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Energy-water-food nexus in the Spanish greenhouse tomato production Texto completo
2016
Irabien Gulías, Ángel | Darton, Richard C. | Universidad de Cantabria
The nexus energy–water–food of the tomato greenhouse production in the Almeria region (Spain) has been studied following a Process Systems Analysis Method connecting the ecosystem services to the market demands with a holistic view based on Life Cycle Assessment. The management of the agri-food subsystem, the industrial subsystem and the urban subsystem plays an important role in the nexus of the E–W–F system, where transport and information technologies connect the three subsystems to the global markets. The local case study of the tomato production in Almeria (Spain) has been developed as an example of the food production under cropland restrictions, semiarid land. After study of the economic and social sustainability in time, the evolution of the ecosystem services supply is the main restriction of the system, where after the land use change in the region, water and energy supply play the mean role with a trade-off between the water quality degradation and the economic cost of the energy for water desalination. Water footprint, Carbon footprint and Chemicals footprint are useful indicators to the environmental sustainability assessment of local alternatives in the E–W–F system under study. As it is shown in the conclusions, the holistic view based on the process analysis method and the life cycle assessment methodology and indicators is an useful tool for decision support.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Global linkages among energy, food and water | An economic assessment Texto completo
2016
Ringler, Claudia; Willenbockel, Dirk; Perez, Nicostrato; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Zhu, Tingju; Matthews, Nathanial | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-4710 Perez, Nicostrato; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-6127 Rosegrant, Mark; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-3551 Zhu, Tingju
Global linkages among energy, food and water | An economic assessment Texto completo
2016
Ringler, Claudia; Willenbockel, Dirk; Perez, Nicostrato; Rosegrant, Mark W.; Zhu, Tingju; Matthews, Nathanial | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3030-4710 Perez, Nicostrato; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-6127 Rosegrant, Mark; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-3551 Zhu, Tingju
PR | IFPRI3; CRP5; E Building Resilience; A Ensuring Sustainable food production; The Water Energy Food Nexus | EPTD | CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Global linkages among energy, food and water: an economic assessment Texto completo
2016
Ringler, Claudia | Willenbockel, Dirk | Pérez, Nicostrato D. | Rosegrant, Mark W. | Zhu, Tingju | Matthews, Nathaniel
The resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 25 September 2015 is symptomatic of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. It postulates goals and related targets for 2030 that include (1) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture (SDG2); (2) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (SDG6); and (3) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all (SDG7). There will be tradeoffs between achieving these goals particularly in the wake of changing consumption patterns and rising demands from a growing population expected to reach more than nine billion by 2050. This paper uses global economic analysis tools to assess the impacts of long-term changes in fossil fuel prices, for example, as a result of a carbon tax under the UNFCCC or in response to new, large findings of fossil energy sources, on water and food outcomes. We find that a fossil fuel tax would not adversely affect food security and could be a boon to global food security if it reduces adverse climate change impacts.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Global linkages among energy, food and water: an economic assessment Texto completo
2016
Ringler, C. | Willenbockel, D. | Perez, N. | Rosegrant, M. | Zhu, T. | Matthews, Nathanial
The resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 25 September 2015 is symptomatic of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. It postulates goals and related targets for 2030 that include (1) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture (SDG2); (2) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (SDG6); and (3) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all (SDG7). There will be tradeoffs between achieving these goals particularly in the wake of changing consumption patterns and rising demands from a growing population expected to reach more than nine billion by 2050. This paper uses global economic analysis tools to assess the impacts of long-term changes in fossil fuel prices, for example, as a result of a carbon tax under the UNFCCC or in response to new, large findings of fossil energy sources, on water and food outcomes. We find that a fossil fuel tax would not adversely affect food security and could be a boon to global food security if it reduces adverse climate change impacts.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Agriculture: More water and better farming for improved food security Texto completo
2016
