En esta revisión se analiza la información disponible sobre los mecanismos mediante los cuales los nutrientes pueden afectar el uso de agua que realizan las plantas leñosas. Pueden modificarse el consumo de agua (e.g., consumo total por planta, tasa transpiratoria, eficiencia del uso del agua), las relaciones hídricas (e.g., ajuste osmótico, modificaciones en el potencial hídrico, modificaciones en el control estomático) o las características hidráulicas de las plantas (e.g., conductividad hidráulica de raíces, tallo, ramas). Se recopiló la información disponible desde los niveles subcelular, órgano, planta entera y población. Se concluye que la disponibilidad de nutrientes afecta el uso del agua a través de modificaciones en la arquitectura hidráulica en cada nivel de organización, que pueden resultar en diferente consumo de agua a nivel de individuo y población. La variedad de modificaciones posibles hace que resulte difícil predecir el resultado del cambio en la disponibilidad de nutrientes en el uso del agua, ya que además de la interacción entre los recursos abióticos (i.e., agua y cada nutriente) hay que considerar las diferencias genotípicas en la capacidad de respuesta. | In this review, we analyze the information available about the mechanisms by which nutrients can alter plant water use. Water consumption (e.g., total consumption per plant, transpiration rate, water use efficiency), water relations (e.g., osmotic adjustment, changes in water potential, modifications in stomatal control) or hydraulic properties of plants (e.g., root or stem hydraulic conductivity) can be affected by the nutritional status of the plant. Information is analyzed at different levels: subcellular, organ, plant and population. It is concluded that nutrient availability alters hydraulic achitecture at different organization levels, resulting in changes in water use at plant or population level. Possible modifications, and their interactions, make it difficult to predict the way nutrient availability can alter water use. Moreover, besides abiotic factors interactions (e.g., between water and each nutrient), genotypic differences in response capacity have to be taken into account. | Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal

The thermogravimetry (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) methods have been used to measure the free water in low-moisture foods. In this study, the 2nd derivative thermogravimetry (2nd DTG) method distinguished the free and bound water based on the speed of moisture evaporation, which could be used for both low-moisture and high-moisture foods. First, the key factors related to moisture evaporation were optimized. Isothermal temperature of 30 ~ 50°C, dynamic temperature of 0.033 ~ 0.133°C/min, and flow rate of nitrogen of 20 ~ 40 mL/min were the optimal parameters for the 2nd DTG method. Under these conditions, the repeatability and reproducibility of the 2nd DTG method were enhanced, its applicability was expanded to high-moisture foods, and the accuracy was ± 4.0% of the nuclear magnetic resonance results. Hence, the 2nd DTG method is better suited for the measurement of free water in foods.

O clima tropical, o aspargo cresce de forma continua e vigorosa e as adubacoes tradicionalmente recomendadas tornam-se insuficientes para atender suas necessidades. Assim, realizou-se um estudo na Embrapa, em Petrolina, PE, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar as melhoraes doses de nitrogenio e de potassio, aplicadas atraves da agua de irrigacao. O experimento foi conduzido com a variedade New Jersey 220, num delineamento estatistico em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial. As doses de nitrogenio e potassio foram, respectivamente, 30, 60 e 90 kg.ha de N e 40, 80 e 120 kg.ha. A adubacao na testemunha foi realizada anualmente em sulcos, apos o periodo de colheita, aplicando-se 100 kg.ha de N, 120 kg.ha de P2O5 e 80 kg.ha de K2O. A frequencia de irrigacao e fertilizacao foi semanal, sendo realizada atraves de um sistema de microaspersao. As analises de regressao apresentaram relacoes lineares entre as variaveis estudadas, indicando que as maiores doses de N e K nao foram suficientes para atingir-se a maxima producao na cultura. A aplicacao de nitrogenio e potassio via agua de irrigacao melhorou a qualidade do aspargo.

Nitrogen (N) pollution in shallow groundwater within the Jianghan Plain—a depositional basin along the Yangtze River in China—is a serious issue affecting the local water supply. There is little concern regarding temporal variation patterns of groundwater N in regions with intensive groundwater/surface-water interactions thus far. In this study, a 2-year field monitoring program and a set of incubation experiments were jointly applied to characterize the seasonal variation mechanisms of groundwater N. Groundwater monitoring suggested that temporal N variations in monitoring wells of 25 and 10-m depth were correlated with fluctuations in water levels, with lower NH₄-N and higher NO₃⁻-N concentrations corresponding to groundwater discharge during the dry season, and with higher NH₄-N and lower NO₃⁻-N concentrations corresponding to groundwater recharge during the wet season. Batch sediment incubation experiments showed that buried organic carbon in sediments from the field site could not promote NH₄-N release, but exogenous organic carbon and oxidant input could catalyze organic N mineralization, resulting in NH₄-N release. Nevertheless, NO₃⁻-N release was limited in all incubations. Thus, the temporal variation patterns could be divided into (1) groundwater N in type-1 wells (25 and 10 m), controlled by the annual reversal of groundwater flow gradient, which determined whether there was input of exogenous organic carbon or oxidants, ultimately affecting organic N mineralization, denitrification and other transformation processes, and (2) groundwater N in type-2 wells (<4 m depth), which showed no significant seasonal variation, implying the process is mainly controlled by surface inputs in the shallower subsurface.

Experimentos foram conduzidos em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrofico, textura argilosa (LEd), em Sete Lagoas, MG. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro niveis de nitrogenio aplicado em cobertura (0,50, 100e 200 kg/ha de N), combinados com laminas de agua obtidas atraves do sistema "line source", que fornece um padrao de distribuicao decrescente de agua a medida que se afasta da linha de irrigacao. Irrigou-se todas as vezes que a tensao de agua no solo, entre as duas fileiras de milho proxima a linha de irrigacao, atingiu valores entre -0,6 e -0,7 bars, com o controle feito atraves de tensiometro. Todos os tratamentos receberam a mesma adubacao no sulco por ocasiao do plantio, apos cada cultivo. Utilizou-se a cultivar BR 201, no espacamento de 0,90 entre linhas e densidade de 60.000 plantas/ha. Os dados apresentados sao de experimentos conduzidos nos invernos de 1988, 1989 e 1990. Nao houve resposta a adubacao nitrogenada em cobertura nos dois primeiros cultivos. As produtividade maximas estimadas, com ou sem adubacao nitrogenadas em cobertura, foram de 7.860 e 7.580 kg/ha para os anos de 1988 e 1989, respectivamente, o que demonstra uma boa capacidade de suprimento de nitrogenio pelo solo nesses dois cultivos. Entretanto, a resposta a adubacao nitrogenada em cobertura aumentou rapidamente apos cada cultivo. Apos quatro cultivos sucessivos na mesma area, a produtividade caiu drasticamente, de 7.860 kg/ha, em 1988, para 4.350 kg/ha, em 1990.