Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia e Gestão de Sistemas de Água, 25 de Junho de 2014, Universidade dos Açores. | Em algumas freguesias do concelho da Praia da Vitória, o teor de fluoretos na água de consumo ultrapassa o valor paramétrico de 1,5 mg/L, estabelecido pelo Decreto-lei 306/2007 de 27 de Agosto. Este valor é igualmente ultrapassado em quatro das nascentes (Frechas, Burra, Gaiteiro, Gaiteiro e Rolo dos Moinhos) que fornecem água para grande parte das zonas de abastecimento do concelho, incluindo essas mesmas freguesias. Foi feito um estudo da variação de fluoretos na água destas nascentes para um período de tempo de 5 anos (2008-2012), acompanhado pelo enquadramento geológico das mesmas e distribuição geográfica consoante o seu teor médio de fluoreto. A influência da precipitação foi avaliada pela comparação entre o teor de fluoreto na água e a precipitação observada, tendo também em conta um tempo de residência hidráulico dos aquíferos, onde se concluiu que o teor de fluoreto nas nascentes é influenciado por um tempo de residência hidráulico de dois a três meses, valor ligeiramente superior a um e dois meses, considerado típico para os Açores. Foram ainda avaliadas as consequências na saúde pública devido à ingestão de um teor de fluoretos acima do valor paramétrico de 1,5 mg/L, situação que se verifica nas freguesias da Agualva, Vila Nova e São Brás. Através de um rastreio de fluorose dentária, realizado na Escola Básica Integrada da Praia da Vitória, foram observadas 56 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 9 e os 12 anos, pertencentes às referidas freguesias. Os resultados deste rastreio revelaram que 25% das crianças observadas apresentam índices de fluorose dentária e que em 25% das crianças a situação é questionável. Na amostra analisada foram observados todos os estágios da fluorose, desde o severo até ao muito suave, com predominância para este último. O índice médio de fluorose na freguesia da Agualva foi de 0,9, o mais elevado das três freguesias em estudo. | ABSTRACT: In some administrative areas of the municipality of Praia da Vitória, the fluoride content in drinking water exceeds its legal recommended value of 1,5 mg/L, established by the ordinance 306/2007 of the 27 of August. A study of the fluoride variation in these springs was conducted for a period of 5 years (2008-2012), accompanied by the geological location of the springs and their geographical distribution according to their average fluoride content. The precipitation influence was evaluated by comparing the fluoride content with the observed precipitation, also considering the hydraulic residence time of the aquifers, where it was concluded that the fluoride content in the springs in influenced by a hydraulic residence time of two to three months, which is slightly higher to one and two months, the typical hydraulic residence time considered in the Azores. It was also evaluated the public health consequences due to the ingestion of high fluoride content, above the legal recommended value of 1,5 mg/L, a situation that is verified in the administrative areas of Agualva, Vila Nova and São Brás. Through a dental fluorosis screening, carried at the Escola Básica Integrada da Praia da Vitória, 56 children were observed, with ages between 9 and 12 years old, all of them belonging to the administrative areas referred to before. The results of this screening revealed that 25% of the observed children presented dental fluorosis and that in 25% of the children the situation is questionable. Within the sample, all of the stages of dental fluorosis were observed, since severe to very mild, with predominance of the latter. The average fluorosis index in the area of Agualva was 0,9, the highest of the three areas studied.

A hydrogeological conceptual model of the source, circulation pathways and temporal variation of a low-enthalpy thermal spring in a fractured limestone setting is derived from a multidisciplinary approach. St. Gorman’s Well is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland with a complex and variable temperature profile (maximum of 21.8 °C). Geophysical data from a three-dimensional(3D)audio-magnetotelluric(AMT) survey are combined with time-lapse hydrogeological data and information from a previously published hydrochemical analysis to investigate the operation of this intriguing hydrothermal system. Hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters flow within the fractured limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times but display variability in discharge and temperature. The 3D electrical resistivity model of the subsurface revealed two prominent structures: (1) a NW-aligned faulted contact between two limestone lithologies; and (2) a dissolutionally enhanced, N-aligned, fault of probable Cenozoic age. The intersection of these two structures, which has allowed for karstification of the limestone bedrock, has created conduits facilitating the operation of relatively deep hydrothermal circulation (likely estimated depths between 240 and 1,000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support a hypothesis that the maximum temperature and simultaneous increased discharge observed at St. Gorman’s Well each winter is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and recirculation of meteoric waters within a structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system.

Infiltration from natural rivers or streams is the most important source of aquifer recharge at riverbank filtration (RBF) sites. Due to the influence of river hydrological processes and changes in suspended solids in rivers, riverbed sediments often undergo significant flushing and clogging processes, which lead to obvious spatial and temporal changes in riverbed sediment permeability. Moreover, the lithology, structure, and thickness of natural riverbed sediments change with time, influencing the bank infiltration rate into groundwater. At present, how riverbed-sediment flushing and clogging influences the sediment hydraulic conductivity is not fully understood, which results in high uncertainty about the amount of water involved in RBF. An RBF site in the middle reach of the Second Songhua River, northeastern China, was studied, and continuous time series data of riverbed-sediment hydraulic conductivity were obtained for the first time. By identifying the hydrological conditions, using field monitoring, laboratory experiments and field tests, the mechanisms of change associated with sediment lithology, infiltration rate, and hydraulic conductivity during flushing and clogging processes were revealed.

Increasing population growth and global climatic changes threaten water security in semiarid regions such as Northern Ghana. The Tamnean Plutonic Suite aquifer is the main source of water supply for the inhabitants of the Tamne River basin, which is a transboundary subbasin of the White Volta Basin, Ghana. The basin is a flood-prone area where flooding occurs every rainy season, but there is water scarcity during the dry season, mainly due to poor groundwater resources planning. It is expected that the population will increase in the next 10 years, implying a greater water demand. A steady-state and transient groundwater flow model has been developed to understand the hydrogeological conditions and assess the feasibility of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in the area. A single granitic aquifer formation was delineated from the three-dimensional lithology modelling. The calibrated aquifer recharge through precipitation is very low due to high evapotranspiration and low rainfall. A MAR injection scenario was tested using the available treated floodwater that is registered during the rainy season in the area. The results show the total volume of water injected at the end of the 4-month study period is 11,000 m³/day (approximately 1.3 × 10⁶ m³), which significantly increases aquifer storage and groundwater levels. The volume of water recovered at the end of 8 months (1.4 × 10⁶ m³) is enough for domestic and irrigation purposes during the dry season. In general, MAR is feasible in augmenting the water levels in the area when combined with controllable irrigation and domestic withdrawals.