Surveys of food intake in humans, following measurements of energy expenditures in free-living persons, obtained by the doubly-labeled water technique, have been severely questioned in recent years. The present article reviews studies performed in both adults and children, comparing energy intake and expenditures in the same individuals. In adults, reported intake is often insufficient to cover minimal energy needs. The typical level of "under-reporting" is about 20%, and it is even higher in obese subjects. Intake data obtained from children are more valid than data from adults. Different survey methods yield differing degrees of agreement between intake and expenditure measurements using the doubly labeled water technique: frequency questionnaires tend to induce over-reporting, whereas the classical 24 hours recall is very susceptible to large under-reporting. Even obese adults can provide accurate reports of their daily food intake if properly trained and motivated. The interpretation of data obtained with the doubly labeled water method should integrate the considerable day-to-day variations observed in human food intake. | Pesquisas de ingestão alimentar em seres humanos, seguindo medidas de gastos de energia, obtidas pela técnica da água duplamente marcada, têm sido amplamente questionadas nos últimos anos. Este artigo faz uma revisão de estudos realizados em adultos e crianças, comparando consumo e gastos de energia nos mesmos indivíduos. Em adultos, o consumo relatado é freqüentemente insuficiente para cobrir as necessidades mínimas de energia. O nível típico de sub notificação é de cerca de 20% e chega a percentuais maiores em indivíduos obesos. Dados de consumo obtidos de crianças são mais válidos que dados de adultos. Métodos diferentes de pesquisa produzem graus diferenciados de conformidade entre medidas de consumo e gasto usando a técnica da água duplamente marcada: questionários de freqüência tendem a induzir super estimados, enquanto o clássico recordatório de 24 horas é muito suscetível a grandes sub notificação. Até mesmo adultos obesos podem fornecer relatos precisos de seus consumos alimentares diários se apropriadamente treinados e motivados. A interpretação dos dados obtidos com o método da água duplamente marcada deveria integrar as consideráveis variações do dia-a-dia observadas na ingestão alimentar dos seres humanos.

To investigate the epidemiological trait of gastroenteritis of human caused by Campylobacter jejuni, isolation of etiological agent was carried out. Isolated C. jejuni were biotyped and serotyped. A total of 1929 specimens from 438 human, 182 milking cows, 200 cattle, 187 goats, 70 dogs, 426 pigs, 278 chickens, 148 duck, 50 raw milk, 110 chicken meat, 20 duck liver and 50 river water was examined for the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli by direct plating and enrichment techniques. Isolation rates detected in human, animals food and water were as follows : human 0.7 %, ducks 54.7 %, dogs 37.1 %, chickens 33.7 %, goats 26.7 %, cattle 25.5 %, pigs 19.9 % and milking cows 7.7 %. The organism was isolated from 65 % of 20 duck livers and from 20 % of 110 chicken meat. Campylobacter was not recovered from raw milk and river water. The majority of the isolated 201 strains of C. jejuni was classified as biotype I (53.7 %) and Biotype II (36.8 %). 117 strains of C. coli were 59.8 % of biotype I, 40.1 % biotype II. Isolated C. jejuni strains showed 13 different serotype, and serotype 4, 5, 26 and 36 were most frequent. C. coli strains showed 7 different serotype, and serotype 21, 25 and 29 were relatively common