Uma das práticas desafiadoras de manejo é aumentar a produção de arroz utilizando menos água. O experimento foi realizado nas safras de 2010/11 e 2011/12 na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo foi avaliar o rendimento de grãos e a eficiência do uso de água na semeadura no início e final da época recomendada. Os tratamentos foram as épocas de semeadura (01/10/10 e 01/12/10) safra 2010/11, e (27/09/11 e 07/12/11) safra 2011/12, com cinco repetições, e a cultivar utilizada foi a 'IRGA 424'. Não houve diferença no volume de água aplicado entre as épocas de semeadura, com volume médio de 5757 e 8420m³ ha-1, respectivamente, para safra 2010/11 e 2011/12. A época de semeadura afetou o rendimento de grãos, com rendimento de 13 e 24% a mais nas semeaduras do início da época (01/10/10 e 27/09/11), comparado às semeaduras do final da época (01/12/10 e 07/12/11), respectivamente. A semeadura realizada no início da época recomendada (início de outubro) proporciona maior rendimento de grãos e maior eficiência no uso de água.<br>One of the challenging management practices is to increase rice production using less water. The study was conducted during the harvest of 2010/11 and 2011/12 in the experimental field of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the yield and water use efficiency at sowing at beginning and end of the recommended time. Treatments were at planting dates (10/01/10 and 12/01/10) 2010/11 harvest, and (9/27/11 and 12/07/11) 2011/12 harvest, with five replicates, the cultivar used was the 'IRGA 424'. There was no difference in the amount of applied water between sowing times, with an average of 5757 and 8420m³ ha-1, respectively for season 2010/11 and 2011/12. The sowing date affected grain yield, with yields of 13 and 24% more in the beginning of the sowing season (10/01/10 and 9/27/11) compared to the end of the sowing date (12/01/10 and 12/07/11), respectively. Sowing early in the recommended period (early October) provides greater yield and more water use efficiency.

Irrigated rice is highly influenced by weather, as it is by air temperature and solar radiation. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of sowing dates on grain yield and in water use, as well as in red rice, main weed in irrigated rice. Furthermore, the study evaluated the influence of different temperatures on the germination of red rice and cultivated rice, as well as oxidative stress in rice plants submitted to different temperatures and water level conditions. The studies were performed in field in an experimental lowland area, and in laboratory, in a BOD incubator and in Phytotron with controlled temperature conditions. It was observed that the sowing date has influence on yield, on the efficiency of water use and on the control of red rice, and that the beginning of the recommended period for sowing (end of September and beginning of October) what provides better grain yield and water use efficiency. Also, in this period red rice seeds emerge less, resulting in a more efficient control. It was verified that the soil temperature effects red rice germination, what can be a significant strategy on the management of this weed. On the other hand, the temperature associated to the water level is a factor that causes oxidative stress on rice seedlings, with consequences on growth and nitrogen accumulation. The lower the water level used in the rice paddy, smaller are the morphophysiological changes caused in seedlings. The chemical control by applying imazapyr+imazapic in the dose of 52,5+17,5 g ha-1 in PRE + 52,5+17,5 g ha-1 in POST; and 105+35 g ha-1 only in PRE and POST are efficient on red rice control, on condition that the irrigation management is appropriate and there is no presence of red rice resistant to these herbicides. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | A cultura do arroz irrigado é altamente influenciada pelas condições meteorológicas, tais como temperatura do ar e radiação solar. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de épocas de semeadura de arroz no rendimento de grãos e no uso de água, bem como no controle de arroz-vermelho, principal planta daninha do arroz irrigado. Além disso, avaliou-se a influência de diferentes temperaturas na germinação do arroz-vermelho e do arroz irrigado, assim como o estresse oxidativo em plantas de arroz submetidas a diferentes condições de temperaturas e níveis de lâmina de água. Os trabalhos foram realizados a campo em área experimental de várzea e em laboratório, sob câmara B.O.D e Fitotron, com condições controladas de temperatura. Observou-se que a época de semeadura influencia o rendimento de grãos do arroz, a eficiência do uso da água e no controle do arroz-vermelho, sendo a época do início do período recomendado a que proporciona maior rendimento de grãos e eficiência no uso de água. Além disso, nesse período, ocorre menor emergência de arroz-vermelho, resultando em controle mais eficiente. Verificou-se também que a temperatura do solo afeta a germinação do arroz-vermelho o que pode ser uma estratégia significativa no manejo dessa planta daninha. Por outro lado, a temperatura e a altura da lâmina de água são fatores que podem causar estresses oxidativos em plântulas de arroz, com consequências no crescimento e na acumulação de nitrogênio. Quanto menor é a lâmina de água utilizada na lavoura, menores são as alterações morfofisiológicas causadas nas plântulas. O controle químico através da aplicação de imazapyr+imazapic na dose de 52,5+17,5 g ha-1 em PRE + 52,5+17,5 g ha-1 em POS; e 105+35 g ha-1 somente em PRE e POS é eficiente no controle de arroz-vermelho, desde que o manejo da irrigação seja adequado e não haja presença de biótipos de arroz-vermelho resistentes a esses herbicidas.

Uma das práticas desafiadoras de manejo é aumentar a produção de arroz utilizando menos água. O experimento foi realizado nas safras de 2010/11 e 2011/12 na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo foi avaliar o rendimento de grãos e a eficiência do uso de água na semeadura no início e final da época recomendada. Os tratamentos foram as épocas de semeadura (01/10/10 e 01/12/10) safra 2010/11, e (27/09/11 e 07/12/11) safra 2011/12, com cinco repetições, e a cultivar utilizada foi a 'IRGA 424'. Não houve diferença no volume de água aplicado entre as épocas de semeadura, com volume médio de 5757 e 8420m³ ha-1, respectivamente, para safra 2010/11 e 2011/12. A época de semeadura afetou o rendimento de grãos, com rendimento de 13 e 24% a mais nas semeaduras do início da época (01/10/10 e 27/09/11), comparado às semeaduras do final da época (01/12/10 e 07/12/11), respectivamente. A semeadura realizada no início da época recomendada (início de outubro) proporciona maior rendimento de grãos e maior eficiência no uso de água. | One of the challenging management practices is to increase rice production using less water. The study was conducted during the harvest of 2010/11 and 2011/12 in the experimental field of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the yield and water use efficiency at sowing at beginning and end of the recommended time. Treatments were at planting dates (10/01/10 and 12/01/10) 2010/11 harvest, and (9/27/11 and 12/07/11) 2011/12 harvest, with five replicates, the cultivar used was the 'IRGA 424'. There was no difference in the amount of applied water between sowing times, with an average of 5757 and 8420m³ ha-1, respectively for season 2010/11 and 2011/12. The sowing date affected grain yield, with yields of 13 and 24% more in the beginning of the sowing season (10/01/10 and 9/27/11) compared to the end of the sowing date (12/01/10 and 12/07/11), respectively. Sowing early in the recommended period (early October) provides greater yield and more water use efficiency.

Avaliacao da captura de recursos de agua e luz por sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs), por meio de monitoramente intensivo durante dois anos, em areas degradadas de terra firme no Distrito Agropecuario da SUFRAMA, Manaus-AM (Brasil). Foi verificado que floresta e pastagem represetam os extremos dos indices de area foliar (IAF). As capoeiras e as areas dos SAFs podem apresentar um IAF mais proximo ao da floresta, mas sao mais suscetiveis as mudancas do que aquelas. A hipotese e' de que essa variacao na area foliar e captura de luz tem relacao com a agua do solo. Sistemas radiculares profundos podem permitir a manutencao de uma maior area foliar durante a seca, que pode fornecer maior superficie evaporativa, para que as raizes bombeiem mais agua e capturem mais nutrientes do solo.

Bacterial cellulose films synthesized by Komagataeibacter xylinus were combined with glycerol and chitosan to obtain composite films with improved UV-barrier. In part 2, the interaction among the compounds was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis and FT-IR spectra, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The water permeability, water solubility and water retention capacity were analyzed by response surface methodology. The optical properties indicated that glycerol and chitosan improved the UV-barrier properties, obtaining average transmittance values in the UV regions below 5.15%. This fact opens multiple possibilities for applications in foods and products sensitive to sunlight radiation. Hence, these properties would facilitate the application of BC–glycerol–chitosan films on fresh food, with high moisture content and susceptible to oxidation by the sunlight radiation. In addition, the thermal properties of the films showed that they could be applied in heat-treated foods at temperatures until 135°C.

