ABSTRACT Considering the losses of phosphorus (P) in the soil by the adsorption process and that the use of biochar seems promising from the agricultural point of view, the aim of this research was to evaluate P adsorption by the Ultisol incubated with different biochar doses through kinetic and isothermal study. The experiment was carried out with poultry litter biochar pyrolyzed at 350 °C. Ultisol was incubated with increasing biochar doses, from 0.0 to 61.95 t ha-1. After 60 days, the phosphorus adsorption rate, kinetics and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. The results showed that the soil had the highest capacity to adsorb phosphorus (1.105 mg g-1). Biochar was not a good P adsorbent; regardless of the applied doses, it released P to the equilibration solution. Langmuir model was better at describing the adsorption of P. The pseudo-second order model fitted well to the adsorption kinetics of P, showing that the adsorption is chemically controlled. These results suggest that biochar can increase the availability of P, limiting adsorption; therefore, it could be used as a fertilizer and/or soil conditioner.

ABSTRACT Handroanthus impetiginosus is a tree species with ecological and economic potential. Despite that, in the Brazilian market, its wood is heavily exploited in the illegal trade. Therefore, studies on genetic diversity are necessary in order to propose strategies for conservation of this species. Thus, the aim of this study was to select Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers for genetic diversity studies applied to the forest population of H. impetiginosus. For this, 30 ISSR molecular primers were tested in 30 individuals, evaluating the total number of loci, polymorphism rate and polymorphic information content, as well as marker index and resolving power. Eight primers were selected for having a better amplification pattern, which provided 62 loci. The polymorphic information content of the primers ranged from 0.34 to 0.49, while the marker index (MI) averaged 3.20, with resolving power (RP) of 2.40, Nei’s diversity (He) of 0.35 and Shannon index (I) of 0.52. The results show that the primers UBC 807, 809, 818, 824, 857, 860, 873 and 881 are efficient for quantifying the genetic diversity of H. impetiginosus. These results can contribute to supporting strategies aimed at the conservation of this species and selection of parent trees.

ABSTRACT One of the major ecosystem services delivered to agriculture worldwide is the reduction of pests by natural enemies. However, the landscape composition affects multiple dimensions of pest control, and non-crop habitat surrounding farm fields shows variable responses across geographies. Here, crop damage and pest abundance were compared between local farms with two antagonistic land cover and land use aspects (1- High conservation, landscape with high structural complexity; 2- High degradation, landscapes with low complexity). The field data were collected at experimental guava orchards in the Cariri Paraibano, one of the driest regions in the Brazilian Caatinga. The results show that damage caused by orthopterans and their abundance was significantly smaller in the landscape with high structural complexity. Therefore, the results support the hypothesis that crop damage and pest abundance are smaller in landscapes with high structural complexity. Additionally, the results are very important for the dryland regions as they provide information about the relationship between landscape structure and crop damage plus pest abundance in a regional gap. As drylands are critically endangered in all American continents, sustainable agricultural landscapes with the application of natural cover restoration can help drylands to achieve sustainable development.

ABSTRACT Cactus seeds in seasonal dry tropical forests are subject to several stressors, such as salt stress which limits imbibition and therefore germination. Thus, this study aimed to compare germination performance of Cereus jamacaru subsp. jamacaru and Pilosocereus pachycladus subsp. pernambucoensis seeds under salinity conditions. To this end, NaCl and KCl solutions were used in the following osmotic potentials: 0.0 (control),-0.2,-0.4,-0.6,-0.8,-1.0, and-1.2 MPa. Seeds were placed to germinate at 25 °C and 12-hour photoperiod. The number of germinated seeds was counted daily for 21 days after root protrusion. The variables analyzed were: water content, germination, normal seedlings, germination speed index, and average germination time. The experimental design was completely randomized, following a 2 × 7 factorial scheme (species × osmotic potential) for each saline source. Water restriction and ionic effect caused by salts favored seed germination and vigor in both species at-0.2 and-0.4 MPa. However, from-0.8 MPa onwards, germination decreased significantly for both salts. Seeds of C. jamacaru subsp. jamacaru and P. pachycladus subsp. pernambucoensis were tolerant to salt stress since they germinated up to-0.8 MPa (NaCl) and-1.2 MPa (KCl). The latter occurred only for P. pachycladus subsp. pernambucoensis.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the porous ceramic cup extractors, associated with ion meters, for the determination of nutrients availability for bell pepper and melon crops in substrate. Substrate solution was acquired using aqueous extract 1:1.5 (v/v) and also the porous ceramic cup extractor. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH and macronutrient contents were determined for the substrate solution through analytical method. The concentrations of NO- and K+ in the solutions obtained with porous ceramic cup extractors, and the N and K contents in the diagnostic leaf for nutritional evaluation were also determined. The concentrations of NO3- and K+ using the porous ceramic cup extractors have strong correlation (r=0.96 and 0.92, respectively) with the ones obtained using the standard method, as well as a moderate correlation (r=0.65) and a strong one (r=0.71) with contents of N and K, respectively, in the melon diagnostic leaf; and a weak correlation (r=0.36 and 0.26, respectively) in the bell pepper diagnostic leaf. The use of porous ceramic cup extractors for obtaining the substrate solution and the determination of the N-NO- and K+ contents by means of specific ion meters are a fast method of evaluating nutrients availability in soilless cultures.

ABSTRACT Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is the second most important socioeconomic species of the genus, consisting of a food alternative as green or mature beans. It is an income option for family farmers and the lack of superior varieties makes its recommendation difficult, considering the peculiar lima bean variability. Thus, aimed to select landraces of lima beans based on desirable agronomic traits, enabling their use in breeding programs and later recommendations to family farmers. Evaluation trials were carried out with 14 landraces of lima beans in the municipalities of São Domingos do Maranhão - MA, Teresina - PI, Bom Jesus - PI, and Tianguá - CE. The agronomic traits were evaluated: number of days until flowering, number of days until pod maturation, pod length, pod width, pod thickness, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and grain yield. The data were initially subjected to univariate analysis of variance to determine the genetic variability in different environments and, subsequently, to multivariate and cluster analyses. The evaluated landraces showed genetic divergence, not being grouped according to geographic origin, demonstrating the existence of similarity between germplasms of rural communities in neighboring states. The varieties Boca de Moça, Raio de Sol, and Fava Branca CE are the earliest; Boca de Moça, Rajada, and Raio de Sol presented the longest pods and largest seeds; and Boca de Moça, Rajada, and Mulatinha are the most productive. Therefore, it qualifies them for recommendation to family farmers and/or incorporation in lima bean breeding programs.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to compare soil beetle (Coleoptera) species composition between two sites on the Borborema Plateau in Northeastern Brazil. We collected 483 individuals belonging to 23 Coleoptera families and 75 species/morphospecies. On the east face of the Borborema Plateau (Areia-PB) we collected a total of 332 individuals representing 58 species/morphospecies and 21 families. On the west face (Cabaceiras-PB) we collected 151 individuals representing 24 species/morphospecies and eight families. Among the 75 total species/morphospecies collected, 51 occurred exclusively on the eastern face of the plateau and 17 occurred exclusively on the west face. Only seven morphospecies were sampled in both areas. The marked difference in beetle assemblage species composition between the west and east sides of the Borborema Plateau suggests that the positioning and climatic variations maintain and promote high levels of beetle diversity in northeastern Brazil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to identify communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils under pasture, silvopasture, and Cerrado forest ecosystems, and evaluate the effects of land use system, soil texture, and seasonality on the dynamics of AMF communities, in Alta Floresta D'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil. Samples of the soil 0-20 cm layer were randomly collected in each ecosystem in July, 2010 (dry season) and January, 2011 (rainy season). Spores were extracted, counted, and identified. The spore density and density of each species of AMF were estimated. The frequency of occurrence, Shannon diversity index, and Simpson diversity index were calculated for each species. Multivariate clustering analysis was carried out, considering the number of AMF of each species. The results showed a trend of higher number of spores in the Cerrado forest ecosystem, regardless of the soil texture or season, when compared to pasture and silvopasture areas. The Glomus macrocarpum species presented 100% frequency of occurrence in the rainy season in both soil textures. The effects of texture and seasonality on the composition and diversity of AMF communities was more expressive in the Cerrado forest ecosystem. The climate, soil texture, and land use and management affected the composition and diversity of AMF species.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium doses on the production components of custard-apple irrigated with saline waters. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a Neossolo Regolítico (Entisol) of clay loam texture in Campina Grande-PB, Brazil. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 8 factorial scheme, with three replicates, corresponding to two levels of electrical conductivity of water - ECw (0.8 and 3.0 dS m-1) and eight combinations of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (100-100-100; 100-100-125; 100-125-100; 100-125-125; 125-100-100; 125-100-125; 125-125-100 and 125-125-125% of the recommendation, for the third year of cultivation). The combination of 100-100-100% corresponded to 100, 60 and 60 g of N, P2O5, K2O per plant per year, respectively. High concentrations of salts in the irrigation water reduced the number of fruits, fresh fruit mass, total number of seeds and mass of seeds of custard-apple. Plants achieved the best development when grown under 125-100-100, 125-125-125 and 100-100-100% combinations of N-P-K recommendation. Irrigation with ECw of 3.0 dS m-1 associated with the 100-125-125% combination of fertilization increased the average mass and height of the custard-apple fruits.

ABSTRACT The biological control, thinking about the integrated management, has been inserted with other management techniques to disease control, such as soybean anthracnose. The aims of this work were to verify the action of Trichoderma and Bacillus isolates in the induction of soybean resistance mechanisms to anthracnose as a function of seed treatment. The statistical design was entirely randomised, in a 5 x 2 (agent species x sampling times) factorial scheme with five replicates. Soybean seeds were treated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03, B. subtilis BV02, Trichoderma asperellum BV10, Carbendazim + Thiram and distilled water (control). Seven days after seedling emergence, 2 μL of 1 x 10−4 Colletotrichum truncatum spores were inoculated on the cotyledons. Catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and glyceollin (GLY) activities before and after pathogen inoculation, as well as the diameter of the anthracnose lesion on the cotyledons, were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, the mean values were compared by Fisher’s test (p < 0.05). The treatments did not influence the first sampling time before inoculation. Trichoderma asperellum BV10 increased POX and PAL activities up to 173%, while B. amyloliquefaciens BV03 increased POX activity. Glyceollin was not influenced by the treatments. The T. asperellum BV10 reduces the diameter of the anthracnose lesion by up to 61%. Thus, T. asperellum BV10 has the potential to control soybean anthracnose, improved the response defense against C. truncatum, when performed on seed treatment.