Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and dry rot (Phoma caricae-papayae) of papaya (Carica papaya) reduce fruit post-harvest storage life. Therefore, this study evaluated under laboratory conditions the effect of the hydrothermal treatment of fruits on these diseases. Two types of tests were conducted: (1) fruit immersion in hot water (48 ºC) for 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min; and, (2) fruit immersion in hot water at 44, 46, 48 and 50 ºC / 20 min. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Two isolates of C. gloeosporioides and one of P. caricae-papayae were tested in papaya fruits of cv. 'Sunrise Solo' and hybrid ‘Tainung 1’. Fruits were washed, wounded (3mm), inoculated (50μL, 106 conidia mL-1), placed in humid chamber (24 h), and then treated. After treatment, fruits were water cooled (13ºC/20 min) and stored (14 days) in cold chamber (13 ºC; 85-100% R.H.). Daily the diameter of lesions was evaluated for two weeks. Variations on time and temperature did not alter fruit firmness (kg cm-2), pH, total soluble solids (o Brix) e tritable acidity (% of citric acid) in comparison to non-treated fruits. However, in one case on ‘Tainung 1’ fruits, tritable acidity was higher at 48 ºC / 20 min. Fruits treated with hot water at 48 ºC / 20-30 min or 48-50 ºC / 20 min presented less fruit rots.

This study aimed to evaluate antagonism and metabolites produced by different species of Ba- cillus in the inhibition of mycelial growth in vitro against F. oxysporum f. sp . lycopersici . For evaluating the antagonism of Bacillus spp. F. oxysporum f. sp . lycopersici was performed pairing of fungus and bacteria by the method of the circle. In the method for detection for the quality for thermostable metabolites liquids. Media BD were used for growth of the isolated Bacillus sp. And incubated for 15 days. After this period, was added 3 g of agar in each flask, and autoclaved broth and poured into Petri dishes. In the center of the plates were placed discs culture of the pathogen. The experimental design was completely randomized with 11 treatments and six repetitions in both experiments. Statistical difference was found between the isolate and the control. Special mention to strains B12 ( Bacillus sp.), B41 ( B. cereus ), B22' ( B.pentothenticus ), B45 ( B. cereus ), B47 ( B. cereus ) that exhibited the lowest average diameter of the colony. To study the inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by thermostatable metabolites five differ statistically from the control they are: B35 ( B. pumilus ), B47 ( B. cereus ), B22' ( B. pentothenticus ), B12 ( Bacillus sp.) and B41 ( B. cereus ) the latter two treatments showed the best results of the pathogen colony diameters and 3.81 to 2.89 cm, respective- ly. B12 and B41 Isolates showed that their antibiotic products were able to inhibit 67.88 % and 57,66 % of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici . These results highlight the possibility of using isolates of the genus Bacillus in the fight against fusarium wilt in tomato.

The morphogenesis determines the model of plant growth, and is, among other factors, under the influence of nutrient availability. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of using wastewater from the dairy industry (RLL) as a supplier of nutrients in the morphogenesis of grass Mombaça. For this we studied six doses of liquid dairy waste, corresponding to: 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 m³ ha-1 evaluated in four production cycles and compared to chemical fertilizer. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications compounds. We measured the characteristics of expansion and leaf appearance, leaf senescence, stem elongation and tillering. The application of wastewater from the dairy industry has positively influenced the leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate, stem elongation rate and the rate of tillering. A reduction in the rate leaf senescence and the phyllochron in the grass. The application of 400 m³ ha-¹ RLL guarantees satisfactory morphogenic indices in intensive grazing system, replacing up to 25% of phosphorus and potassium fertilization of 100%, having also a positive residual effect on the growth of grass. The liquid waste is a potential supplier of dairy grazing potassium for the pastures.

The management when done so improperly can cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of physical attributes in a dystrophic Oxisol under different vegetation covers and managements in the city of Chain southern state of Piauí. The experimental design was randomized using a split-plot with four types of cropping systems and four sampling depths, with three replications. Cropping systems were studied: Nim (Azadirachta indica), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Brachiaria decumbens and Native Forest sampling depths 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0, 30 and 0.30-0.40 m. The effects of hedges and management on soil physical properties in different soil depths were recorded from the analysis of variance and treatment means compared by Tukey p <0.05. Determinations were carried out density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, and resistance to penetration in all cropping systems. The elephant grass and native forest had the lowest values of penetration resistance and bulk density, higher values of total porosity and macroporosity, reflecting better physical condition of the soil. The area with Nim and Brachiaria was influenced by animal trampling, thus causing increase of soil density and hence the resistance to penetration.

The systems of harvesting sugar cane can cause changes in fertility, quantity and quality of organic matter and the degree of oxidation, altering soil carbon stocks. Given this context, the objective was to evaluate the production of dry biomass (DB), soil fertility, the content of total organic carbon (TOC), the car- bon in particle size fractions (particulate organic carbon (COp) and organic carbon associated with minerals (COam)) and oxidizable organic matter fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F1 / F4) in manual harvesting (CMa) and mechanized (CMe) of sugar cane. The sampling for biomass production was conducted in area of 1 m 2 at four points per plot, soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00 - 0.05; 0.05 - 0.10; 0.10 - 0.20 and 0.20 - 0.40 m. The average annual production of dry biomass in the area CMe was 17 times higher when compared to the area of CMa; The pH and phosphorus content was significantly lower in the larger depths area CMa when compared with that of Cme; the harvesting system caused significant CMe in TOC, COp and COam depth 0.00 - 0.05 m increases when compared to the CMa system; There were not significant differences in the oxidizable fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) of the organic carbon in the areas of CMa and CMe.

It characterization of the variability of soil attributes is necessary so that we can interpret the possible causes of variations in crop yields, because the soil has, naturally, heterogeneity its attributes. Thus, the objective of this study was analyze the spatial variability and dependecy, through the tool GS+, the physical attributes of a typic fluvia underwent two systems use and management of soil: disking and mowing lines. The area managed by disking for over 10 years has 0.5 ha and the area mowing between the lines 13 years ago has 2.3 ha both located on the systematic plan of Experimental Farm in the Valley Curu, Pentecoste. Soil samples were taken in both disturbed and undisturbed areas obeying the spacing of 15 x 15 m, 21 in the area with har- rowing and 78 in the area by mowing between the rows. The density was the only attribute which there wasn’t spatial dependence structure. The other attributes (sand, clay, silt, micro and macroporosity and gravimetric soil moisture and the mechanical resistance to penetration) showed spatial dependence of medium until high. It was observed in the mowing area is made between the lines showed lower values macroporosity and high penetra- tion resistance, the constraint condition for the growth of roots.

Studies related to the absorptions and nutrient partitioning in organs of irrigated beans are scarce and very important for the improvement of different fertilization models. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of irrigated common bean in winter, through biomass production and nutrients uptake to organs and shoots. We used a randomized block design with three replications and seven composed of time periods of plant collection (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after plant emergence) with separation in leaves, stem, flower+pod and grains. After determination of dry matter, the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S absorbed by shoots and components of bean was estimated. Nonlinear sigmoid and gaussian models were fitted to characterize biomassa production and nutrient uptake during bean growth. The absorption of by bean decreasing in the following order, in kg ha-1: 138 K, 112 N, 66 Ca, 16 P, 11 S and 7 Mg, indicating the high absorption of K and N and demand of K replacement by top dressing. During the initial growth stage, leaves were responsible for 80% of macronutrients accumulation in shoots. In the final growth stage, grains exported 90, 75 and 65% of P, N and Mg absorbed, showing its high export rate.

The Ceara State has a variety of species of non-traditional fruits that are consumed in natura and/or processed by local population, with economic potential for agro-industrial processing, however, still poorly studied. In this context, the aim of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability of puçazeiro ‘Coroa de Frade’, native tree from coastal vegetation of Beberibe, Ceará, Brazil, by physico-chemical and chemical characteristics of their fruits. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated. The traits analyzed were: soluble solids (SS), titrable acidity (TA) (% of citric acid), pH, SS/TA ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars, starch and, total and soluble pectin. The genotypes were characterized as a good alternative to the market of exotic fruits, showing high values of SS (20,40 a 31,00 °Brix) and low mean values of titrable acidity (0,27 a 0,58 % of citric acid), producing SS/TA ratio ranged between 37,5 and 102,43, with emphasis on the genotype '8', which pre- sented SS/TA ratio of 95.05. The genotypes showed fruit netting with high starch (> 1%). The values of total pectin (0.35 to 0.98%) and soluble pectin (0.13 to 0.74%) reinforcing the use of this fruits in the industry, with low cost to manufacture of candy and jellies. The repeatability analysis showed that most of the observed varia- tion among genotypes is associated with the genetic component. Therefore, it can be concluded that the studied genotypes of puçazeiro 'Coroa de Frade' showed wide genetic variability and have fruits indicated even for fresh consumption as well as for processing.

This study was carried out during April to August of year 2009, in field conditions at the horti- culture department Centro de Ciências Agrárias – Universidade Federal da Paraíba, in Areia – PB, aiming to evaluate the effect of nitrogen rates in the presence and absence of bovine manure in the sweet potato yield. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with four repetitions in factorial scheme 6 x 2, being six nitrogen doses ( 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kg ha-1 of nitrogen) in the presence and absence of bovine manure. The evaluated variables were commercial roots average weight, commercial roots production plant-1 and com- mercial productivity of roots. The average weight of commercial roots, depending on nitrogen doses in the presence of bovine manure has increased in a linear way in order 0,31 g each kg of nitrogen applied, with maxi- mum weight 233,6 g with 250 kg of nitrogen ha-1. In bovine manure absence it was achieved average weight of 192,1 g. The maximum productivity of commercial roots plant-1 in the presence of bovine manure was 235,42 g, obtained with 243,75 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. In organic fertilizer absence, it was achieved the average of 127,1 g of commercial roots plant-1, depending on nitrogen doses. The dose of 183 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was responsible by maximum productivity of 13,6 t ha-1 of commercial roots, in the presence of bovine manure, while in its absence was achieved medium productivity of 7,9 t ha-1. The cattle manure increased the efficiency of nitrogen production characteristics of sweet potato and set nitrogen use in coverage and cattle manure at planting pro- vides marketable yield of sweet potato than the national average.

Boron deficiency in sunflower cultivation can cause decreased production, mainly by the fall of the inflorescence diameter. Most soils, especially in the tropics present low content of boron (B) available. To ascertain the response of sunflower to boron application in different orders of tropical soils with different tex- tures, we carried out an experiment under controlled condition. Were applied to the soil samples collected in the layer 0-20 cm, four doses of B as boric acid (H3BO3) in solutions at concentrations of 0.0; 0.04; 0.08 and 0.16 mol m-3. The soils were: PAC - Argissolo Acinzentado; PVe - Argissolo Vermelho eutrófico; PVA - Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo; RL - Neossolo Litólico; RY - Neossolo Flúvico; VX - Vertissolo Háplico. The experimental design used was a randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 6 (doses x soils) with four replica- tions and one plant per pot. Quantification of B content was performed by extraction method with barium chlo- ride solution of 5.0 mol m-3 subjected to heating with microwave radiation and determining the B content in the soil was performed by colorimetric technique using the azomethine-H reagent. The contents at levels sufficient to allow the soil B established independent of the dose added, a yield exceeding 90% yield on. The highest dry matter yield of sunflower was associated with the B concentration in the soil between 0.04 and 0.08 mol m-3 and there was a decrease with higher concentrations.