Alterations in the climate associated with climate change and variability are a reality and impact agricultural activities. The changes generated in variables such as: temperature, the concentration of atmospheric CO2, the intensity and frequency of the rains, and the intensity of the winds, affect crop variables such as evapotranspiration, CO2 fixation and, ultimately, yields, as well, such as the availability of land for cultivation. Facing the challenges posed by these climatic phenomena implies the approach of multiple strategies. However, the efficient management of soil, nutrition and water in the crop, constitute three key factors that help mitigate the foreseeable negative impacts. It is then necessary: the implementation of soil protection measures such as plant covers, the increase in soil biodiversity, the use of growth-promoting microorganisms, fertilizer sources that increase efficiency, efficient cultivars in the use of nutrients and water, and measures that favor carbon sequestration such as the accompaniment of the greatest possible diversity of plants to cultivation andthe reduction in the use of agrochemicals that allow reducing the carbon footprint of crude palm oil production. In this article, we will do a review of the efficiencies necessary in terms of nutrition and water management in palm cultivation is carried out to reduce the risk associated with climate change and variability. | Las alteraciones en el clima asociadas con el cambio y la variabilidad climática son una realidad e impactan las actividades agrícolas. Los cambios generados en variables como: la temperatura, la concentración de CO2 atmosférico, la intensidad y frecuencia de las lluvias, y la de los vientos, afectan variables del cultivo como la evapotranspiración, la fijación de CO2 y, al final, los rendimientos, así como la disponibilidad de tierras para el cultivo. Enfrentar los retos que plantean estos fenómenos climáticos implica el abordaje de múltiples estrategias. Sin embargo, el manejo eficiente del suelo, la nutrición y el agua en el cultivo, se constituyen en tres factores clave que ayudan a mitigar los impactos negativos previsibles. Entonces, es necesario: el incremento de la biodiversidad del suelo, la implementación de medidas de protección del suelo como las coberturas vegetales, el uso de microorganismos promotores de crecimiento, fuentes fertilizantes que incrementen la eficiencia, cultivares eficientes en el uso de nutrientes y el agua, y medidas que favorezcan el secuestro de carbono como el acompañamiento de la mayor diversidad posible de plantas al cultivo y la reducción en el uso de agroquímicos que permitan disminuir la huella de carbono de la producción de aceite de palma crudo. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de las eficiencias necesarias en cuanto al manejo de la nutrición y elagua en el cultivo de la palma para disminuir el riesgo asociado con el cambio y la variabilidad climática.

Stream water quality is controlled by the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Among these anthropogenic factors, land cover changes at catchment scale can affect stream water quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a representative tropical headwater catchment named as Córrego Água Limpa (Sao Paulo, Brasil), which is highly influenced by intensive agricultural activities and urban areas. Two systematic sampling approach campaigns were implemented with six sampling points along the stream of the headwater catchment to evaluate water quality during the rainy and dry seasons. Three replicates were collected at each sampling point in 2011. Electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, sodium superoxide, Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO), colour, turbidity, suspended solids, soluble solids and total solids were measured. Water quality parameters differed among sampling points, being lower at the headwater sampling point (0m above sea level), and then progressively higher until the last downstream sampling point (2500m above sea level). For the dry season, the mean discharge was 39.5ls⁻¹ (from April to September) whereas 113.0ls⁻¹ were averaged during the rainy season (from October to March). In addition, significant temporal and spatial differences were observed (P<0.05) for the fourteen parameters during the rainy and dry period. The study enhance significant relationships among land use and water quality and its temporal effect, showing seasonal differences between the land use and water quality connection, highlighting the importance of multiple spatial and temporal scales for understanding the impacts of human activities on catchment ecosystem services.

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) instrumented the Agua Salud (AS) Experimental Catchments as part of an ongoing series of land‐cover related experiments in the steep, saprolitic, lowland, seasonal tropics of central Panama. The sites include tree plantations, rotational grazed pastures, native forests from 10 to over 80 years old, and a monoculture grassland. This data note provides a brief description of the instrumented catchments, rainfall and discharge data collection methods, data processing, and online availability.