Monthly time series, from 2001 to 2016, of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MOD13Q1 products were analyzed with Seasonal Trend Analysis (STA), assessing seasonal and long-term changes in the mangrove canopy of the Teacapan-Agua Brava lagoon system, the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Mexican Pacific coast. Profiles from both vegetation indices described similar phenological trends, but the EVI was more sensitive in detecting intra-annual changes. We identified a seasonal cycle dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle mixed patches, with the more closed canopy occurring in the early autumn, and the maximum opening in the dry season. Mangrove patches dominated by Avicennia germinans displayed seasonal peaks in the winter. Curves fitted for the seasonal vegetation indices were better correlated with accumulated precipitation and solar radiation among the assessed climate variables (Pearson’s correlation coefficients, estimated for most of the variables, were r ≥ 0.58 p < 0.0001), driving seasonality for tidal basins with mangroves dominated by L. racemosa and R. mangle. For tidal basins dominated by A. germinans, the maximum and minimum temperatures and monthly precipitation fit better seasonally with the vegetation indices (r ≥ 0.58, p < 0.0001). Significant mangrove canopy reductions were identified in all the analyzed tidal basins (z values for the Mann-Kendall test ≤ −1.96), but positive change trends were recorded in four of the basins, while most of the mangrove canopy (approximately 87%) displayed only seasonal canopy changes or canopy recovery (z > −1.96). The most resilient mangrove forests were distributed in tidal basins dominated by L. racemosa and R. mangle (Mann-Kendal Tau t ≥ 0.4, p ≤ 0.03), while basins dominated by A. germinans showed the most evidence of disturbance.

[ES] Proyecto de diseño y dimensionado de una instalación solar fotovoltaica para el bombeo de agua en la Comunidad de Regantes Pozos de la Serretilla que permita aprovechar la energía procedente de la radiación solar para alimentar a una bomba de 140 KW aislada de la red. Para ello se estudiarán distintas posibilidades técnicas adoptándose la más conveniente de forma justificada. | [EN] Design and sizing project of a photovoltaic solar installation for water pumping in the Irrigation Community Pozos de la Serretilla that allows the use of energy from solar radiation to feed a 140 KW pump isolated from the grid. To accomplish this objective, different technical possibilities will be studied, adopting the most convenient one in a justified way. | Moral Rodríguez, B. (2018). Proyecto de diseño y dimensionado de una instalación solar fotovoltaica para el bombeo de agua en la Comunidad de Regantes Pozos de la Serretilla, Pedralba (Valencia). http://hdl.handle.net/10251/114858

