This document is the first systematic discussion of the most important lessons of the APPJ Project of the European Union, which was implemented between the years 1993 and 2001. The project was prepared to respond to the emergency health situation of the cholera epidemic of 1991. The proposed project was to comment on building autonomous systems of drinking water in peri-urban areas not served by the SEDAPAL drinking water network. Lessons learned include: 1) It is not enough to build drinking water systems; 2) It is essential to ensure the existence of units that manage the system efficiently. 3) It is important to operate a monitoring program of the autonomous systems in Lima. This document has been divided into five chapters and three annexes. The first chapter presents the background of the project, the features of the proposal and phases their execution. The second deals with processes that led to major improvements in the construction of the autonomous systems of drinking water. The third chapter discusses the various aspects and factors influencing the sustainability of water systems. The fourth chapter discusses the role of institutional actors involved directly or indirectly in the sustainability of building water systems. Finally, the fifth chapter presents conclusions and lessons. The document ends with three annexes: the first is information on costs and volume of sales of systems visited; the second is a summary of the information status of systems visited, and the third is a list of NGOs who have participated in the implementation of the project.

This paper presents new experiences in the province of Andahuaylas, in the Andes of Peru, in a bid to help solve the problem of water supply in rural scattered areas. The central part of the document consists of a study that describes and analyzes the process by which 5 small areas in a scattered rural steeply sloping side of a mountain managed to acquire a sustainable water supply operated by gravity. The study includes 3 chapters. The first chapter examines the water issues in the communities, what solutions developed by the commoners to stock up on water, what are the drawbacks of the traditional system of their drinking water system. The second chapter describes technical aspects of the project, explaining how the technologies employed were the product of the physical and social environment. The third chapter describes the community participation during and after the project.

This document is the first systematic discussion of the most important lessons of the APPJ Project of the European Union, which was implemented between the years 1993 and 2001. The project was prepared to respond to the emergency health situation of the cholera epidemic of 1991. The proposed project was to comment on building autonomous systems of drinking water in peri-urban areas not served by the SEDAPAL drinking water network. Lessons learned include: 1) It is not enough to build drinking water systems; 2) It is essential to ensure the existence of units that manage the system efficiently. 3) It is important to operate a monitoring program of the autonomous systems in Lima. This document has been divided into five chapters and three annexes. The first chapter presents the background of the project, the features of the proposal and phases their execution. The second deals with processes that led to major improvements in the construction of the autonomous systems of drinking water. The third chapter discusses the various aspects and factors influencing the sustainability of water systems. The fourth chapter discusses the role of institutional actors involved directly or indirectly in the sustainability of building water systems. Finally, the fifth chapter presents conclusions and lessons. The document ends with three annexes: the first is information on costs and volume of sales of systems visited; the second is a summary of the information status of systems visited, and the third is a list of NGOs who have participated in the implementation of the project.

Groundwater is an extensive, concealed and inaccessible resource, and (in contrast to surface water) changes in quantity and quality are often very slow processes occurring below large land areas. These changes cannot be determined by simple one-off snapshot surveys alone, and require more elaborate monitoring networks and data interpretation. The primary goal of aquifer management is to control the impacts of groundwater abstraction and contaminant loads, and monitoring aquifer response and quality trends provide key inputs for this goal. The evaluation of groundwater issues and the implementation of management solutions require hydrogeological data that are in part baseline and in part time-variant in character-the collection of the time-variant component is what is usually considered groundwater monitoring. Groundwater monitoring thus comprises the collection, analysis and storage of a range of data on a regular basis according to specific circumstances and objectives.