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

Abstract The objective of this work was to present an index for the characterization of soil susceptibility to groundwater contamination, as well as to perform an exploratory study of the soils from the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The water retention time (RT) index was determined with mean values obtained from a filtering methodology, in databases of the following soil properties: depth of the horizons; granulometry; organic carbon content; bulk density and particle density; and moisture content at field capacity. The water table depth was estimated using the Hand model. Spatial distributions of input data and TR index results were obtained using a geographic information system software. Soils that offer low protection to groundwater contamination by organic chemicals are located in southeast and east-central regions of the state of Mato Grosso, in the western of the state of Bahia, in the south of Goiás, and in the north of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The predominant soil classes in the more susceptible areas are "Neossolos Quartzarênicos órticos" (Entisols) and "Latossolos Vermelhos distróficos" (Oxisols). | Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um índice para caracterização da suscetibilidade dos solos à contaminação do lençol freático, bem como realizar um estudo de caso exploratório para os solos do bioma Cerrado. O índice de tempo de retenção (TR) de água nos solo foi determinado a partir de valores médios, obtidos por meio de uma metodologia de filtragem, em bases de dados das seguintes propriedades do solo: espessura de horizontes; granulometria; teor de carbono orgânico; densidades global e de partículas; e umidade na capacidade de campo. A profundidade do lençol freático foi estimada com uso do modelo Hand. As distribuições espaciais dos dados de entrada e dos resultados do índice TR foram obtidas com uso de um aplicativo de sistema de informação geográfica. Os solos que oferecem menor proteção à contaminação do lençol freático por contaminantes químicos orgânicos estão localizados nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-leste do Mato Grosso, no Oeste da Bahia, no Sudoeste de Goiás e no Norte de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os solos predominantes nas áreas mais suscetíveis são Neossolos Quartzarênicos órticos e Latossolos Vermelhos distróficos.

Resumo O trabalho objetivou mapear a cobertura e uso do solo na área da bacia hidrográfica do rio Peixe-Boi, nordeste paraense, identificar conflitos de uso nas áreas de preservação permanente e investigar a relação deles com a qualidade da água. Utilizou-se imagem do sensor LISS-3 do satélite Resourcesat com resolução espacial de 23,5 m para classificação supervisionada e obtenção de classes de uso e cobertura da terra com base em 22 amostras de treinamento. Para se determinar a qualidade da água foram coletados 28 pontos amostrais nas redes de drenagem. A relação entre antropização e qualidade da água foi analisada a partir das observações das mudanças de uso da terra, por meio de imagens de satélite e coletas in loco das amostras de água. Os resultados obtidos revelam que 46% das APPs encontra-se em conflito de uso, sobretudo pela ocupação indevida das classes área urbana, solo exposto e especialmente pastagem com mais de 84% da área em conflito de uso. Em alguns pontos amostrais, foram observados níveis críticos de oxigênio dissolvido chegando a 2,14 mg L-1 e pH de 5,12, valores abaixo do estabelecido pela resolução 357/05 do CONAMA para água doce. Constatou-se que as piores condições de qualidade da água podem estar relacionadas às áreas de uso e ocupação irregulares dentro das APPs. Diante do exposto, verifica-se a necessidade, emergencial, de planejamento do uso e ocupação das terras na área da bacia hidrográfica do rio Peixe-Boi para a recuperação ambiental e da qualidade da água. | Abstract This study mapped the land use and land cover of the catchment area of the Peixe-Boi River watershed, in northeast Pará, in order to identify conflicts of land use in the permanent preservation areas, and to relate them to water quality. We used LISS-3 sensor imagery from the Resourcesat satellite with a spatial resolution of 23.5 m for supervised classification of land use and land cover based on 22 training samples. Water quality was determined based on 28 sampling points in drainage network. The relationship between human disturbance and water quality was analyzed based on observations of land use changes using satellite imagery and in situ collection of water samples. The results show that 46% of the permanent preservation areas have conflicted uses, especially with respect to urban squatters, exposed soil and, most notably, pasture, with over 84 % of the area in conflict. Critical levels of dissolved oxygen reaching 2.14 mg L-1 and pH of 5.12 were observed in some sampling points. These values are below the fresh water standards set by Resolution 357/05 of CONAMA. The poorest water quality may be related to irregular use and occupation of areas within the permanent preservation areas. There is therefore an urgent need to develop a plan for the sustainable use and occupation of catchment area land in the Peixe-Boi River watershed in order to restore the environment and improve water quality.