Walker, Tom; Ward, Christopher; Torquebiau, Rafael; Xie, Hua; Anderson, Weston; Perez, Nikos; Ringler, Claudia; You, Liangzhi; Cenacchi, Nicola; Hash, Tom; Rattunde, Fred; Weltzien, Eva; Koo, Jawoo; Carfagna, Federica; Cervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-8160 Xie, Hua; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-8814 You, Liangzhi; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1913-4263 Cenacchi, Nicola; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-9229 Koo, Jawoo
Agriculture: More water and better farming for improved food security Texto completo
2016
Walker, Tom; Ward, Christopher; Torquebiau, Rafael; Xie, Hua; Anderson, Weston; Perez, Nikos; Ringler, Claudia; You, Liangzhi; Cenacchi, Nicola; Hash, Tom; Rattunde, Fred; Weltzien, Eva; Koo, Jawoo; Carfagna, Federica; Cervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-8160 Xie, Hua; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-8814 You, Liangzhi; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1913-4263 Cenacchi, Nicola; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-9229 Koo, Jawoo
PR | IFPRI4; CRP2 | EPTD; PIM | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands : Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience Texto completo
2016
Cervigni, Raffaello | Morris, Michael
Drylands make up about 43 percent of the region’s land surface, account for about 75 percent of the area used for agriculture, and are home to about 50 percent of the population, including many poor. Involving complex interactions among many factors, vulnerability in drylands is rising, jeopardizing the livelihood for of millions.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands | Affronter la sécheresse dans les zones arides de l’Afrique | Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience | Des possibilités de renforcer la résilience Texto completo
2016
Cervigni, Raffaello | Morris, Michael | Cervigni, Raffaello | Morris, Michael
Drylands make up about 43 percent of the region’s land surface, account for about 75 percent of the area used for agriculture, and are home to about 50 percent of the population, including many poor. Involving complex interactions among many factors, vulnerability in drylands is rising, jeopardizing the livelihood for of millions. | D’ici 2030, le nombre d’habitants des zones arides de l’Afrique de l’Est et de l’Ouest devrait augmenter de 65 à 80 % (selon les scénarios de fécondité). Au cours de la même période, le changement climatique pourrait provoquer une expansion des zones classées « arides » allant, dans certains scénarios, jusqu’à 20 % pour l’ensemble de la région, et encore plus dans certains pays (carte 0.2.). Cela placerait davantage de personnes dans des conditions encore plus difficiles.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Agriculture: More water and better farming for improved food security Texto completo
2016
Walker, Tom | Ward, Christopher | Torquebiau, Rafael | Xie, Hua | Anderson, Weston | Perez, Nikos | Ringler, Claudia | You, Liangzhi | Cenacchi, Nicola | Hash, Tom | Rattunde, Fred | Weltzien, Eva | Koo, Jawoo | Carfagna, Federica | Cervigni, Raffaello | Morris, Michael
Confronting drought in Africa’s drylands: Opportunities for enhancing resilience Texto completo
2016
Cervigni, Raffaello | Morris, Michael
Livestock production systems: seizing the opportunities for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists Texto completo
2016
De Haan C. | Robinson T. | Conchedda G. | Ericksen P. | Said M. | Robinson L. | Flintan F. | Shaw A. | Kifugo S. | Wane A. | Touré I. | Ickowicz A. | Corniaux C. | Barr J. | Martignac C. | Mude A. | Cervigni R. | Morris M.L. | Mottet A. | Gerber P. | Msangi S. | Lesnoff M. | Ham F. | Filliol E. | Nigussie K. | Paolantonio A. | Alfani F.
Evaluating options: Assessing the relative merits of resilience interventions Texto completo
2016
Cervigni, Raffaello; Morris, Michael; Carfagna, Federica; Koo, Jawoo; Syroko, Joanna; Guo, Zhe; Xie, Hua; de Brouwer, Balthazaar; Verbeeten, Elke | http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-9229 Koo, Jawoo; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-8160 Xie, Hua; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-4009 Guo, Zhe
PR | IFPRI4; CRP2; A Ensuring Sustainable food production | EPTD; PIM | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Tree-based systems: Multiple pathways to boosting resilience Texto completo
2016
Place, Frank | Garrity, Dennis P. | Agostini, Paola
Tree-based production systems for Africa’s drylands Texto completo
2016
Place, Frank; Garrity, Dennis; Mohan, Sid; Agostini, Paola | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1216-8308 Place, Frank
PR | IFPRI5; CRP2 | PIM | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Evaluating options: Assessing the relative merits of resilience interventions Texto completo
2016
Cervigni, Raffaello | Morris, Michael | Carfagna, Federica | Koo, Jawoo | Syroko, Joanna | Guo, Zhe | Xie, Hua | de Brouwer, Balthazaar | Verbeeten, Elke
Environmental impact food labels combining carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints Texto completo
2016
LEACH Allison | EMERY Kyle A | GEPHART Jessica | F. DAVIS Kyle | ERISMAN J. W. | LEIP Adrian | PACE Michael L | D'ODORICO Paolo | CARR Joel | CATTELL NOLL Laura | CASTNER Elizabeth | GALLOWAY James N.
