2012 e de 26,4% em 2013 devido a ocorrência de uma deficiência hídrica (DEF) de 76 e de 26 mm, respectivamente. A condutância estomática média foi reduzida em 73% na fase de enchimento de grãos devido a menor disponibilidade de água nesta fase. A produtividade média do caupi sob baixa deficiência hídrica atingiu 1.257 kg ha-1 em 2012 e 1.396 kg ha-1 e 2013. A redução da água diminuiu em 72% e 41% o rendimento do caupi (teste F, p < 0,05) em 2012 e 2013, respectivamente. A deficiência hídrica acumulada na fase reprodutiva causou redução de 47% no máximo IAF em 2012 (DEF de 76 mm) e de 13% em 2013 (DEF de 26 mm).

This work evaluated the effect of soil water availability on growth and productivity variables of cowpea in northeastern Pará, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a field of 2,100 m2 at the experimental site of the Federal Rural University of Amazon, during the driest season of the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, in a completely randomised design with two treatments (irrigated and non-irrigated), both with 12 replications in the reproductive phase (2012 and 2013). Growth and productivity data were submitted to analysis of variance with two variation factors (water regime and experimental year) at 5% probability. Student's t -test at 5% probability was used in the means of the stomatal conductance data, since this was monitored only in 2012. Final biomass production presented a reduction of 54.3% in 2012 and 26.4% in 2013 as a result of water deficit (DEF) of 76 and 26 mm, respectively. Mean stomatal conductance was reduced by 73% in the grain-filling stage as a result of the lower water availability during this period. Average cowpea productivity under water deficit reached 1,257 kg ha-1 in 2012 and 1,396 kg ha-1 in 2013. The reduction in water supply over the reproductive period significantly decreased production by 72 and 41% (F test, p < 0.05) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. An accumulated water deficit during the reproductive phase caused a maximum LAI reduction of 47% in 2012 (DEF of 76 mm) and of 13% in 2013 (DEF of 26 mm).

ABSTRACT The N:K ratio influences the balance between vegetative and reproductive stages, because potassium plays important roles in the processes that regulate plant growth when the nitrogen availability is high. However, there is a lack of information on the N:K ratio suitable for cucumber cultivation in an NFT-hydroponic system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the different N:K ratios in fruiting nutrient solutions for cucumber production in a hydroponic system. Treatments consisted of two cucumber hybrids (Natsuno Kagayaki and Runner) and four nutrition solutions with different N:K ratios (w/w) (1:0.5, 1:1.0, 1:2.0, and 1:3.0) in the reproductive phase arranged as split plots in a randomized block design with four replications. On the 33rd day after sowing (DAS), the SPAD index on the fourth expanded leaf from the plant apex, number of broaches, and harvests were evaluated. The aerial parts of the plants were collected on the 54th DAS for evaluation of fresh mass, dry mass, and number of leaves per plant. The results showed that the highest concentration of K in the fruiting nutrient solution does not alter the length of the fruits but increases their diameter yield. The N:K ratios in the 1:2.0 and 1:3.0 (w/w) nutrient solutions provided greater yields in both evaluated hybrids. The hybrid Natsuno Kagayaki, however, showed the highest productivity, and it is recommended for hydroponic cultivation. | RESUMO A relação N:K influencia o equilíbrio entre as fases vegetativa e reprodutiva, pois o potássio atua em processos que ajudam a regular o crescimento das plantas, quando a disponibilidade de nitrogênio é elevada. No entanto, há carência de informações sobre relações N:K adequadas para o cultivo do pepino em sistema hidropônico-NFT. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar diferentes relações N:K da solução nutritiva de frutificação para produção de pepino em sistema hidropônico. Os tratamentos foram dois híbridos de pepino (Natsuno Kagayaki e Runner) e quatro soluções nutritivas com diferentes relações N:K (p/p) (1:0,5; 1:1,0; 1:2,0 e 1:3,0) na fase de reprodutiva, arranjados como parcelas subdivididas, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Aos 33 dias após a semeadura (DAS) avaliou-se o índice SPAD, na quarta folha expandida, a partir do ápice da planta, o número de brotações e teve inicio as colheitas. Coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas para avaliação de massa fresca, massa seca e número de folhas por planta aos 54 DAS. Os resultados demonstraram que a maior concentração de K na solução nutritiva de frutificação não altera o comprimento dos frutos, mas aumenta o diâmetro e a produtividade. As relações de N:K na solução nutritiva de 1:2,0 e 1:3,0 (p/p) proporcionaram maiores produtividades para os híbridos estudados. Entretanto, o híbrido Natsuno Kagayaki apresentou maior produtividade, sendo o mais recomendado para o cultivo hidropônico.