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Tratamento de Água Residuária de Suinocultura do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, MG. As coordenadas geográficas são 20º 45 de latitude sul e 42º 51 de longitude oeste e altitude de 651 m, no período de agosto de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. Os objetivos foram: a) determinar a altura da lâmina de água residuária de suinocultura no reator solar que atenderá aos padrões de qualidade aceitáveis para o reuso do efluente na limpeza de granjas e na fertirrigação de culturas; b) quantificar a energia necessária para desinfecção da água residuária de suinocultura; e c) avaliar oefeito da turbidez no processo de desinfecção. O experimento foi montado num esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo utilizados três tipos de afluentes em um fator e quatro lâminas, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições de cada combinação de fatores. Os tipos de afluentes foram caracterizados de acordo com as etapas de tratamento. Assim, o afluente bruto foi definido como do tipo 3, caracterizado por não ser submetido a nenhum tratamento. O afluente provindo do sedimentador foi definido como do tipo 2, por ser submetido ao tratamento composto por um sedimentador. O afluente provindo do biofiltro foi definido como do tipo 1, por ser submetido à etapa de tratamento do sedimentador e posteriormente ao biofiltro. As lâminas utilizadas nos reatores solares foram de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm. Utilizaram-se 12 reatores solares e um tipo de efluente por vez. O experimento aconteceu em forma de batelada, com duração de 72 h. Os reatores solares recebiam os respectivos afluentes durante o período noturno, e após as 72 h eram retiradas amostras de cada reator para a obtenção dos valores de pH, condutividade elétrica, temperatura do efluente, turbidez, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. Os valores de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e radiação solar foram obtidos de uma estação meteorológica automática instalada no local do experimento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: a) Em reator solar, a altura da lâmina recomendada para a desinfecção de água residuária de suinocultura com turbidez de até 82 UNT, com três dias de exposição à radiação solar (média de 61,68 MJ m-²), é de até 23 cm, para se atingir um nível adequado e ser utilizada na agricultura como fertirrigação, seguindo-se os parâmetros recomendados pela OMS (categoria A água: Escherichia coli <1.000 NMP/100 mL); b) para garantir a eficiência no processo de desinfecção nos reatores solares, é fundamental a utilização de um pré-tratamento da água residuária de suinocultura, e quanto maior a turbidez dessa água, menor a sua eficiência no processo de desinfecção. | This work was developed in Unit Sewer Treatment Plant Pork Industry, Department of Agricultural Engineering, belonging to the Federal University of Viçosa, MG. The geographical coordinates are 20 ° 45 'south latitude and 42 ° 51' west longitude and altitude of 651 m, from August 2010 to February 2011. The objectives were to: a) determine the height of the blade swine wastewater in the solar reactor, which meet acceptable quality standards for effluent reuse in cleaning farms and crops fertigation b) quantify the energy required for disinfection Swine wastewater and c) evaluate the effect of turbidity on disinfection process. The experiment was arranged in a 3x4 factorial design, which used three types of tributaries on one factor and four blades, in a completely randomized design with three replications for each combination of factors. The types of tributaries were characterized according to the processing steps. Thus, the influent crude was defined as type 3, characterized by not being subjected to any treatment. The influent coming from the settler was defined as type 2, being subjected to treatment by a compound settler. The influent coming from the biofilter was defined as type 1, for being subjected to treatment step of biofilter and then to settler. The blades used in solar reactors were 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm. A total of 12 solar reactors and a type of effluent at a time. The experiment took place in a batch fashion with a duration of 72 hours. The solar reactors received their tributaries during the night and after 72 hours were sampled from each reactor to obtain the values of pH, electrical conductivity, temperature of the effluent turbidity, total coliform and Escherichia coli. The values of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation were obtained using an automatic weather station installed at the experimental site. The results showed that: a) solar reactor, the blade height recommended for disinfection of swine wastewater with turbidity up to 82 NTU, with three days of exposure to solar radiation (average of 61.68 MJ m - ²), is up to 23 cm, to achieve an adequate level to be used in agriculture as fertigation, following the parameters recommended by WHO (category A - Water: Escherichia coli <1000 NMP/100 mL) b) To ensure efficiency in the disinfection process in solar reactors is essential to use a pre-treatment of swine wastewater, and the higher the turbidity of swine wastewater, the less efficient disinfection process. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

A geographic information system (GIS)-based water-budget framework has been developed to study the climate-change impact on regional groundwater recharge, and it was applied to the Southern Hills aquifer system of southwestern Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana, USA. The framework links historical climate variables and future emission scenarios of climate models to a hydrologic model, HELP3, to quantify spatiotemporal potential recharge variations from 1950 to 2099. The framework includes parallel programming to divide a large amount of HELP3 simulations among multiple cores of a supercomputer, to expedite computation. The results show that a wide range of projected potential recharge for the Southern Hills aquifer system resulted from the divergent projections of precipitation, temperature and solar radiation using three scenarios (B1, A2 and A1FI) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s Parallel Climate Model 1 (PCM) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab’s (GFDL) model. The PCM model projects recharge change ranging from −33.7 to +19.1 % for the 21st century. The GFDL model projects less recharge than the PCM, with recharge change ranging from −58.1 to +7.1 %. Potential recharge is likely to increase in 2010–2039, but likely to decrease in 2070–2099. Projected recharge is more sensitive to the changes in the projected precipitation than the projected solar radiation and temperature. Uncertainty analysis confirms that the uncertainty in projected precipitation yields more changes in the potential recharge than in the projected temperature for the study area.