Resumo: Este trabalho avalia o transporte de água das chuvas e de sedimentos a partir de um Cambissolo Háplico representados por dois subgrupos denominados de CX1, sob cobertura de eucalipto e CX2, sob as coberturas de mata nativa e pastagem, presentes na microbacia da Fazenda Santa Marta, município de Igaratá/SP. Foram selecionados três locais representativos das três coberturas citadas, com valores de declividades variando de 6% a 12%. Uma análise comparativa entre as perdas de água sob as três coberturas no período entre 28/10/2015 e 27/10/2016, mostra que o valor mais elevado ocorreu na pastagem, cuja declividade encontra-se em torno de 8%. Ao comparar tais perdas, por exemplo, verificou-se que na pastagem ela foi mais elevada, com cerca de 831,31 m3/ha, enquanto que a mata e o eucalipto apresentaram perdas em torno de 560,95 e 603,32 m3/ha, respectivamente. Situação semelhante ocorreu com as perdas de solos (sedimentos em suspensão). O Cambissolo (CX1), cultivado com eucalipto, mesmo sob uma condição de 12% de declividade, apresentou perdas, tanto de água quanto de sedimentos, relativamente próximas àquelas da cobertura de Mata nativa. O caráter úmbrico do horizonte superficial desse solo aliado à espessa manta de cobertura morta (palhada) usada na área de cultivo do eucalipto, são fatores que contribuíram para menores perdas, tanto de água quanto de solos, via escoamento superficial. Diante do exposto, observa-se que o cultivo de eucalipto apresenta menor impacto no ambiente, quando comparado com a mata nativa e pastagem. --- This work evaluates the transport of water from rainfall and sediment from a Oxidic Dystropept (Soil Taxonomy) represented by two subgroups called CX1 under eucalyptus cover and CX2 under cover of native forest and pasture, present in the watershed of the Santa Marta Farm, municipality of Igaratá / SP. Three representative sites of the three coverages were selected with slope values varying from 6% to 12%. A comparative analysis of water losses under the three coverages in the period between 11/11/2015 and 10/27/2016 shows that the highest value occurred in the pasture, whose slope is around 8%. When comparing these losses, for example, it was verified that in the pasture it was greater, with around 831.31 m3/ha, while the forest and the eucalyptus presented losses around 560.95 and 603.32 m3/ha respectively. A similar situation occurred with soil losses (suspended sediments). The Oxidic Dystropept (CX1), cultivated with eucalyptus, even under a 12% slope condition presented losses, both in water and in sediments, relatively close to those of native forest cover. The umbric character of the surface horizon of this soil allied to the thick blanket of dead mulch used in the eucalyptus cultivation area are factors that contributed to lower losses of both water and soils through surface runoff. In view of the above, it is observed that the cultivation of eucalyptus has less impact on the environment when compared to the native forest and pasture, which gives it a condition of management directed to sustainability.

A APA das Lagoas e Dunas do Abaeté situa-se em parte na bacia do rio Ipitanga e parte na bacia bastante urbanizada do rio Jaguaribe que juntas definem a microbacia de Stella Maris. É uma APA Estadual e está incluída no SAVAM (Sistema de Áreas de Valor Ambiental e Cultural) como Parque da Natureza ? PN, definido como ?espaço dotado de ecossistemas naturais excepcionais e beleza cênica, que possui um ou mais ecossistemas totalmente inalterados ou parcialmente alterados pela ação do homem e que se destinam prioritariamente à preservação da natureza? (SALVADOR, 2004). Nos últimos anos essa área tem sofrido intensa especulação imobiliária relacionada principalmente ao turismo e começa a apresentar sinais de degradação ambiental. Justamente devido ao importante valor social e econômico para o município de Salvador tornam-se necessários trabalhos periódicos de levantamento e caracterização ambiental minuciosa para contribuir com dados importantes ao planejamento ou reordenamento territorial.