The environmental impact of the production and consumption of foods is seldom depicted to consumers. The footprint of food products provides a means for consumers to compare environmental impacts across and within product groups. In this study we apply carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints in tandem and present food labels that could help inform consumers about the environmental impacts of individual food products. The footprint factors used in this study are specific to the United States, but the concept can be applied elsewhere. We propose three methods of footprint calculations: two quantitative (footprint weight and % daily value) and one qualitative (sustainability measures). We apply the three footprint calculation methods to four example labels (stars label, stoplight label, nutrition label add-on, and a detailed comparison label) that vary in design and the amount of detail provided. The stars label is simple and easily understood but provides minimal detail about the footprints. At the other end of the spectrum, the detailed comparison label gives context in relative terms (e.g., carbon emissions for equivalent distance driven) for the food product. Implementing environmental impact food labels requires additional understanding of how consumers use footprint labels, and label suitability may vary for government organizations, retail and local grocers, and farmers. | JRC.H.4 - Monitoring Agricultural Resources
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Does the water footprint concept provide relevant information to address the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus? Texto completo
2016
Vanham, D.
Does the water footprint concept provide relevant information to address the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus? Texto completo
2016
Vanham, D.
This paper is a perspective paper, which investigates whether the water footprint (WF) concept addresses the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus. First, the nexus links between (1) the planetary boundary freshwater resources (green and blue water resources) and (2) food security, energy security, blue water supply security and water for environmental flows/water for other ecosystem services (ES) are analysed and graphically presented. Second, the WF concept is concisely discussed. Third, with respect to the nexus, global water resources (green and blue) availability and use are discussed and graphically presented with an indication of quantities obtained from the literature. It is shown which of these water uses are represented in WF accounting. This evaluation shows that general water management and WF studies only account for the water uses agriculture, industry and domestic water. Important water uses are however generally not identified as separate entities or even included, i.e. green and blue water resources for aquaculture, wild foods, biofuels, hydroelectric cooling, hydropower, recreation/tourism, forestry (for energy and other biomass uses) and navigation. Fourth, therefore a list of essential separate components to be included within WF accounting is presented. The latter would be more coherent with the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus and provide valuable extra information and statistics.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Does the water footprint concept provide relevant information to address the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus? Texto completo
2014
VANHAM Davy
This paper is a perspective paper, which investigates whether the water footprint (WF) concept addresses the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus. First, the nexus links between (1) the planetary boundary freshwater resources (green and blue water resources) and (2) food security, energy security, blue water supply security and water for environmental flows/water for other ecosystem services (ES) are analysed and graphically presented. Second, the WF concept is concisely discussed. Third, with respect to the nexus, global water resources (green and blue) availability and use are discussed and graphically presented with an indication of quantities obtained from the literature. It is shown which of these water uses are represented in WF accounting. This evaluation shows that general water management and WF studies only account for the water uses agriculture, industry and domestic water. Important water uses are however generally not identified as separate entities or even included, i.e. green and blue water resources for aquaculture, wild foods, biofuels, hydroelectric cooling, hydropower, recreation/tourism, forestry (for energy and other biomass uses) and navigation. Fourth, therefore a list of essential separate components to be included within WF accounting is presented. The latter would be more coherent with the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus and provide valuable extra information and statistics. | JRC.H.1 - Water Resources
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Molecular microbial diagnostic methods
2016
Molecular Microbial Diagnostic Methods: Pathways to Implementation in the Food and Water Industries attempts to address the shortage of guidance on implementation of molecular-based methods for routine diagnostic laboratories. What industry and analysts can expect from routine use of these methods is discussed and outlined. The book uncovers industry needs for the use of molecular methods by providing a brief history of water and food analysis for the pathogens of concern. It also describes the potential impact of current and cutting-edge molecular methods. It discusses the advantages of the implementation of molecular methods, describes information on when and how to use specific methods, and presents why one should utilize them for pathogen detection in the routine laboratory. The reference material in the book is also pertinent for anyone carrying out microbiological analysis at the research level and covers a wide spectrum of classical and cutting-edge methods.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment
2016
Williams, Timothy O. | Mul, Marloes L. | Biney, C. A. | Smakhtin, Vladimir
Potential Impacts of Food Production on Freshwater Availability Considering Water Sources Texto completo
2016
Shinjiro Yano | Naota Hanasaki | Norihiro Itsubo | Taikan Oki
Potential Impacts of Food Production on Freshwater Availability Considering Water Sources Texto completo
