This paper offers an exploratory microeconomic analysis of water use in the cultivation of almonds orchards when water is considered as the limiting factor. When a crop is subjected to water limitation, the microeconomic principles behind irrigation decisions are based upon the water-yield relationship. The analysis is applied to an estimated water-yield response function for irrigated almond trees in Spain; our research focuses on determining the optimal irrigation dose when deficit irrigation is applied, as is usual in the context of water limitation. The situation in Spain is compared to that of other countries where water rights are less constrained. The economic analysis of the water production function is crucial, since it determines the farmers’ income and helps them make appropriate management decisions, such as the allocation of limited water to crops and the extension of the irrigated area. Furthermore, public institutions need this basic information in order to assign water allocation in the context of increasing demand and limited resources. | Este artículo ofrece un análisis microeconómico del uso del agua en el cultivo del almendro cuando el agua se considera el factor limitante. Cuando un cultivo está sujeto a limitación de agua, los principios microeconómicos detrás de las decisiones de riego se basan en la relación entre rendimiento y riego. El análisis se aplica a una función de respuesta agua-producción estimada para almendros de regadío en España. Nuestra investigación se centra en determinar la dosis óptima de riego cuando se aplica riego deficitario, como es habitual en contexto de escasez de agua. Finalmente, la situación en España se compara con la de otros países donde los derechos de agua están menos restringidos. El análisis económico de la función de producción de agua es crucial, ya que determina los ingresos de los agricultores y los ayuda a tomar decisiones de gestión adecuadas, como la asignación de agua limitada a los cultivos y la extensión del área regada. Además, las instituciones públicas necesitan esta información para garantizar una adecuada asignación de los recursos hídricos en un contexto de demanda creciente y recursos limitados.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo la explicación de los sistemas de desalación de agua de mar utilizados en la industria y su adaptación a los buques. Analiza la máquina desalinizadora instalada en un buque concreto y da solución a un buque que carece esta, supliendo la necesidad imperante de agua dulce en la navegación. En la primera parte de este trabajo se aborda la generación de agua dulce con una breve introducción sobre la necesidad de la desalación de agua de mar a bordo de los buques. También se presentan las tecnologías de desalación existentes en la actualidad y los tratamientos necesarios en el proceso. En la segunda parte este trabajo indaga en el proceso y tipo de generador de agua dulce presente en un buque concreto. En esta parte se presenta la propuesta de montaje de un generador de agua dulce en un buque que carece de este sistema, finalizando con una visión del futuro de las tecnologías y avances en la desalinización. Por último, se presentan como conclusiones la experiencia y habilidades adquiridas gracias a la realización de este trabajo. | This work aims to explain the seawater desalination systems used in industry and their adaptation to ships. It analyses the desalination machine installed on a particular ship and provides a solution to a ship that lacks it, supplying the prevailing need for fresh water in navigation. In one hand we go into edible wáter come out thruoght the ship’s system and how much important is for any ship. In other hand we explain the tecnology ways that there are in the market in our days and also how to keep properly working to avoid any issue. Secondly we focous on one ship system and how is work This part presents the proposal to assemble a fresh water generator on a ship that lacks this system, ending with a vision of the future of technologies and advances in desalination. Finally, the experience and skills acquired thanks to the completion of this work are presented as conclusions.

Video de la presentación en las Jornadas para el Impulso Sostenible de las vegas del Guadalete el 18 de octtubre de 2021 enlace de youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myS0rJqpIMc

Solicitud: 202131422 (07.07.2021) | Nº Pub. de Solicitud: ES1275532U (29.07.2021) | Nº de Modelo de Utilidad: ES1275532Y (25.10.2021)

