Se ha verificado que la especie invasora lenteja de agua ocupa la mayoría de los espejos de aguas tranquilas en la Bogotá-Región y ha generado repercusiones negativas para los ecosistemas cambiando las dinámicas de las especies. El manejo actual de remover manual o mecánicamente la planta es técnica y económicamente difícil dada la capacidad de la especie de replicarse rápidamente. El presente proyecto de investigación busca aprovechar esa capacidad de replicación para la identificación y caracterización de alternativas de economía circular que permitan el aprovechamiento eficiente de la planta. El trabajo se desarrolló en tres fases, la primera encaminada a validar la problemática en la región, la segunda priorizó las alternativas de aprovechamiento a través de un análisis multicriterio y la tercera desarrolló pruebas de laboratorio para corroborar la factibilidad de las alternativas de aprovechamiento priorizadas en la fase dos. Las alternativas mejor calificadas corresponden al compostaje, bioetanol y biodiesel respectivamente, para las cuales, la producción de bioetanol presentó los mejores resultados en laboratorio. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | The aquatic invasive species duckweed reported in the majority of calm water mirrors in the Bogotá-Region has generated effects for the ecosystems, changing the dynamics of the species and habitats, and for the economy in general, since its control is economically unsustainable. The purpose of this research project was to identify and characterize circular economy alternatives for the efficient use of the invasive duckweed species, reducing its environmental impact on the water bodies of Bogotá-Region. During the development of the dimensioning phase, bibliographic references were consulted on studies carried out at the regional, national and international level on the problems faced by the invasive species and the alternative uses that could revolve around it. Once the current situation of duckweed was contextualized, the Multicriteria Analysis methodology was extracted, where different criteria concerning the ecological and economic dimensions of the previously consulted utilization alternatives were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively; Thus, prioritizing the most viable alternatives will be modified for their subsequent controlled performance in the laboratory. For the composting alternative, there was a time of 21 days, 1.5 kg of duckweed was obtained and the need to complement this procedure with other organic waste and/or insects such as: earthworms or slugs to increase its efficiency was verified. ; on the other hand, the biodiesel generation alternative arises from low efficiency with a product of 11,456 ml from the extraction of the essential oil of 30 ml of duckweed and 7 ml of methoxide; Finally, the bioethanol generation alternative showed great efficiency in the distillation procedure with a 48 ml product from 100 ml of fermented duckweed solution.

[Introduction]: Georeferenced environmental information from environmental institutions is the basis for improving environmental management and sustainability in the Latin American and Caribbean region. [Objective]: To evaluate the spatio-temporal evolution of the water table using groundwater level data measured in the network of monitoring wells of the Sébaco Valley aquifer. [Methodology]: The fluctuation of groundwater levels was evaluated during the dry seasons from 2010 to 2018 (9 years) based on water level measurements collected from the network of monitoring wells of the Sébaco Valley aquifer. The geostatistical approach applied to this dataset to reveal the predictive models was the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) method. This method obtained a spatial representation of the phreatic surface of the aquifer and was subsequently used to calculate the velocity and acceleration of the water table. [Results]: During the period analyzed, water table acceleration maps showed mean values of -0.52 m/year. These values suggest that part of the aquifer is experiencing a decline in water table levels that could be rapidly aggravated by climatic events and increased demand of water resources. [Conclusions]: The approach used for quantitative assessment of groundwater levels is suitable for countries lacking a database of aquifer-specific hydraulic parameters. | [Introducción]: La información ambiental georreferenciada que provienen de instituciones ambientales constituye información base, para mejorar la gestión ambiental y de sostenibilidad en la región de América Latina y El Caribe. [Objetivo]: Evaluar la evolución espacio-temporal del nivel freático utilizando datos de niveles de agua subterránea medidos en la red de pozos de monitoreo del acuífero Valle de Sébaco. [Metodología]: Se evaluó durante la época seca del 2010 al 2018 (9 años) la fluctuación de los niveles de agua subterránea, a partir de datos de niveles de agua medidos en la red de pozos de monitoreo del acuífero Valle de Sébaco. El enfoque geoestadístico que se empleó en este conjunto de datos, para revelar los modelos predictivos fue el método Kriging Empírico Bayesiano (EBK), dicho método obtuvo una representación espacial de la superficie freática del acuífero y posteriormente fue utilizado para calcular la velocidad y aceleración del nivel freático. [Resultados]: Durante el período analizado los mapas de aceleración del nivel freático mostraron valores medios de -0.52 m/año. Estos valores sugieren que una parte del acuífero está experimentando un descenso en los niveles freáticos que podría verse agravado rápidamente con los fenómenos climáticos y el aumento de la demanda del recurso. [Conclusiones]: El enfoque utilizado para la evaluación cuantitativa de los niveles de agua subterránea es adecuado para países que carecen de base de datos de parámetros hidráulicos específicos de un acuífero. | [Introdução]: As informações ambientais georreferenciadas provenientes de instituições ambientais constituem informações básicas para melhorar a gestão ambiental e de sustentabilidade na região da América Latina e Caribe. [Objetivo]: Avaliar a evolução espaço-temporal do lençol freático utilizando dados de nível freático medidos na rede de poços de monitoramento do aquífero Vale do Sébaco. [Metodologia]: A flutuação dos níveis de água subterrânea foi avaliada durante a estação seca de 2010 a 2018 (9 anos), com base em dados de níveis de água medidos na rede de poços de monitoramento do aquífero do Vale do Sébaco. A abordagem geoestatística utilizada neste conjunto de dados para revelar os modelos preditivos foi o método Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK), este método obtém uma representação espacial da superfície do lençol freático do aquífero e foi posteriormente utilizado para calcular a velocidade e aceleração do lençol freático. [Resultados]: Durante o período analisado, os mapas de aceleração do nível freático apresentaram valores médios de -0,52 m/ano. Esses valores sugerem que parte do aquífero está passando por uma queda no nível do lençol freático que pode ser rapidamente agravada por eventos climáticos e aumento da demanda pelo recurso. [Conclusões]: A abordagem utilizada para a avaliação quantitativa dos níveis de água subterrânea é adequada para países que não possuem um banco de dados de parâmetros hidráulicos específicos para um aquífero.

La tecnología del internet de las cosas (IoT) a través de los años ha tenido una constante evolución empezando primero con el envío de información básica para posteriormente ser empleada en la mayoría de campos partiendo desde lo más básico como prender un televisor hasta lo más complejo como el monitoreo en tiempo real de las condiciones climáticas, del suelo y obtención de información de los cultivos para que haya una producción más eficiente en la agricultura. Para el presente proyecto se empleó la tecnología IoT a través de sensores de bajo costo. Estos primeramente fueron instalados en la reserva hídrica de Paluguillo donde se tomaron mediciones de distintas variables meteorológicas. Posterior a esto estas mismas variables fueron analizadas para dos cultivos de ciclo corto en un terreno ubicado en la parroquia de Conocoto, donde se calculó el balance hídrico para una optimización del riego partiendo de datos como la evapotranspiración (ETc). La cual fue calculada mediante el método del tanque evaporímetro Clase A empleando el sensor de nivel del agua. Para la distribución de los cultivos, el terreno fue dividido en dos secciones una con riego controlado por medio de los valores obtenidos del balance hídrico y de los sensores. Y la otra sección con un riego no controlado para evidenciar si se da un desarrollo eficiente de los cultivos sin emplear la tecnología IoT. Mediante los resultados obtenidos se estima que el desarrollo de los cultivos es eficiente mediante un monitoreo constante de las variables climáticas de la zona. | The Internet of Things (IoT) technology over the years has had a constant evolution, starting first with the sending of basic information to later be used in most fields, starting from the most basic such as turning on a television to the most complex. such as real-time monitoring of climatic and soil conditions and obtaining information on crops so that there is more efficient production in agriculture. For this project, IoT technology was used with low-cost sensors. These were first installed in the Paluguillo water reserve where measurements of different meteorological variables were taken. After this, these same variables were analyzed for two short-cycle crops in a plot of land located in the parish of Conocoto, where the water balance was calculated for irrigation optimization based on data such as evapotranspiration (ETc). Which was calculated using the Class A evaporimeter tank method using the water level sensor. For the distribution of the crops, the land was divided into two sections, one with irrigation controlled by means of the values obtained from the water balance and from the sensors. And the other section with uncontrolled irrigation to show if there is an efficient development of crops without using IoT technology. Through the results obtained, it is estimated that the development of crops is efficient through constant monitoring of the climatic variables of the area. | Manciati Jaramillo, Carla Paola, director.

Groundwater recharge (GR) is a complex process that is difficult to quantify. Increasing attention has been given to unsaturated zone modeling to estimate GR and better understand the processes controlling it. Continuous soil-moisture time series have been shown to provide valuable information in this regard. The objectives of this study were to (i) analyze the processes and factors controlling GR in an unconfined granular aquifer in a cold and humid environment and (ii) assess the uncertainties associated with the use of data from different sources. Soil moisture data monitored over three years at three experimental sites in southern Quebec (Canada) were used to calibrate the HYDRUS-1D model and to estimate ranges of possible GR in a region where groundwater is increasingly used as a source of fresh water. The simulations identified and quantified important factors responsible for the near-surface water balance that leads to GR. The resulting GR estimates from 2016 to 2018 showed marked differences between the three sites, with values ranging from 347 to 735 mm/y. Mean GR for the three sites was 517 mm/y for 2016–2018 and 455 mm/y for the previous 12-year period. GR was shown to depend on monthly variations in precipitation and on soil textural parameters in the root zone, both controlling soil-water retention and evapotranspiration. Monthly recharge patterns showed distinct preferential GR periods during the spring snowmelt (38–45% of precipitation) and in the fall (29% of precipitation). The use of different meteorological datasets was shown to influence the GR estimates.