The N:K ratio influences the balance between vegetative and reproductive stages, because potassium plays important roles in the processes that regulate plant growth when the nitrogen availability is high. However, there is a lack of information on the N:K ratio suitable for cucumber cultivation in an NFT-hydroponic system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the different N:K ratios in fruiting nutrient solutions for cucumber production in a hydroponic system. Treatments consisted of two cucumber hybrids (Natsuno Kagayaki and Runner) and four nutrition solutions with different N:K ratios (w/w) (1:0.5, 1:1.0, 1:2.0, and 1:3.0) in the reproductive phase arranged as split plots in a randomized block design with four replications. On the 33rd day after sowing (DAS), the SPAD index on the fourth expanded leaf from the plant apex, number of broaches, and harvests were evaluated. The aerial parts of the plants were collected on the 54th DAS for evaluation of fresh mass, dry mass, and number of leaves per plant. The results showed that the highest concentration of K in the fruiting nutrient solution does not alter the length of the fruits but increases their diameter yield. The N:K ratios in the 1:2.0 and 1:3.0 (w/w) nutrient solutions provided greater yields in both evaluated hybrids. The hybrid Natsuno Kagayaki, however, showed the highest productivity, and it is recommended for hydroponic cultivation.

The N:K ratio influences the balance between vegetative and reproductive stages, because potassium plays important roles in the processes that regulate plant growth when the nitrogen availability is high. However, there is a lack of information on the N:K ratio suitable for cucumber cultivation in an NFT-hydroponic system. The objective of this study is to evaluate the different N:K ratios in fruiting nutrient solutions for cucumber production in a hydroponic system. Treatments consisted of two cucumber hybrids (Natsuno Kagayaki and Runner) and four nutrition solutions with different N:K ratios (w/w) (1:0.5, 1:1.0, 1:2.0, and 1:3.0) in the reproductive phase arranged as split plots in a randomized block design with four replications. On the 33rd day after sowing (DAS), the SPAD index on the fourth expanded leaf from the plant apex, number of broaches, and harvests were evaluated. The aerial parts of the plants were collected on the 54th DAS for evaluation of fresh mass, dry mass, and number of leaves per plant. The results showed that the highest concentration of K in the fruiting nutrient solution does not alter the length of the fruits but increases their diameter yield. The N:K ratios in the 1:2.0 and 1:3.0 (w/w) nutrient solutions provided greater yields in both evaluated hybrids. The hybrid Natsuno Kagayaki, however, showed the highest productivity, and it is recommended for hydroponic cultivation. | A relação N:K influencia o equilíbrio entre as fases vegetativa e reprodutiva, pois o potássio atua em processos que ajudam a regular o crescimento das plantas, quando a disponibilidade de nitrogênio é elevada. No entanto, há carência de informações sobre relações N:K adequadas para o cultivo do pepino em sistema hidropônico-NFT. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar diferentes relações N:K da solução nutritiva de frutificação para produção de pepino em sistema hidropônico. Os tratamentos foram dois híbridos de pepino (Natsuno Kagayaki e Runner) e quatro soluções nutritivas com diferentes relações N:K (p/p) (1:0,5; 1:1,0; 1:2,0 e 1:3,0) na fase de reprodutiva, arranjados como parcelas subdivididas, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Aos 33 dias após a semeadura (DAS) avaliou-se o índice SPAD, na quarta folha expandida, a partir do ápice da planta, o número de brotações e teve inicio as colheitas. Coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas para avaliação de massa fresca, massa seca e número de folhas por planta aos 54 DAS. Os resultados demonstraram que a maior concentração de K na solução nutritiva de frutificação não altera o comprimento dos frutos, mas aumenta o diâmetro e a produtividade. As relações de N:K na solução nutritiva de 1:2,0 e 1:3,0 (p/p) proporcionaram maiores produtividades para os híbridos estudados. Entretanto, o híbrido Natsuno Kagayaki apresentou maior produtividade, sendo o mais recomendado para o cultivo hidropônico.