2016
Shinjiro Yano | Naota Hanasaki | Norihiro Itsubo | Taikan Oki
We quantify the potential impacts of global food production on freshwater availability (water scarcity footprint; WSF) by applying the water unavailability factor (fwua) as a characterization factor and a global water resource model based on life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Each water source, including rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, has a distinct fwua that is estimated based on the renewability rate of each geographical water cycle. The aggregated consumptive water use level for food production (water footprint inventory; WI) was found to be 4344 km3/year, and the calculated global total WSF was 18,031 km3 H2Oeq/year, when considering the difference in water sources. According to the fwua concept, which is based on the land area required to obtain a unit volume of water from each source, the calculated annual impact can also be represented as 98.5 × 106 km2. This value implies that current agricultural activities requires a land area that is over six times larger than global total cropland. We also present the net import of the WI and WSF, highlighting the importance of quantitative assessments for utilizing global water resources to achieve sustainable water use globally.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Potential Impacts of Food Production on Freshwater Availability Considering Water Sources Texto completo
2016
Yano, Shinjiro | Hanasaki, Naota | Itsubo, Norihiro | Oki, Taikan
We quantify the potential impacts of global food production on freshwater availability (water scarcity footprint; WSF) by applying the water unavailability factor (fwua) as a characterization factor and a global water resource model based on life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Each water source, including rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, has a distinct fwua that is estimated based on the renewability rate of each geographical water cycle. The aggregated consumptive water use level for food production (water footprint inventory; WI) was found to be 4344 km3/year, and the calculated global total WSF was 18,031 km3 H<inf>2</inf>Oeq/year, when considering the difference in water sources. According to the fwua concept, which is based on the land area required to obtain a unit volume of water from each source, the calculated annual impact can also be represented as 98.5 × 106 km2. This value implies that current agricultural activities requires a land area that is over six times larger than global total cropland. We also present the net import of the WI and WSF, highlighting the importance of quantitative assessments for utilizing global water resources to achieve sustainable water use globally.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Potential Impacts of Food Production on Freshwater Availability Considering Water Sources Texto completo
2016
Shinjiro Yano | Naota Hanasaki | Norihiro Itsubo | Taikan Oki
We quantify the potential impacts of global food production on freshwater availability (water scarcity footprint: WSF) by applying the water unavailability factor (fwua) as a characterization factor and a global water resource model based on life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Each water source, including rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, has a distinct fwua that is estimated based on the renewability rate of each geographical water cycle. The aggregated consumptive water use level for food production (water footprint inventory: WI) was found to be 4344 km3/year, and the calculated global total WSF was 18,031 km3 H2Oeq/year, when considering the difference in water sources. According to the fwua concept, which is based on the land area required to obtain a unit volume of water from each source, the calculated annual impact can also be represented as 98.5 × 106 km2. This value implies that current agricultural activities requires a land area that is over six times larger than global total cropland. We also present the net import of the WI and WSF, highlighting the importance of quantitative assessments for utilizing global water resources to achieve sustainable water use globally.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Enabling Water-Energy–Food Nexus: A New Approach for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Mountainous Landlocked Countries Texto completo
2016
Gurung, Tek Bahadur
Majority of landlocked mountainous countries are poorly ranked in Human Development Index (HDI), mostly due to poor per capita agriculture production, increasing population, unemployment, expensive and delayed transportation including several other factors. Generally, economy of such countries substantially relies on subsistence agriculture, tourism, hydropower and largely on remittance etc. Recently, it has been argued that to utilize scarce suitable land efficiently for food production, poor inland transport, hydropower, irrigation, drinking water in integration with other developmental infrastructures, an overarching policy linking water - energy – food nexus within a country for combating water, energy and food security would be most relevant. Thus, in present paper it has been opined that promotion of such linkage via nexus approach is the key to sustainable development of landlocked mountainous countries. Major land mass in mountainous countries like Nepal remains unsuitable for agriculture, road and other infrastructure profoundly imposing food, nutrition and energy security. However, large pristine snowy mountains function as wildlife sanctuaries, pastures, watershed, recharge areas for regional and global water, food and energy security. In return, landlocked mountainous countries are offered certain international leverages. For more judicious trade off, it is recommended that specific countries aerial coverage of mountains would be more appropriate basis for such leverages. Moreover, for sustainability of mountainous countries an integrated approach enabling water - energy – food nexus via watershed-hydropower-irrigation-aquaculture-agriculture-integrated linking policy model is proposed. This model would enable protection of watershed for pico, micro, and mega hydro power plants and tail waters to be used for aquaculture or irrigation or drinking water purposes for food and nutrition security.
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