The supply adequate of lime and phosphorus fertiliz er for cowpea beans can contribute for the increased of the productivity and the nutritional v alue of the grains. Therefore the effect of the pho sphate fer- tilization and the base saturation was evaluated on the growth and the productivity of the cowpea bean s of a Typic Hapludox. The experimental delineation was bl ock randomized, with eight replicates in factorial project 4 x 2, corresponding to the combination of four of phosphorus (P) levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ) and two base saturations (50 and 60%). It was used to c ultivate BR3-Tracuateua, sown to provide 80,000 pla nts/ha. In period of flowering were collected two samples r epresentative in each plot for the determination of the dry mass aerial part. The dry mass aerial part producti on had a significant effect for interaction between the base saturation and phosphorus rate, the maximum product ion was reached in saturation of 50%, corresponding to the dose of 45 kg ha -1 . The components of output and weight of dry mass o f pods and grains also had signifi- cant effects on the interaction P x base saturation , and the highest production occurred in the base s aturation of 60% with the initial dose (25 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ) of phosphorus. The maximum production estimated o f grains that corresponding to 90% was hit with the doses of 11.3 and 10.2 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 , with base saturation of 60%.

There are few studies related to the in vitro cultivation of plants from theTheobroma genus and no effective micropropagation protocols for T.grandiflorum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the calli formation in cupuassu floral explants, targeting their organogenic or embryogenicdevelopment. Experiments were conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Floral parts from unopened immature flower buds taken from seedless cupuassu trees were sterilized and employed as a source of explants. These explants were cultivated in Petri dishes in an induction medium consisting of MS salts and vitamins, supplemented with glycine(3 mg.L-1), lysine (0,4 mg.L-1), leucine (0,4 mg.L-1), arginine (0,4 mg.L-1), tryptophan (0,2 mg.L-1), 2,4-D (1 mg.L-1), kinetin (0,25 mg.L-1), coconut water (50 ml.L-1), sucrose (40 g.L-1), Gelrite (2,2 g.L-1) and pH adjusted to 5,8. Cultures were maintained in the dark for 3 weeks at 27°C and then subcultured for six weeks in medium without growth regulators supplemented with glycine (1 mg.L-1), lysine (0,2 mg.L-1), leucine (0,2 mg.L-1), arginine (0,2 mg.L-1), tryptophan (0,1 mg.L-1), coconut water (100 ml.L-1), sucrose (40 g.L-1), Gelrite (2,2 g.L-1) and pH 5,8. We used a completely randomized design with 10 replications of 5 explants per plate and four different explant sources: staminode, petal, ligule and ovary. As a result, we obtained a highercalli formation in theinduction medium when ovaries were used as source of explants. However, there was no development of somatic embryosor organogenic response in medium without growth regulators and further studies are being conducted.

The replacement of the natural systems by sugar cane leads to fundamental alterations in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and consequently in the global cycle of these elements. This study was conducted in the municipality of Capim, Paraiba State, and the objective was to evaluate carbon and nitrogen stocks in soils of a natural forest in comparison to sugar cane with and without vinasse. The studied soil was a Dystrophic Gray Argisol. The soil samplings were performed in five replicates (five profiles) at the depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10- 20 e 20-40 cm. The systems were selected namely, native forest; sugar cane with vinasse and cane sugar with- out vinasse. The carbon and nitrogen contents and stocks decrease after the change of native forest to plant sugar cane. In general, there is not significant difference in the carbon and nitrogen contents and stocks be- tween the environments of cane sugar. The systems of cane sugar with and without vinasse are functioning as C -CO2 emitter when compared with the native forest.

Our objective was to evaluate the chemical composit ion and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of hydrolyzed sugar cane in different storage times . We conducted the trial in the Forage Sector at UN IFENAS, campus of Alfenas (MG) in 2010. The data were analy zed as completely randomized design in factorial sc heme 2 (sugar cane without lime and hydrolyzed with 1.0% of lime, basis of fresh matter) x 6 (six times of storage: 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours), with three replicate s. The sugar cane stored without lime showed lower dry mat- ter (DM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber an d acid detergent fiber contents compared to hydroly zed sugar cane. However, the hydrolyzed sugar cane showed hig her contents of organic matter (OM) and total diges tible nutrients. We reported higher in vitro digestibility of DM and OM when the sugar cane was not hydrolyzed. This can be explaining by better chemical compositi on of sugar cane without lime. The storage of sugar cane without lime shows results more interesting because the chemical composition and digestibility is bett er than hydrolyzed sugar cane. So, we not recommended using lime on the sugar cane. Moreover, the sugar cane w ith- out lime can be stored until 96 hours after cut.

Ziziphus joazeiro es un árbol fructífero endémico del bioma Caatinga, situada en la región semi- árida del noreste brasileño. No obstante su amplia importancia económica y ecológica, las informaciones sobre la comunidad de insectos asociados a esa especie vegetal son insuficientes. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un levantamiento de los insectos asociados a las flores de Z. joazeiro y observar el horario donde ocurre el mayor número de visitas. El estudio fue realizado dentro del bosque de Z. joazeiro ubicado en el Campus de la “Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido”, municipio de Mossoró, Estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. El muestreo fue efectuado durante el pico de floración entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2010. Una vez por semana se observaron cuatro árboles de Z. joazeiro, al acaso, desde las 05:00 hasta las 17:00 horas. Cada árbol fue observado durante 15 minutos y los insectos capturados con red entomológica. Los insectos asociados a Z. joazeiro pertenecen al orden Hymenoptera, representados por las familias Apidae, Vespidae, Crabronidae y Leucospidae y, al orden Diptera, con las familias Syrphidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Tabanidae, Dolichopodidae, Stratiomydae, Otitidae y Micropezidae. De todas las familias, Apidae, específicamente, Apis mellifera L., fue la que tuvo mayor frecuencia de visitas, con 48%, seguidas por Vespidae (31.4%) y Syrphidae (9%). En general, los insectos visitaron las flores de Z. joazeiro en mayor frecuencia durante el período matutino, con picos entre las 7:00 y 8:00 horas y entre las 11:00 y las 12:00 horas del día.

Chicory is a vegetable Amazon unconventional flavor that has attracted the attention of researchers for its great versatility, which makes it a promising vegetable. However, jobs are scarce in the literature on cultivation techniques for the species. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pruning tassel floral and different spacing, the yield on Amazon chicory. Three different spacings: E1 = 0.15 x 0.15 m, with 44 plants m2, E2 = 0.20 x 0.20 m, with 25 plants m2, and E3 = 0.25 x 0.25 m, with 16 plants m2, with and without pruning floral tassel. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a split plot design 3 x 2, with six replications. The characteristics evaluated were: number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots, number of tassel floral tassel floral fresh weight, yield (kg m-2), and leaf area index (LAI). The largest production of chicory Amazon was obtained in plants grown at a spacing of 0.25 x 0.25 m subjected to pruning floral tassel. The highest yield for Amazon chicory was obtained in plants grown at a spacing of 0.15 x 0.15 m submitted pruning floral tassel.

In the search for more sustainable energy sources, it has been invested in renewable energy sources like the biodiesel. However, for certification sustainable it is necessary that the energy generated by the biofuel is greater than the energy required for the entire production process. In this context, nitrogen fertilization has been a challenge because are large energy expenditures to obtain it, then, the use of alternative sources of nitrogen in agriculture may enable the environmentally friendly biodiesel. Thus, the objective this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of treated domestic sewage in the production of sunflower. The statistical design used was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water; plots were distributed five irrigation, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 of the evaporation of class “A” PAN. In subsubplots, we evaluated the effect of four doses of nitrogen fertilization 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1. The more positive energy balance of 1:1,30 and 1:1,36 was obtained with irrigation of 222.48 mm and nitrogen levels of 50 and 25 kg ha-1, irrigated with well water and sewage, respectively.

The use of manure as a nutrient source is of fundam ental importance in the restoration and maintenance of soil fertility, especially in semiar id regions. The purpose of this study was to evalua te the nutri- ent release during decomposition of different manur es in the Paraíba semiarid region. The experiment w as con- ducted at the Experimental Field belonging Embrapa, in Patos/PB. The treatments were arranged in block s with split plot with four replications using a factorial arrangement 4 x 2 x 6, referring to four types of manure (donkey, cow, goat and sheep), two forms of deposit ion (surface soil and buried 10 cm deep) and six sa mpling times for assessment (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after the experiment). Were determined the con centra- tions of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The N in goat and shee p manure were higher than 50% of the donkey and cat tle manure and also showed the highest levels of calciu m and magnesium. The sheep and cattle manure showed the highest levels of phosphorus and potassium, res pectively. The goat and sheep manure showed the hig hest levels of N, Ca and Mg. The release of nutrients fr om manure spread on the soil surface and incubated showed little variation in the initial phase of the experi mental period. Increases in soil water content prov ided higher activity of the microbial community, with more inte nse release of nutrients in the manure treatments were in- cubated in soil.