O tema desse estudo é a qualidade e a utilização segura da água de reúso, tendo em vista que a água é um recurso natural limitado e sujeito a contaminação ambiental. Tecnologias alternativas visando o tratamento e refinamento do esgoto vem sendo desenvolvidas para ambas propostas para uso de fins potáveis e não potáveis. Porém, esta estratégia é questionável, pois micropoluentes de difícil detecção por metodologias tradicionais persistem na água de reúso, o que oferece risco à saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a água de reúso, esgotos e água potável por meio de análise metagenômica do material genético. Foram realizadas análises por metagenômica do DNA total da microbiota presente em amostras de águas de reúso submetidas a diferentes tratamentos (cloro, membrana filtrante e filtro biológico), de esgoto tratado e água potável. As amostras também foram submetidas a análises colimétricas, físico-químicas e ensaios de PCR para a buscar de marcadores moleculares de poluição. Concluímos que as tecnologias utilizadas no Brasil não estão sendo capazes de retirar poluentes a nível de coliformes uma vez que contaminantes foram detectados em todas as amostras de água de reúso. Proteobactérias e Bacteriófagos foram os microrganismos mais abundantes nas matrizes ambientais estudadas. Recomendamos que a água de reúso tratada com cloro pode ser destinada para atividade de contato direto a humanos mas não indicado para atividades agrícolas ou paisagísticas, por causa da presença de fitopatôgenos. Águas de reúso submetidas a tratamentos por membranas filtrantes e filtro biológico não são indicados em atividades de contato direto, sendo recomendado para fins agrícola em irrigação por gotejamento. A biodiversidade das espécimes encontradas reforçam a necessidade das pesquisas envolvendo água de reúso, de modo a garantir a segurança sanitária para uso em diferentes fins. É urgente adequar a legislação nacional para que a água de reúso atenda a parâmetros de qualidade existentes em outros países, e que assegure o padrão sanitário de importância para a saúde pública. | The Theme of this study is the quality and safe use of reused water, considering that water is a limited natural resource and subject to environmental contamination. Alternative technologies for sewage treatment and refinement have been developed for both potable and non-potable purposes. However, this strategy is questionable because micro pollutants that are difficult to detect by traditional methodologies persist in reused water, which poses a risk to public health. The objective of this work was to evaluate reuse water, sewage and drinking water through metagenomic analysis of the genetic material. Metagenomics analyzes were performed on the total DNA of the microbiota present in wastewater samples submitted to different treatments (chlorine, filter membrane and biological filter), treated sewage and drinking water. The samples were also subjected to collimetric analysis, physicochemical and PCR assays to search for molecular markers of pollution. We conclude that the technologies used in Brazil are not capable of removing pollutants at the coliform level, since contaminants were detected in all reused water samples. Proteobacteria and Bacteriophages were the most abundant microorganisms in the environmental matrices studied. We recommend that chlorine-treated wastewater may be intended for direct contact with humans but not suitable for agricultural or landscape activities because of the presence of phytopathogens. Reuse waters submitted to membrane and biological filter treatmens are not indicated for direct contact activities, being recommended for agricultural purposes in drip irrigation.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de pérdidas de agua en la ducha por el uso de agua caliente en la ciudad de Bogotá | This article shows the results of a water loss assessment as a <consequence of using hot water in the city of Bogotá.

Water resources webpage of Spanish language information sources.

The electrolyzed water is a type of water with biocidal properties, fungicidal and sporicidal. Its effectiveness is caused by its activation which gives it a high oxidation capacity. Therefore, electrolyzed water becomes a very effective breaker of cell membrane of microorganisms. Although during its activation, hypochlorous acid is released, it is instantly stabilised, which guarantees the safety in handling and respect for the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electrolyzed water as drinking water on the presence of bacteria in the water consumed by cows and the microbiological quality of milk produced. Water samples collected from drinking electrolyzed water showed negative results for contamination by aerobic, total coliforms, E. coli and faecal streptococci. Data showed a significant decrease of somatic cell count, total bacteriology and coagulase positive count in milk from cows that had drunk electrolyzed water.

Presents "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations" and "National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations". Also offers access to other related sites and searchable of "Office of Water WWW pages."

La presente política pública establece los objetivos, metas, indicadores y líneas de acción estratégica para el ahorro y uso eficiente del agua en el sector doméstico de la ciudad de Bogotá, la política tiene una viabilidad para desarrollarse en un horizonte de 12 años, iniciando en el tiempo del gobierno Bogotá Humana, realizado por la alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá | This plan sets out the objectives, targets, indicators and strategic lines of action for the conservation and efficient use of water in the domestic sector of Bogotá city, the policy has a feasibility to be develop in a horizon of 12 years, starting during the government time Bogotá Humana, conducted by the mayor of Bogotá.