The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) has provided advice on investments and policies to its partners and clients in developing countries for more than 21 years. Much of its early work, such as that on low-cost technologies, demand-responsiveness, strategic sanitation planning, and participatory hygiene have now become standard approaches in the sector. Drawing from its field network in over 30 countries, the Program is continuing to explore new frontiers of knowledge. For example, it is identifying and testing private sector partnerships that provide services to the poor and helping its partners gain access to current sector practices. The Program has been a forerunner of a growing list of partnership programs managed by the World Bank. Its well-established global network, strong tradition of client responsiveness, and continuous open dialogue with World Bank clients in developing countries provide a model for development practice. The Program is focusing its attention and resources on the most critical countries and regions of its operation. It is building partnerships with a broader range of stakeholders and developing alliances with the leading international agencies and sources of knowledge in the sector. Limiting further overall growth, the Program's management is seeking to reduce fixed costs and increase flexibility to enable the WSP to reduce risk and better respond to opportunities and new client demands.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kansainvälisesti vertailtavaa tietoa suomalaisten viljelymaiden hivenalkuaineista. Aineistona käytettiin maanäytteitä, jotka oli kerätty kansallisen seurantaohjelman viimeisimmässä näytteiden keruussa vuonna 1998. Kyseisestä aineistosta valittiin 338 maanäytettä, jotka edustivat tasaisesti koko Suomen viljeltyä aluetta. Kukin näyte oli otettu neljänä osanäytteenä pellon muokkauskerroksesta. Näytteistä analysoitiin arseeni (As), kadmium (Cd), kromi (Cr), kupari (Cu), lyijy (Pb), elohopea (Hg), nikkeli (Ni), seleeni (Se), vanadiini (V) ja sinkki (Zn). Analyysi tehtiin kansainvälisen standardimenetelmän ISO 11466:n mukaisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa (aqua regia). Tuloksista laskettiin tärkeimmät tilastolliset parametrit maalajiryhmittäin ja kasvinviljelyvyöhykkeittäin. Hivenalkuaineiden jakautumisesta pitoisuusluokkiin muotoiltiin graafiset esitykset ja pitoisuuksien maantieteellisestä jakaumasta teemakartat. Tutkimus oli osa vuosina 2004 2007 toteutettua, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa yhteistutkimushanketta Raskasmetallikuormitusten arviointi ja vähentäminen Suomen maatalousekosysteemeissä . Hankkeen tavoitteena oli ensinnäkin selvittää viljelymaiden raskasmetallipitoisuuksia valtakunnallisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa. Toiseksi tutkittiin kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotilojen viljelymaan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia kuningasvesiuutteesta ja hapan (pH 4,65) ammoniumasetaatti-EDTA -uutteesta siten, että näytteet otettiin muokkauskerroksesta ja jankosta. Kolmanneksi hankkeessa analysoitiin raskasmetallien tilakohtaisia peltotaseita kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotiloilla. | This study was part of a three-year (2004-2007) project entitled Assessment and reduction of heavy metal inputs into Finnish agro-ecosystems that was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The aims of the project were to clarify: 1) aqua regia extractable trace elements in Finnish cultivated soils with the international standard method at a national level; 2) aqua regia and AAAc-EDTA extractable trace elements in the top- and subsoil of Finnish arable land at selected crop and dairy farms; and 3) field mass balances of trace elements on the selected crop and dairy farms at the farm level. The main aim of this study was to produce internationally comparable knowledge on the status of cultivated soils in Finland. From the soil material collected during the latest sampling process under the national monitoring programme in 1998, 338 samples were selected for this investigation. The sampling sites were situated evenly over the whole cultivated area in Finland. Samples taken as four sub-samples from the plough layer were analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia extraction according to an international standard method (ISO 11466). General statistical indicators of the analytical results of trace element concentrations are presented by soil type groups and by plant cultivation zones. Distributions of the results into the concentration classes are shown graphically and geographical distributions of the trace element concentrations are presented on the thematic maps. | v | ok | Myynti MTT, Tietopalvelut 31600 Jokioinen. Yksikön huom.: MAA, MPL | MPL | Viljelymaiden seurantaohjelma Suomessa Hivenalkuaineiden kokonaispitoisuudet peltomaissa : vuonna 1998

The note highlights the importance of stakeholder participation in groundwater management, because groundwater stakeholders are those who have an important interest in the resources of a specified aquifer. This may be because they use groundwater, or because they practice activities that could cause groundwater pollution, or because they are concerned with groundwater resource and environmental management. Since surface water should be managed conjunctively with groundwater, and municipal or industrial wastewater may pose a threat to groundwater quality, stakeholders should also (where appropriate) include municipal, and industrial representatives. Stakeholder participation in groundwater management is essential for the following reasons: management decisions taken unilaterally by the regulatory agency without social consensus, are often impossible to implement; it enables essential management activities to be carried out more effectively and economically through cooperative efforts, and shared burdens; and, it facilitates the integration and coordination of decisions relating to groundwater resources, land use, and waste management. Groundwater management decisions taken with the participation of stakeholders should help to bring: social benefits, because they tend to promote equity among users; economic benefits, because they tend to optimize pumping and reduce energy costs; technical benefits, because they usually lead to better estimates of water abstraction. On the other hand, participatory management of highly-stressed aquifers should help take some, otherwise, unpopular decisions where-at least in the short run-benefits to a number of stakeholder groups are decreased, because they agree to reduce pumping in the longer-term communal interest.

La cuenca binacional del Río Catatumbo compartido por la República de Colombia (70%) y Venezuela (30%), constituye un cuerpo de agua de vital importancia para el Lago de Maracaibo, debido a que aporta el 60% de agua dulce que este recibe. Las diferentes actividades agropecuarias e industriales que se desarrollan en ambos países, contribuyen con el proceso de contaminación de este reservorio de agua. En este estudio, se evaluó los niveles de concentración de selenio en agua, sedimento y tejidos de peces del Río Catatumbo y sus afluentes. Durante el período de muestreo de enero a noviembre de 2001-2002, se captaron 48 muestras de agua, 24 de sedimento y 87 de peces. Se utilizó el procedimiento recomendado por la BCR para determinar la distribución de selenio en sedimentos. También se evaluaron los parámetros físicoquímicos del agua. Los valores mínimos - máximos en el Río Catatumbo y sus tributarios fueron: agua caudal 6,61-2701,46 m3.s-1, oxígeno disuelto 3,82-7,29 mg.L-1, conductividad 14,33-296,00 µhom.cm-1, temperatura 24,17-30,98°C y selenio 0,31-1,33 µg.L-1; selenio en sedimento 0,14-0,59 µg.g-1 y tejido muscular de peces Se <0,54-4,80 µg.g-1. Los resultados indicaron que de las 6 estaciones evaluadas en el Río Catatumbo y sus afluentes, la más cercana al Lago de Maracaibo presentó los mayores valores de selenio. | The Catatumbo River bi-nacional basin, shared by Venezuela and Colombian Republics in percentages of 70% and 30% respectively, is a water body of vital importance for lake Maracaibo, because is supplies 60% of the fresh water. The diverse agricultural and industrial activities developed on Venezuela and Colombia Republics, contributes to the contamination process of this water reservoir. Through this study were evaluated the concentration level of selenium in water, sediment and fish muscle tissue from the Catatumbo River and tributaries. During the sampling period from january to november 2001-2002, 48 water, 24 sediment and 87 fish samples were collected. The sequential extraction procedure archieved by the BCR was used in order to determine the selenium in sediment samples. Physicochemical parameters were also measured. The minimum-maximum values in the Catatumbo River and tributaries were: (water) flow 6.61-2701.46m3.s-1, pH 5.99-7.97, dissolved oxygen 3.82-7.29 mg.L-1, conductivity 14.33-296.00 µhom.cm-1, temperature 24.17-30.98°C and Se 0.31-1.33 µg.L-1;(sediment) Se 0.14-0.59 µg.g-1 and tissue muscle fish Se <0.54-4.80 µg.g-1. Results indicated that Catatumbo River and tributary station closer to Lake Maracaibo presented the highest valies Se. | Includes 69 bibliographic references | Published

Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-nutrient for humans, but can be toxic at high levels of intake. Se deficiency and Se toxicity are linked with serious diseases, with some regions worldwide experiencing Se deficiency due to Se-poor rocks and soils and other areas dealing with Se toxicity due to the presence of Se-enriched geologic materials. In addition, Se is consumed primarily through plants that take up Se from soil and through animal products that consume these plants. Hence, the soil and groundwater system play important roles in determining the effect of Se on human health. This paper reviews current understanding of Se fate and transport in soil and groundwater systems and its relation to human health, with a focus on alluvial systems, soil systems, and the interface between alluvial systems and Cretaceous shale that release Se via oxidation processes. The review focuses first on the relation between Se and human health, followed by a summary of Se distribution in soil-aquifer systems, with an emphasis on the quantitative relationship between Se content in soil and Se concentration in underlying groundwater. The physical, chemical, and microbial processes that govern Se fate and transport in subsurface systems then are presented, followed by numerical modeling techniques used to simulate these processes in study regions and available remediation strategies for either Se-deficient or Se-toxic regions. This paper can serve as a guide to any field, laboratory or modeling study aimed at assessing Se fate and transport in groundwater systems and its relation to human health.