Water for human consumption is supplied for different demanded uses: domestic, agriculture and industry. According to what has been reported by FAO and UNESCO, agriculture consumes 69% of water; domestic purposes consume 10% and industry 21%. Given the importance of water in agriculture and crop pattern, knowledge on the optimal allocation and economic value of the resource is required. The objective of our study was to obtain an optimal crop pattern in the Irrigation District 100 (ID 100) Alfajayucan Hidalgo, as well as to estimate the economical price of water under different scenarios. The hypothesis states that the fees paid by farmers in ID 100 do not reflect their true scarcity value. A linear programming model was implemented to maximize the net income of farmers with 17 cyclical and perennial agricultural activities, subject to 57 surface restrictions, water, labor and machinery. The results indicate that the net income of ID 100 would increase by $273 million if the optimal crop pattern is established, compared to that obtained in the 2015‑2016 agricultural cycle. The economical price of the water according to the model was $1.44 m-3, much higher than that currently paid (irrigation fees = $0.02 m-3), conf irming the existence of a strong subsidy to the water supply. Thus, in light our results, the water fees paid by farmers should increase. | El agua para consumo humano se distribuye entre los f ines que la demandan: doméstico, agropecuario e industrial. De acuerdo a lo reportado por la FAO y UNESCO la agricultura consume 69%, el consumo doméstico utiliza 10% y la industria el 21%. Dada la importancia del agua en la agricultura se requiere conocer la asignación óptima del recurso dado un patrón de cultivos, así como el valor económico del líquido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el obtener un patrón óptimo de cultivos en el Distrito de Riego (DR) 100 Alfajayucan Hidalgo, así como el de estimar el precio económico del agua ante distintos escenarios. La hipótesis establece que las tarifas pagadas por los agricultores en el DR 100 no reflejan su verdadero valor de escasez. Se instrumentó un modelo de programación lineal para maximizar el ingreso neto de los agricultores con 17 actividades agrícolas cíclicas y perenes, sujetas a 57 restricciones de superf icie, agua, mano de obra y maquinaria. Los resultados indican que el ingreso neto del DR 100 se incrementaría en 273 millones de pesos si se establece el patrón óptimo de cultivos, en comparación con el obtenido en el ciclo agrícola 2015-2016. El precio económico del agua arrojado por el modelo fue de $1.44 m-3, muy superior al pagado actualmente por las cuotas de riego ($0.02 m‑3), se conf irma la existencia de un fuerte subsidio al consumo de agua: por lo que se recomienda se incrementen las cuotas pagadas por los agricultores.

A Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA) foi implementada na União Europeia em 2000 e gradualmente transposta para a legislação nacional dos Estados Membros. A DQA constituiu um importante avanço na proteção dos ecossistemas aquáticos superficiais, águas de transição e subterrâneas, tendo como objetivo atualmente que todas as massas de água atinjam a Boa qualidade ecológica, até 2027. No entanto, os procedimentos que permitem a monitorização e classificação das massas de água no âmbito da DQA são complexos e morosos. O presente artigo apresenta o enquadramento e a aplicação das metodologias de monitorização e classificação das massas de água de natureza lótica (p.ex. rios) de uma forma simplificada, contribuindo para melhorar a acessibilidade da sociedade em geral a esta informação, e consequentemente favorecendo a disseminação dos princípios e metodologias de monitorização associados à DQA. Este trabalho está focado especificamente em sistemas lóticos. Uma vez que a avaliação da qualidade da água sensu DQA considera a monitorização de comunidades biológicas e que as comunidades biológicas de maior importância indicadora são distintas entre diferentes tipos de ecossistemas aquáticos (p.ex. entre rios e albufeiras ou lagos), o enfoque foi definido para tornar o documento mais conciso. A informação aqui disponibilizada poderá servir como um suporte relevante para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de envolvimento da sociedade na implementação da DQA em Portugal, que se encontra ainda aquém do desejável. | published

Asia has been experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth in recent decades. Taiwan was one of the 4 Asian dragons, regions that experienced rapid industrialization and exceptionally high growth rates between the early 1960s and 1990s, but at a high cost to the environment, and thus, it was heavily polluted. Estuaries are highly dynamic and diverse ecosystems that provide multiple ecosystem services that maintain marine ecosystem health and benefit humankind. However, estuaries and the ecosystem services they provide are rapidly degrading due to increasing pressures and changes, especially those in populous, urban areas. Social–environmental analysis integrates scientific information and social activities and thereby provides a comprehensive understanding for the multiparty, joint decision-making processes necessary for successful, sustainable management. In this study, 60 years of economic data and 26 years of water quality data are examined using social–environmental frameworks, the driver-pressurestate-impact-response framework, and the systems approach framework to analyze the management of water quality for an estuary in a populous urban area, the Tamsui River estuary, in Taiwan. Potential societal responses and management measures are identified that can be implemented to reduce human activities, diminish pressure, ameliorate water quality, and enhance the state of the estuarine systems in the Tamsui River and its estuary. The recommended societal responses are increased education, the establishment of community-based river rangers, wetland and mangrove conservation, the development of a circular economy, the implementation of governance measures, and improvements in monitoring and assessments. Improvement of the water quality in the Tamsui River estuary increases the hedonic value of property for people who live near the riverside. Currently, the number of tourists and tourism-based businesses have increased. Nevertheless, improvements in water quality in the Tamsui River estuary bring well-being and benefits that could be further enhanced to increase the cost/benefit relation of the management measures. | MOST 108-2611-M-019-021 | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion