Groundwater/surface-water interaction is receiving increasing focus in Africa due to its importance to ecologic systems and sustainability. In South Africa’s 1998 National Water Act (NWA), water-use licenses, including groundwater, are granted only after defining the Reserve, the amount of water needed to supply basic human needs and preserve some ecological integrity. Accurate quantification of groundwater contributions to ecosystems for successful implementation of the NWA proves challenging; many of South Africa’s aquifers are in heterogeneous and anisotropic fractured-rock settings. This paper reviews the current conceptualizations and investigative approaches regarding groundwater/surface-water interactions in the context of South African policies. Some selected pitfall experiences are emphasized. The most common approach in South Africa is estimation of average annual fluxes at the scale of fourth-order catchments (∼500 km2) with baseflow separation techniques and then subtracting the groundwater discharge rate from the recharge rate. This approach might be a good start, but it ignores spatial and temporal variability, potentially missing local impacts associated with production-well placement. As South Africa’s NWA has already been emulated in many countries including Zambia, Zimbabwe and Kenya, the successes and failures of the South African experience dealing with the groundwater/surface-water interaction will be analyzed to guide future policy directions.

Expone los conceptos de territorio y cuenca y la necesidad de su ordenamiento o gestión. Asimismo, desarrolla el tema de la gestión integrada del territorio/cuencas y los retos existentes al respecto.

In the current world environmental and ecological situation, water issues have become one of the most important topics, not only because of the inequities imposed by water’s uneven geographical distribution through time and space but also by political and economical decisions which truly determine the way we get connected with it. The following essay intends to analyze the water privatization process under the light of three different theoretical proposals: the temporality theory of Fernand Braudel, the horizontal tripartite geographical structure of Peter Taylor and the second nature idea from the critical trend of Geography. These theories will help us understand the spatial implications of the privatization of this basic resource for life, and social reproduction as well as helping us understand the economic and political context in which the water privatization process is evolving. | En el contexto de la actual situación ambiental y ecológica mundial, sin duda uno de los problemas de mayor trascendencia es el referente al agua, no sólo por las fuertes desigualdades que impone su distribución geográfica, tanto en el tiempo como en el espacio, sino, sobre todo, por las decisiones políticas y económicas que determinan nuestra relación social con este vital líquido. Este artículo analiza el proceso de la privatización del agua a la luz de tres ejes teórico-metodológicos: la teoría de las temporalidades de Fernand Braudel, la estructura geográfica horizontal tripartita de Peter Taylor y la noción de la segunda naturaleza derivada de la corriente crítica de la Geografía, que permitirán entender, no sólo las implicaciones geográfico-espaciales de la privatización de un recurso fundamental para la reproducción de la vida y la sociedad, sino comprender cabalmente este proceso en su contexto económico y político mundial.

O tratamento de feridas evoluiu ao longo da história da medicina, com o intuito de se intervir no processo de cicatrização e propiciar mecanismos de proteção ou reparo da lesão. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o processo de reparação tecidual em coelhos tratados oralmente com água magnetizada e com água-de-coco, visando entender se esse processo terapêutico influencia a reparação de feridas. Utilizaram-se 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branca, divididos em 6 grupos com diferentes tratamentos por via oral (água mineral, água magnetizada e água-de-coco). Três desses grupos receberam pomada antibiótica na ferida experimental. Feridas cirúrgicas foram realizadas no dorso dos animais e foram avaliadas clinicamente quanto: edema, halo eritematoso, tempo de cicatrização e tempo de epitelização, aferiu-se também a temperatura retal dos animais. Biopsias foram realizadas nas bordas das feridas para avaliação histopatológica, observação de fibras colágenas (tipos I e III) e de fibras elásticas. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas para análises hematimétricas, leucométricas e plaquetométricas. Monitorou-se consumo de água e de ração dos animais. A temperatura corpórea dos animais se manteve dentro da normalidade (37,1 a 39,4C), assim como todos os parâmetros hematológicos. Os animais que ingeriram água magnetizada e água-de-coco apresentaram o menor tempo de cicatrização e de epitelização e os que receberam água magnetizada apresentaram os maiores valores de fibras elásticas e um maior consumo de água e de ração. O colágeno tipo I foi predominante em todos os grupos, em todas as coletas. A ingestão de água magnetizada e de água-de-coco influenciou o processo reparação tecidual. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para se elucidar o mecanismo de ação deste processo terapêutico. | The wound care has evolved over the history of medicine, in order to intervene in the healing process, to provide protection mechanisms or injury repair. This study aimed to evaluate the process of tissue repair in rabbits treated orally with magnetic water and coconut water, in order to understand whether this therapeutic process influences the skin wounds repairing. Were used 30 rabbits New Zealand White divided into six groups with different oral treatments (mineral water, magnetized water and coconut water), and these, three groups received antibiotic ointment on the experimental wound . Surgical wounds were made on the backs of the animals, which were clinically evaluated, checking the rectal temperature and the characteristics of the wounds: edema, erythematous halo, healing time and time of epithelialization. Tissue biopsies from the edges of the wounds were taken for histological evaluation, observation of collagen fibers (type I and III) and elastic fibers. Blood samples were taken for analysis of red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets. The consumption of water and animal feed were also monitored. The body temperature of the animals remained within the normal range (37.1 to 39.4C), as well as all the hematological parameters. The animals that ingested magnetized water and coconut water showed the lowest time of healing and epithelialization and those that received magnetized water showed the highest values of elastic fibers and increased consumption of water and feed. Collagen type I was predominant in all groups, in all collections. The ingestion of the magnetized water and coconut water influenced the tissue repair process, but more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of this therapeutic process.

Este manual está diseñado para proporcionar un resumen exacto, actual y autorizado, de las principales leyes Federales y de Florida que están directa o indirectamente relacionadas con la agricultura. This revised document is part of a series of 37 brief fact sheets, the Spanish-language version of the Handbook of Florida Water Regulation. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, May 2012. FE086/FE086: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua en Florida: Pozos de Agua (ufl.edu)

Este manual está diseñado para proporcionar un resumen exacto, actual y autorizado, de las principales leyes Federales y de Florida que están directa o indirectamente relacionadas con la agricultura. This revised document is part of a series of 37 brief fact sheets, the Spanish-language version of the Handbook of Florida Water Regulation. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, May 2012. FE086/FE086: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua en Florida: Pozos de Agua (ufl.edu)

Este manual está diseñado para proporcionar un resumen exacto, actual y autorizado, de las principales leyes Federales y de Florida que están directa o indirectamente relacionadas con la agricultura. This revised document is part of a series of 37 brief fact sheets, the Spanish-language version of the Handbook of Florida Water Regulation. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, May 2012. FE086/FE086: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua en Florida: Pozos de Agua (ufl.edu)

Resumen. El flujo de agua en el suelo es calificado como un proceso dinámico que regula reacciones químicas y eventos físicos y biológicos, que a su vez influyen en la nutrición, crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas; es considerado de interés ambiental, ya que influye en la regulación hidrológica, en la distribución y transmisión de agua, solutos y contaminantes a través de la zona no saturada del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la dinámica de la humedad volumétrica y del potencial matricial del suelo a lo largo de un periodo de secado, en dos Andisoles, localizados en terrenos de ladera en los municipios de Chinchiná (Caldas) y Quimbaya (Quindío) - Colombia. En cada localidad se seleccionaron y aislaron tres monolitos de suelo de 1,5 m de ancho y 6,0 m de largo, con diferente grado de pendiente (20, 40 y 70%, en Chinchiná y 20, 40 y 75%, en Quimbaya). Se instalaron sensores de humedad y tensiómetros a diferentes profundidades y se monitoreó simultáneamente la humedad volumétrica y el potencial mátrico del suelo durante un periodo de 80 días y se obtuvieron las curvas de secamiento del suelo. El modelo potencial se ajustó mejor al comportamiento de la humedad volumétrica con relación al tiempo; en general, la humedad volumétrica se redujo drásticamente durante la primera etapa del drenaje (0-24 horas); posteriormente, le siguió un drenaje lento en el cual los cambios en la humedad volumétrica a través del tiempo fueron mínimos. La tasa de secamiento del suelo aumentó conforme se incrementó el ángulo de inclinación de la pendiente, lo que se atribuye a una refracción del flujo de agua, considerando que el potencial gravitacional está influido por la inclinación de la pendiente y a la vez indica que la pendiente del terreno afecta el movimiento del agua en el suelo.<br>Abstract. Soil water flux is qualified as a dynamic processes that regulate soil chemical reactions, physical and biological events, which in turn influence plant growth and nutrition. Water flow in soils is considered of environmental importance, since it influences the distribution and transmission of water, solutes and contaminants through the vadose zone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water dynamics and the matric potential of an Andisols, which were determined over a period of wetting and drying of soil monlith, located on a hillslope area close to Chinchiná (Caldas) and Quimbaya (Quindío) - Colombia. At each site, we selected and isolated three soil monoliths of 1.5 m wide and 6.0 m long, with different slope (20, 40 and 70% in Chinchiná and 20, 40 and 75% in Quimbaya). Soil moisture sensors and tensiometers were installed at different soil depths. The soil volumetric moisture and the matric potential were monitored simultaneously, during 80 days, from which we obtained the drying curves. The resulting potential model fitted the best to the soil volumetric moisture behavior in relation to time. In general, volumetric moisture declined faster during the first drying step (0-24 hours), followed by a slow drainage in which the volumetric moisture changes over time were minimum. The rate of soil drying increased as the increased the slope angle, attributed to a refraction of the water flow, whereas the gravitational potential is influenced by the hillslope of the slope and at the time this indicates that this slope controls the soil water movement.

The growing demand for forest products has allowed the increase in areas planted forests in Brazil. Eucalyptus is a fast growing tree species and is cultivated on a large scale, but still is a subject that causes controversy about the effect on the dynamics of soil water where they are deployed. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor water use by Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden settlement under different population densities in sandy soil. The study was conducted from the installation of an experiment implemented with Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden in native grass, at spaced 3.50 X3, 50, 3.50 X1, 75, 1.75 X1, X0 75 and 1.75, 87 meters in an Alfisol (Red Yellow Podzolic). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with three replicates. To measure the soil moisture to field technique was used in the time domain reflectometry (TDR). Thus, we installed two units in the TDR-100 manufactured by Campbell. Probes with metal double rod 20 cm long were installed horizontally every 30 inches deep, by means of trenching 2.10 meter depth in each plot, comprising seven layers trench. Soil moisture was monitored continuously in the period november/2011 at may/2012. In addition, assessments were made dendrometrical as total height and DBH (1.30 m). These evaluations were performed at 36 and 42 months of age. In periods, the measures taken by TDR moisture was very sensitive to changes in water content of soil, mainly in the superficial layers of the soil. However, much of the monitoring period there were very few precipitation events, which resulted in measures of low soil water content will also result in stunted growth. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | A crescente demanda por produtos florestais tem propiciado o aumento das áreas com florestas plantadas no Brasil. O eucalipto é uma espécie florestal de rápido crescimento e é cultivada em larga escala, porém ainda é um assunto que provoca polêmicas sobre o efeito na dinâmica da água do solo onde são implantados. Por isso, este estudo teve como objetivo monitorar do uso da água por povoamento de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden sob diferentes densidades populacionais em solo arenoso. O trabalho foi realizado a partir da instalação de um experimento implantado com Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden em campo nativo, nos espaçamentos 3,50X3,50; 3,50X1,75; 1,75X1,75 e 1,75X0,87 metros, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições Para as medidas de umidade do solo a campo foi utilizada a técnica da reflectometria de domínio do tempo (TDR). Para isso, foram instalados na área dois equipamentos TDR-100 fabricado pela Campbell. Sondas metálicas com haste dupla de 20 cm de comprimento foram instaladas horizontalmente a cada 30 cm de profundidade, por meio de abertura de trincheiras com 2,10m de profundidade em cada parcela, compondo sete camadas por trincheira. A umidade do solo foi monitorada continuamente no período de novembro/2011 a maio/2012. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações dendrométricas, como altura total e DAP (1,30 m). Estas avaliações foram realizadas aos 36 e 42 meses de idade. Nos períodos avaliados, as medidas de umidade feitas pelo TDR foram bastante sensíveis as mudanças do conteúdo de água do solo, principalmente nas camadas mais superficiais do solo. Porém, em grande parte do período de monitoramento houveram pouquíssimos eventos de precipitação, o que ocasionou em medidas de baixos conteúdos de água no solo, resultando também em déficit no crescimento.