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito da adubação com esterco bovino em atributos de fertilidade de solos com diferentes teores de argila e, verificar a influência da adubação com esterco bovino na produção de alface americana, e da rúcula e almeirão, cultivados de forma sucessiva a alface. O experimento foi realizado em vasos, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x6 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três solos com diferentes teores de argila (166; 362; 565 g kg-1) e seis doses de esterco bovino (0; 10; 20; 40; 80 e 160 t ha-1). Porções de cada solo receberam esterco bovino e calcário, foram transferidas para vasos, umedecidas e incubadas por 30 dias. A seguir, efetuou-se adubação mineral de plantio e cada vaso recebeu uma muda de alface. Após a colheita da alface, para avaliar o efeito residual da adubação orgânica foram realizados dois cultivos sucessivos, um de rúcula e outro de almeirão. A aplicação de até 160 t ha-1 de esterco bovino diminui a acidez e, aumenta os teores de nutrientes, particularmente P, K e Zn em solos com teores de argila de 165 a 565 g kg-1. A adubação com esterco bovino em doses de até 160 t ha-1 aumenta a condutividade elétrica dos solos, e esse acréscimo não prejudica o crescimento e a produção de hortaliças folhosas. A adubação com esterco bovino aumenta a produção de alface, como também a de rúcula e almeirão, cultivados de forma sucessiva. | ABSTRACT The effect of organic fertilization with cattle manure on fertility properties of soils with different clay contents was evaluated; as well as the influence of cattle manure fertilization on the production of lettuce, and on subsequent arugula and common chicory grown in these soils. The experiment with pot plants was arranged in randomized blocks and analyzed in a 3x6 factorial design with four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil types with different clay contents (166; 362; 565 g kg-1) and six cattle manure rates (0; 10; 20; 40; 80, and 160 t ha-1). Batches of each soil were manured, limed, filled in pots, moistened, and incubated for 30 days. Then, mineral base fertilization was applied and one lettuce seedling per each pot was grown. After lettuce harvest, the residual effect of organic fertilization was assessed in two subsequent crops, first arugula and then common chicory. The application of up to 160 t ha-1 cattle manure reduces soil acidity and increases nutrient contents, particularly of P, K and Zn, in soils with 165 to 565 g kg-1 clay content. Fertilization with cattle manure at rates of up to 160 t ha-1 increases electrical conductivity of soils, without affecting growth and yield of the leafy vegetables. Cattle manuring increases the yield of lettuce, as well as of arugula and common chicory grown afterwards.

The effect of organic fertilization with cattle manure on fertility properties of soils with different clay contents was evaluated; as well as the influence of cattle manure fertilization on the production of lettuce, and on subsequent arugula and common chicory grown in these soils. The experiment with pot plants was arranged in randomized blocks and analyzed in a 3x6 factorial design with four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil types with different clay contents (166; 362; 565 g kg-1) and six cattle manure rates (0; 10; 20; 40; 80, and 160 t ha-1). Batches of each soil were manured, limed, filled in pots, moistened, and incubated for 30 days. Then, mineral base fertilization was applied and one lettuce seedling per each pot was grown. After lettuce harvest, the residual effect of organic fertilization was assessed in two subsequent crops, first arugula and then common chicory. The application of up to 160 t ha-1 cattle manure reduces soil acidity and increases nutrient contents, particularly of P, K and Zn, in soils with 165 to 565 g kg-1 clay content. Fertilization with cattle manure at rates of up to 160 t ha-1 increases electrical conductivity of soils, without affecting growth and yield of the leafy vegetables. Cattle manuring increases the yield of lettuce, as well as of arugula and common chicory grown afterwards.