64 páginas | RESUMEN: En los Andes centrales, específicamente en la cuenca del río Claro en Caldas, Colombia, se ha observado un cambio significativo en el uso del suelo y la cobertura vegetal debido a la intervención antrópica, donde aproximadamente el 50% de la superficie de esta cuenca consiste en pastos limpios destinados a la ganadería, lo que contribuye a la degradación del suelo y afecta los procesos del ecosistema, incluyendo una posible contaminación del recurso hídrico. Este trabajo de grado evalúa los impactos de la actividad ganadera sobre la calidad del agua en la cuenca del río Claro (Caldas) en un gradiente altitudinal. Se realizó un diagnóstico socioeconómico en la zona de estudio, se identificaron las prácticas asociadas a la ganadería y sus impactos sobre los componentes medioambientales, y se analizaron los parámetros de calidad del agua y su relación con los usos del suelo asociados a la ganadería. La metodología empleada incluyó entrevistas semiestructuradas a 14 personas en 10 fincas ubicadas a lo largo de la cuenca del río Claro. Además, se establecieron 16 puntos de muestreo para analizar diferentes tipos de parámetros: fisicoquímicos, como oxígeno disuelto, porcentaje de saturación, pH y conductividad; físicos, como sólidos disueltos totales, temperatura y turbidez; químicos, como fósforo total, nitratos y nitritos; y microbiológicos, como coliformes totales y fecales. Complementariamente, se revisaron estudios previos. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la actividad ganadera no tiene afectación crítica sobre la calidad del agua en la cuenca del río Claro (Caldas) en un gradiente altitudinal. Los análisis de los parámetros fisicoquímicos no revelaron fluctuaciones significativas a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal, lo que sugiere que los cambios observados están más asociados con las variaciones climáticas que con la actividad ganadera. Se observó una baja concentración de fósforo total, nitratos y nitritos en las aguas muestreadas. Se detectó la presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli en algunos puntos de muestreo, lo que sugiere contaminación fecal. | ABSTRACT: In the central Andes, specifically in the Claro River basin in Caldas, Colombia, a significant change in land use and vegetation cover has been observed due to anthropogenic intervention. Approximately 50% of the surface area of this basin consists of clean pastures designated for livestock farming, which contributes to soil degradation and affects ecosystem processes, including possible contamination of water resources. This thesis evaluates the impacts of livestock activity on water quality in the Claro River basin (Caldas) along an altitudinal gradient. A socioeconomic diagnosis was conducted in the study area, practices associated with livestock farming and their impacts on environmental components were identified, and water quality parameters and their relationship with land uses associated with livestock farming were analyzed. The methodology employed included semi-structured interviews with 14 individuals across 10 farms located along the Claro River basin. Additionally, 16 sampling points were established to analyze different types of parameters: physicochemical (such as dissolved oxygen, percentage of saturation, pH, and conductivity), physical (such as total dissolved solids, temperature, and turbidity), chemical (such as total phosphorus, nitrates, and nitrites), and microbiological (such as total and fecal coliforms). Complementarily, previous studies were reviewed. The results obtained indicate that livestock activity does not have a critical impact on water quality in the Claro River basin (Caldas) along an altitudinal gradient. Analyses of physicochemical parameters did not reveal significant fluctuations along the altitudinal gradient, suggesting that the observed changes are more associated with climatic variations than with livestock activity. A low concentration of total phosphorus, nitrates, and nitrites was observed in the sampled waters. The presence of total coliforms and E. coli was detected at some sampling points, suggesting fecal contamination. | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental