The aim of this study was to analyze the physical characteristics of the fruits of cocoa and co- coa producing clonal CCN - 51 submitted to irrigation and nitrogen fertigation applied in semi - arid of Bahia in an experiment conducted in the field on the property in Vale do Sol, Jequié, BA. The statistical experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial with treatments consisting of the sheets of water (L1 = 1146.35 mm, L2 = 1335.66 mm 1525.58 mm = L3, L4 = 1717.58 mm) and the nitrogen (N1 = 249.3 kg ha - 1 , N2 = 307.2 kg ha - 1 , N3 = 365.0 kg ha - 1 , N4 = 422.9 kg ha - 1 ), with four replications. Nitrogen doses and the in- teraction between them with water slides positively influenced the number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plant and weight of almonds per fruit; water slides influenced the number of fruits per plant clonal cacao CCN - 51. The water slides, nitrogen and the interaction between these positively influenced the production of dry almonds of cocoa clonal CCN - 51. Treatment L3 N3 showed higher productivity of cocoa almonds for sale with 1025.69 kg ha - 1 .

Aiming to evaluate the sorghum intercropping on the line in two seeding dephts of brachiaria species, a trial was conducted on the field in february 2009 in Rio Verde, GO. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2x3+1+3, with four replications, being made up two brachiaria sowing depths (2 and 10 cm), three brachiaria species (Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. ruziziensis) intercropped with the sorghum DKB 599, plus four additional treatments of sorghum and brachiaria monocultures. At 52 days after to harvest the sorghum grains, it was made up the cutting on brachiaria at 30 cm from the soil to explore the regrowth of plants in off-season cultivation, and further evaluation of forage yield at 36 days after the cutting. The intercropping in the line with B. brizantha, at 2 or 10 cm sowing depth, and with B. decumbens, sown at 2cm, appeared as the most promising for sorghum grain production. The brachiaria and sorghum intercropping in the line increased the total dry matter and crude protein yields. The regrowth of brachiaria plants in the intercropping showed to be a technique viable for forage production and soil cover in dry season at Brazil cerrado.

The objective of this st udy was to prepare drinks type soursop nectars sweetened with honey from Apis mellifera , by use of experimental planning, varying the concentrations of pulp and soluble solids content and evaluate the effect of these in the physical and chemical characteristics of processed drinks. Were used a factorial planning 2 2 with three experiments in central point resulting in seven experiments. The soursop pulp was diluted with potable water to obtain products in the concentrations of 25, 30 and 35% (w/w) of pulp. The correction of soluble solids to 11, 12 and 13 °Brix was made using honey from A. mellifera . It was ob- served that all formulations of drinks type soursop nectar sweetened with honey were in accordance with bra- zilian legislation. The mathematical equations fitted to the data of titratable acidity, total sugar, ratio, brightness and intensity of yellow were significant, and only the models fitted to the values of titratable acidity, total sug- ars and ratio were predictive. The responses of titratable acidity, total sugar, ratio, brightness and yellow color intensity were influenced by factors pulp concentration and total soluble solids content, wherein the concentra- tion of soursop pulp had greater influence on the acidity and the ratio and the content final total soluble solids of the beverages, modified by the addition of honey, showed greater influence on the content of total sugars and lightness values. The yellow intensity response showed influences of both factors.

