ABSTRACT Water deficit is a current problem of global relevance. This is a problem in Brazil, especially in the Semiarid region, which undergoes severe droughts for much of the year. This requires the search for alternatives, such as the planned wastewater use, which is a successful alternative in developed countries that is applied for various purposes, including agriculture. However, despite the increasing growth of agriculture in Brazil, there are no established control and monitoring policies to minimize its impacts on the environment and human health. The country does not have specific legislation that defines wastewater quality parameters for domestic sewage. The objective of this work was to compile international guidelines and legislations that address this issue and compare them with the national normative resolutions for quality of wastewater and its different uses. The most relevant and locally applicable parameters described in these documents were listed, and the reference limits were defined by comparing them with those found in the scientific literature applied to the Brazilian context. This compilation represents the first step towards the incorporation of regulations for water reuse, having the Brazilian Semiarid region as a first test field, but with expandable application to different regions of the country. | RESUMO O déficit hídrico é uma problemática atual de relevância mundial. No Brasil, em especial no semiárido, essa realidade alcança níveis elevados de seca em boa parte do ano, sendo necessária a busca de alternativas mitigadoras, como o reúso planejado de águas residuárias, alternativa instaurada com sucesso nos países desenvolvidos, aplicado para diversos fins, inclusive na agricultura. No cenário nacional, mesmo diante do acentuado crescimento dessa atividade, não existem, políticas definidas de controle e monitoramento que visam minimizar impactos causados ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Ademais, o país não dispõe de legislação específica que contemple parâmetros da qualidade de água de reúso proveniente de esgoto doméstico. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as diretrizes e legislações internacionais que tratam dessa temática associadas às normativas nacionais que discorrem sobre a qualidade da água de reúso em suas diversas aplicações. Foram elencados os parâmetros de maior relevância e aplicabilidade local, descritos nesses documentos, e os limites de referência definidos a partir da comparação com a bibliografia científica aplicada ao contexto brasileiro. Essa compilação representa o primeiro passo para uma futura incorporação regulamentar da atividade de reúso de águas, tendo como campo primário de aplicação o semiárido, mas expansível às diversas regiões do país.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the production, chemical composition and hygienic -sanitary parameters of the milk of Murrah buffaloes raised in the northeastern semi-arid region. Data from 13,752 observations of lactations collected from the years of 2013 to 2016 from a herd in Rio Grande do Norte were used. The milk quality through chemical composition (contents of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids), somatic cell counts (CCS), and milk production was evaluated. Data were submitted to Pearson correlation, factorial analysis, multivariate analysis of variance per year, and per period (dry, rainy and transition) and canonical discriminant analysis by year and period. A high and positive correlation was observed for total solids and fat (0.91) and positive correlation for protein and total solids, yield, and lactose. Through factor analysis, four factors were selected that explained 88% of the total variation. The first factor was considered "milk quality factor, " the second factor as "milk production factor," and the third factor as " sanity factor." There was significant effect based on year but not significant effect based on period for the studied variables. In the canonical discriminant analysis per year, the discriminant power variables were (CCS), milk production and total solids. For periods were protein, production, lactose, fat, and total solids. Multivariate analysis was efficient in evaluating the production and chemical composition of buffalo milk and can be safely used in future studies. | RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a produção, composição química e parâmetro de qualidade higiênico sanitária do leite de búfalas da raça Murrah criadas no semiárido nordestino. Foram utilizados dados de 13.752 observações de lactações coletados dos anos de 2013 a 2016 em plantel no Rio Grande do Norte. Foram avaliadas a qualidade do leite através da composição química (teores de gordura, proteína, lactose, e sólidos totais), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e produção do leite. Os dados foram submetidos a correlação de Pearson, análise fatorial, análise de variância multivariada por ano e por período (seco, chuvoso e transição) e análise discriminante canônica por ano e por período. Correlação alta e positiva foi observada para sólidos totais e gordura (0,91), e correlação positiva para proteína e sólidos totais, produção e lactose. Por meio da análise fatorial, foram selecionados 3 fatores que explicaram 88% da variação total. O primeiro fator foi considerado "fator qualidade do leite", o segundo fator como "fator produção de leite" e o terceiro como "fator sanidade". Houve efeito significativo de ano e não significativo de períodos para as variáveis estudadas. Na análise discriminante canônica por ano as variáveis de poder maior discriminante foram (CCS), produção de leite e sólidos totais. Dentro de período, as variáveis mais discriminantes foram proteína, produção, lactose, gordura e sólidos totais. As análises multivariadas mostram-se eficiente na avaliação da produção e composição química do leite búfala, podendo ser usada com segurança em futuros estudos dessa natureza.

RESUMO A umbu-cajazeira (Spondias sp.), frutífera nativa do Nordeste brasileiro, produz frutos muito valorizados pelas agroindústrias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de agroquímicos e lesões no enraizamento e na formação de mudas/estacas, foi conduzido na Embrapa em Pacajus, CE, em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos: T1 = testemunha, T2 = estacas feridas + Sela Gel®, T3 = estacas feridas + Radimax®, T4 = estacas incisadas + Sela Gel® e T5 = estacas incisadas + Radimax®. Os ambientes (blocos): pleno sol; teto com plena sombra; sombrite 50% nas laterais e no teto; e sombrite 50% no teto. As parcelas tinham oito estacas, totalizando 160 estacas. Dos propágulos retirados de plantas, preparam-se estacas lenhosas, com 25 cm de comprimento e médias de 29,7 mm de diâmetro e 8,7 gemas/estaca. Em seguida foram tratadas com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,05%/4 minutos; depois fez-se os ferimentos e as incisões e aplicou-se o Sela Gel® por pincelamento e o Radimax® por imersão em solução de 10 mL/L d'água/10 minutos. O plantio foi em vasos plásticos pretos, com capacidade 6L, cheios com vermiculita + pó de cascas de coco + bagana de carnaúba triturada + cascas de arroz carbonizada (2:1:1:1, v/v), previamente pasteurizados. Entre os tratamentos e os blocos houve diferenças significativas. A incisão e a aplicação do Sela Gel® induziram a formação de calo, o enraizamento e a formação de mudas vigorosas, enquanto o Radimax® não induziu o enraizamento. | ABSTRACT Umbu-caja (Spondias sp.) is a fruit tree native to the Northeast region of Brazil, which is grown because of its highly valuable fruits for fruit processing industries. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of agrochemical applications and cutting types on the rooting and development of Spondias sp. plantlets. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, in Pacajus, CE, Brazil. A randomize block experimental design was used, with five treatments - control (T1); cuttings with two lesions at the base (CL) + rooting gel (RG) (Sela Gel®) (T2); CL + rooting fertilizer (RF) (Radimax®) (T3); cuttings with two transversal cross sections at the base (CS) + RG (T4); and CS + RF (T5). The environments (blocks) used were: full sun; 100% shade ceiling; 50% shade walls and ceiling; and 50% shade ceiling. The plots consisted of eight cuttings, totaling 160 cuttings. Propagules were taken from Spondias sp. plants to make woody cuttings with length of 25 cm, diameter of 29.7 mm, and mean bud per cutting of 8.7. All cuttings were immediately treated with a 0.05% sodium hypochlorite solution for four minutes before making the lesions and transversal cross sections and applying the treatments. The RG was applied by brushstroke, and the RF was applied by immersion in an aqueous solution of 10 mL L-1 for 10 minutes. The cuttings were planted into 6-liter black plastic pots filled with a pasteurized mixture of vermiculite, coconut husk powder, ground leaf fibers of Copernicia prunifera, and carbonized rice husk (2:1:1:1; v v-1). The treatments and blocks significantly affected the rooting and development of cuttings. The treatment with CS and application of the RG (T4) promoted root callus formation, rooting, and vigorous development of plantlets, whereas the RF (T3 and T5) failed to promote root formation.

RESUMO O cultivo do maracujazeiro-azedo Passiflora edulis (Sims, 1818) vem obtendo destaque na fruticultura nacional devido ao aumento do consumo tanto da fruta fresca, como processada. Contudo, perdas pelo ataque de percevejos (Hemiptera: Coreidae) vêm preocupando fruticultores da região sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência e o controle de percevejos em pomar de maracujazeiro-azedo P. edulis, através da utilização de inseticidas naturais e sintéticos nas safras de 2013/14 e 2014/15 em Araquari/SC. A ocorrência de percevejos foi estudada através de amostragens utilizando a técnica do quadro de madeira com dimensão de 0,25 m2. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente durante as duas safras. As espécies e a distribuição dos percevejos nas diferentes partes da planta foram quantificadas. Os inseticidas utilizados foram: Neenmax (Azadiractina 1,0%) na dose de 10 mL/L; Orobor N1 (Ácido cítrico N 1,0% + B 0,20%) 2 mL/L; Decis 25 EC (Deltametrina 2,5%) 1 mL/L, diluídos em solução aquosa. Foram observados exemplares de três espécies de percevejos, sendo 86% Diactor bilineatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae); 13,5% Holhymenia histrio (Hemiptera: Coreidae) e 0,5% de Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). D. bilineatus apresentou alta frequência, constância e dominância durante as safras avaliadas. Os percevejos encontravam-se 64% sobre os frutos, 18,5% sobre as folhas, 7,3% sobre os botões florais, 5,8% sobre as flores e 4,4 % sobre os ramos. A pulverização com Azadiractina e Deltametrina foram eficientes para reduzir a infestação de percevejos e ocorrência de frutos murchos no pomar de maracujazeiro-azedo. | ABSTRACT Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, 1818) crops in Brazil are drawing attention due to the national production, and the increasing consumption of this fruit as fresh and processed products. However, fruit losses due to damages caused by stink bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are concerning to fruit growers in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population fluctuation and control of stink bugs in P. edulis crops grown in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 crop seasons in Araquari, SC, Brazil, using natural and synthetic insecticides. The stink bug population was evaluated using the 0.25 m2 frame technique. The evaluations were carried out weekly during the two crop seasons. The species and distribution of stink bugs in the different parts of the plant were evaluated. The insecticides and rates used were: Neenmax (azadirachtin 1.0%) at 10 mL L-1; Orobor N1 (N-citric acid 1.0% + 0.20% B) at 2 mL L-1; and Decis 25 EC (deltamethrin 2.5%) at 1 mL L-1, diluted in aqueous solution. Specimens of three stink bug species where found: 86% Diactor bilineatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae); 13.5% Holhymenia histrio (Hemiptera: Coreidae), and 0.5% Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The D. bilineatus species presented higher frequency, constancy, and dominance during the evaluated crop seasons; 64% of the stink bugs were found on fruits, 18.5% on leaves, 7.3% on floral buds, 5.8% on flowers, and 4.4% on branches. The use of azadirachtin or deltamethrin was efficient to reduce the stink bug infestation and the number of P. edulis withered fruits.

Brave bean (Capparis flexuosa L.) is a Caatinga species that is used as forage, mainly during the dry season when some plant species lose their leaves. The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity within and among brave bean populations using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Brave bean leaves were collected from 30 accessions in the following municipalities of Paraíba state, Brazil: Barra de Santa Rosa (BSR), Cuité (C), São João do Cariri (SJC), Damião (D), Baraúna (B), and Picuí (P). DNA extraction followed the standard methodology of CTAB with modifications. RAPD analyses were carried out using 18 primers, and polymorphism of the amplified DNA fragments was visualized using agarose gel electrophoresis. Data were used to calculate Jaccard Similarity Coefficient values, which were then used to group samples with the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient, Stress, and Distortion Coefficient values were also calculated from these analyses. Band polymorphism was generated with 14 primers, but the sampled populations showed low numbers of polymorphic loci (27 in BSR, 18 in C, 7 in SJC, 9 in D, and 0 in B and P). The highest polymorphic information content was found in samples from the BSR (9 groups), C (22 groups), SJC (7 groups), and D (6 groups) municipalities. In the interpopulation analysis, 34 groups were formed, the matrices of which showed high cophenetic correlations (0.95 to 0.98), but low stress (12.9 to 17.45%) and distortion (3.05%). Therefore, results showed that there was genetic variability both among and within brave bean populations.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of bovine biofertilizer on yield and post harvest of the strawberry crop in different growing environments. The experiment was carried out in two cycles of production, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in subdivided plots, where the plots were of three cultivated environments (A1 = protected environment with screens, cold-water spraying, and white floor; A2 = environment with full sun, cold-water spraying, and white floor; A3 = environment with full sun, no cold-water spraying, and grey floor). The subplots consisted of five doses of biofertilizer (D1 = 0,0, D2 = 500, D3 = 750, D4 = 1000 and D5 = 1250 mL plant-1 week -1), with five replications. In the two-year period, the dose was higher in the protected environment of the weed type, with nebulization and on the white floor, at the dose of 500 mL week-1 plant-1 in the first cycle and 325 mL week-1 plant-1 in the second cycle. The dose of bovine biofertilizer of 1250 mL week-1 plant-1 promotes a longer duration and duration of the first cycle. During the second cycle, as the bovine biofertilizer doses of 585 and 620 provide higher and lower output than the protected environment. The environment without nebulization and on the floor without painting, the best soluble practices (Brix) in relation to the protected environment of the type screened and a full sun with nebulization.

Water availability and substrate type are essential factors in seed germination tests, influencing imbibition and seedling development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two substrates and different water volumes on the germination and vigor of chia seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, which consisted of two substrates, paper towel (Germitest®) and blotting paper, soaked with six water volumes equivalent to 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 times their dry weight, in four replicates of 50 seeds each. Germination percentage, mean time of germination, shoot length, radicle length, shoot dry matter, radicle dry matter, total dry matter (seedling), and root/shoot ratio were evaluated. Based on our results, germination tests for seeds of chia should be conducted using blotting paper (on paper) as substrate, with a water volume of 2.5 to 4.0 times its dry weight. Chia seedlings grown on blotting paper showed greater growth and dry matter accumulation compared to those grown on paper towel.

Vegetable production is an impactful activity, characterized by intensive land use, high input demand, and it requires strategic management adoption, especially in sustainable production systems, where the pillars of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) must be respected. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate economic indicators of lettuce production using Caatinga spontaneous species (Calotropis procera: rooster tree) as fertilizer and cultivated in two seasons (spring and fall-winter) in the municipality of Serra Talhada, PE. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. The first factor was the biomass amounts of green manure (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry basis); and the second was their incorporation times in the soil (0, 10, 20 and 30 days before lettuce transplanting). The green mass yield, production costs, rate of return, and net profit margin were determined. The amount 15.6 t ha-1 of C. procera allowed higher profitability to the organic production of lettuce, and it is considered ideal to incorporate the green manure 11 (spring) and 15 (fall-winter) days before transplanting the vegetable. The spring crop promoted a superior economic return to the fall-winter planting, demonstrating economic viability even in the smallest amount of C. procera.

The presence of microorganisms, especially during storage, can lead to the rapid deterioration of macauba fruits (Acrocomia aculeata) and reduce the quality of extracted oil for biodiesel production. An alternative to ensure the quality of the oil is the use of ozone gas, a oxidizing agent that has high antimicrobial and sanitizing power. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of high concentrations of ozone gas on macaúba fruit and its effect on the quality of the oil throughout storage for the production of biodiesel. Ozonation was performed 20 days after harvest using fruits with and without the epicarp. Ozone was applied at a concentration of 18.0 mg L-1 and a flow of 1.5 L min-1 for 10 h. After ozonation, the fruits were stored for different periods, and the physical-chemical parameters of the oil were evaluated. The ozonation of fruits without the epicarp visually reduced microorganism attack. In general, the ozonation process of macauba fruits maintained the visual characteristics of the fruits and the physical-chemical characteristics of the oil for biodiesel production compared to untreated fruits. The average acidity values of the oil were lower in the treatments with the ozone gas. Removal of the epicarp tends to facilitate the ozonation process, potentially by improving gas penetration into the fruit.

Sunflower can be an economically viable crop in the Northeast region of Brazil depending on the use of appropriate irrigation and fertilization managements. The objective of this work was to evaluate production components of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) of the BRS-324 cultivar subjected to different organic fertilizer rates (goat manure) and irrigation water depths in two crop cycles (November 2014 to February 2015; and August to November 2015). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a split-split-plot arrangement, consisting of five organic fertilizer rates (OFR) (0, 300, 600, 900, and 1.200 mL plant-1 week-1) and five irrigation water depths (IWD) (33; 66; 100; 133, and 166% of the class A tank evaporation), with three blocks. The highest achene yield (1,220.78 kg ha-1) in the first cycle was found using OFR of 1,200 mL plant-1 week-1 and IWD of 134.9% (524.9 mm); and the highest yield (882.07 kg ha-1) in the second crop cycle was found using the highest OFR combined with IWD of 166% (843.0 mm). The use of goat manure as organic fertilizer had no effect on the sunflower oil content; however, this variable was affected by the irrigation water depths used. Protein content was higher in the second crop cycle (14%) when using IWD of 100% and OFR of 536 mL plant-1 week-1.