The cowpea considered one of the main dietary sources of tropical and subtropical regions. To population of the regions North and Northeast of Brazil represents an important socioeconomic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth characteristics of cowpea under the residual effect of phosphorus fertilization. Research conducted on the screened greenhouse of the Department of Soil Science and Agricul- tural Engineering, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB. The substrates used were materials Oxisol textures of sandy clay and sandy clay franc that we fertilized with levels of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1 of P2O5. After fertilization, the cultures we performed with sunflower, corn and beans, respectively. Were analyzed the stem diameter, main branch length, leaf area, shoot dry weight and water con- sumption. The effect of residual phosphorus was significant for leaf area, dry weight of shoots and water con- sumption. The effect of soil was significant for all variables evaluated, except for the consumption of water. Phosphorus fertilization in sunflower, followed by maize cultivation has a positive effect on growth and water use by cowpea, third culture. The Oxisol of sandy clay loam texture led to the highest in diameter at ground level, main branch length and leaf area of cowpea.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential for milk production (MP), lactation length (LL) and calv- ing interval (CI), analyze the environmental component affecting these traits, and to estimate the heritability and repeatability for milk production in crossbreds of Murrah buffalo cows in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. Data was composed of 487 observations of MP from 136 lactations recorded between the years of 2000 and 2010. In the analysis of variance for PL, the fixed effects were season (1- October to March, 2 -April to September) and year of the beginning of lactation, calving order and the LL (covariate). For the analysis of LL only the fixed effect of year of the beginning of lactation was included, and finally for the CI analysis, year of the beginning of lactation and calving order. The estimates of covariance were obtained using unicharacteristic analysis by Bayesian inference method, applyingan animal model, through Gibbs sampling. The additive genetic, perma- nent environment and residual effects were included as random effects in the model. The averages (sd) of MP, LL and CI were 2,218.03 kg (408.18), 282.59 days (39.48) e 422.49 days (91.05), respectively. All the effects included in the models were important (P<0.01). The estimates of heritability and repeatability for PL were 0.29 and 0.69, respectively. The results suggest that there is a moderate genetic variability among individuals for PL, indicating the possibility to obtain gain using selection.

Fueron conducidos dos experimentos individuales en el municipio de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Se empleó dos cultivares de melón, ‘Olimpic express’ (del tipo Cantaloupo) e ‘Iracema’ (del tipo Amarillo), para evaluar el crecimiento y la acumulación de macronutrientes, bajo el diseño de bloques al azar con siete tratamientos (épocas de muestreo) y tres repeticiones. Los muestreos de plantas fueron realizados a los 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 y 56 días después del trasplante (DDT). El crecimiento fue lento hasta 28 DDT en ambos cultivares evaluados, intensificándose en el periodo siguiente, alcanzando a los 56 DDT, 246.4g planta-1, en ‘Olimpic express’,y 266.9 g planta-1, en ‘Iracema’, siendo la materia seca (MS) de los frutos correspondientes a 60% y 64% de la MS total, respectivamente. Mayores acumulaciones de N, P y K fueron obtenidos en los frutos, mientras de Ca, Mg y S en las hojas. Al final del ciclo, en ‘Olimpic express’, cuya productividad fue de 32 t ha-1, fueron acumulados 173.4, 110.1, 101.1, 26.9, 15.6 y 13.5 kg ha-1 de K, Ca, N, Mg, S y P, respectivamente, y en ‘Iracema’, cuya productividad fue de 38 t ha-1, fueron acumulados 136.0, 93.9, 84.1, 22.6, 15.4 y 9.5 kg ha-1 de K, N, Ca, Mg, S y P, respectivamente. En relación al total acumulado, las exportaciones de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S en los frutos fueron de 61, 73, 66, 9, 35 y 39% (‘Olimpic express’)y 58, 70, 55, 6, 33 y 41% (‘Iracema’). Con una menor producción de frutos y una mayor acumulación de nutrientes, ‘Olimpic express’ ha demostrado ser menos eficiente en el uso de nutrientes que ‘Iracema’.

The objective of this work was to evaluate management systems for the control of Black Siga- toka in the cultivation of banana D'Angola cultivar. The experiment was installed and carried out at Embrapa Acre, Rio Branco - AC with the treatments distributed in randomized complete blocks with six replications consisting of different planting densities, corresponding to T1 - (1.111 plants ha-1; T2 - 1.666 plants ha-1; T3 - 2.000 plants ha-1; T4 - 1.333 plants ha-1; T5 - 2.500 plants ha-1 and; T6 - 1.111 plants ha-1 under rubber trees. The evaluations were carried out during two cycles of production. Plants of cv. D'Angola (AAB) cultivated in 3.0 x 3.0 m, shaded by the rubber trees, presented higher plant height, higher number of functional leaves at flowering and harvest, higher average bunch weight, greater weight of the bunches, longer cycle production and reduced severity of black sigatoka. Highest yields were obtained when we adopted higher densities. The banana intercropping with rubber trees proved to be a good alternative to permit cultivation of cv. D'Angola (long banana).

Considering that milk is susceptible to fraud, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sodium citrate and fortifier in density and freezing point of milk. The addition of citrate in 0.1%, the maximum regulated by Brazilian legislation, was sufficient to decrease the average freezing point for 0.021 °H and increase the density average in 0.0008 g cm - 3 . In these samples was possible to add up to 5.6% water without exceeding the Brazilian standards density and freezing point. The fortifier added to milk in con- centrations higher than 0.05% decreased the average freezing point 0.0024°H compared to the control treat- ment. The average density difference only in the group with addition of 0.44% of tonic, an increase of 0.0034 g cm - 3 compared to the control treatment. However, the dilution recommended by the manufacturer (0.007%) not changed density and freezing point average of milk. The results showed that the addition of citrate in percent- ages permitted by Brazilians law was able to change the freezing point and the density of milk. It should be pointed that in direct UHT process the evaporation of water excess from milk with 0.1% of citrate is based on - 0.530 o H, it is possible that the removal of the incorporated water in UHT process could be incomplete, and can be present in percentages higher than 5%. Thus, the manufacturer recommended concentration of fortifier did not change the density and the freezing point of milk.

The cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is often attacked by defoliator insects. There are a great number of species of these defoliator insects and they cause huge damage to the plants. The most important being: Diabrotica speciosa e Cerotoma arcuata (both Coleóptera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Mocis latipes e Spodoptera cosmioides (both Lepidoptera). Understanding the relationship between the plague infestation and the productivity of the culture is one of the keys to the success of the integrate management of the cowpea bean. Studying the artificial defoliation process in order to simulate similar insect damages to the plants is useful. There are few research studies about the artificial defoliation in the cowpea bean plant. So, this study was developed to determine the level of economical damage inflicted by defoliator insects in cowpea bean plants in the Cultivar BR-17 Gurguéia. The experiments were conducted in the do Departamento de Fitotecnia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Piauí. The defoliation were in the order of 0%; 25%; 50%; 75% and 100%. The experiment was taken 25 days and 40 days after planting the cowpea bean plants. The production loss threshold of the cowpea bean in local condition in Teresina-PI is R$ 61.00.ha-1, which allows, through regression analysis, the following conclusion: the level of control of defoliator insects during the vegetative state is about 60% of defoliation; while in the reproductive state it is about 47%.

This study evaluated the effects fungicides with or without association with potassium phosphite on the control of the Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) of soybean. Two field tests (‘Coodetec- 219RR’ and ‘Emgopa-313’) were conducted (12/2005-4/2006) in Cristalina (Goiás, Brazil), in a complete ran- domized block design (Nine treatments; five replications). The treatments were with one and two applications of phosphite-K (1192 g a.i. ha-1 P2O5 + 596 g a.i. ha-1 K2O) + vegetable oil (VO - 0.5% v v-1), two applications of traditional fungicides (TF) [pyraclostrobin+epoxyconazole (66.5 + 25 g a.i. ha-1); methyl- thiophanate+flutriafol (300+60 g a.i. ha-1); tebuconazole (100 g a.i. ha-1)], and, one application of TF+phosphite and a second application of phosphite+VO. For ‘Emgopa-313’, product applications were made on V8 and R2 soybean growth stage, while for Coodetec-219RR on R1 and R5. Evaluations of disease severity (%DS) were made each seven days after product applications. After the first product application, all treatments significantly reduced DS. At the end of evaluations only treatments with TF significantly reduced DS. Yield and mass of 1000 seeds were significantly higher for treatments with TF. Phosphite-K applications decreased DS, but did not increase yield and mass of 1000 soybean-seeds.