As indústrias agro-alimentares de laticínios produzem efluentes que contêm essencialmente proteínas, açúcares, óleos e gorduras, pelo que, de forma a limitar a contaminação de águas subterrâneas e superficiais, terão que ser previamente tratados antes da sua deposição no meio hídrico. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a influência duma indústria de laticínios num processo global de tratamento de água. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na empresa Águas de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro e foram também objetivos desta tese, a aquisição de conhecimentos na rotina dos métodos analíticos usados nos laboratórios de controlo analítico interno da Estação de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR) de Lamego e da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) do Vilar. Assim, com o objetivo de identificar quais os problemas mais frequentemente gerados e quais as alterações que ocorreram no processo global de tratamento das águas, a análise foi feita através de dados recolhidos de monitorizações e recorrendo a um histórico existente. Os parâmetros de qualidade analisados foram a carência química de oxigénio (CQO), a carência bioquímica de oxigénio (CBO), o azoto total (NT), fósforo total (PT). Foram realizadas análises no coletor de saída da indústria agro-alimentar em estudo, ao afluente bruto da ETAR de Cambres e ao respetivo efluente tratado. O efluente na caixa de descarga da indústria de laticínios apresentou valores superiores ao limite de emissão, para todos os parâmetros analisados, tendo-se verificado incumprimento legal, exceto nos últimos meses de análise, provavelmente porque a ETAR interna da indústria em estudo entrou finalmente em funcionamento. Verificou-se que no afluente bruto, à entrada da ETAR de Cambres, os valores de CQO, acima do valor máximo permitido, aparentemente, dependeram da indústria de laticínios. Apesar disso, a ETAR de Cambres apresentou um nível de remoção bastante elevado, cumprindo na maioria das vezes os limites legais impostos ao efluente descarregado para o meio hídrico recetor. O esforço despendido no tratamento das águas residuais na ETAR de Cambres, de forma a manter o efluente tratado com valores de emissão dentro dos limites legais, traduziu-se em acréscimos no consumo energético e no consumo de substâncias floculantes. Além disso, a ETAR de Cambres teve necessidade de instalar uma linha de desodorização. Nalgumas situações a ETAR de Cambres teve que proceder ao by-pass, não tratando por isso o efluente residual, o que causou eventuais danos ambientais no meio hídrico recetor. | The agri-food produce dairy effluent mainly containing proteins, sugars, oils and fats, so in order to limit contamination of groundwater and surface water, will have to be pre-treated before disposal in the aquatic environment. In this work, we studied the influence of a dairy industry in a global process of water treatment. The work was developed in Águas de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Company, and therefore there was also goals of this thesis, the acquisition of knowledge in routine analytical methods used in internal control laboratories from Station Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Lamego Station, as well as from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of Vilar. Thus, in order to identify the problems most often generated and what changes occurred in overall process of water treatment, analysis was performed using data collected from a monitoring program and using an existing data. The quality parameters analyzed were: chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP). Analyzes were performed on the collector output of the food industry, in the raw affluent of WWTP of Cambres and in the respective treated effluent. The effluent directly discharged by dairy industry, showed higher values than the emission limit for all parameters, except the last months of analysis, probably because the internal WWTP of industry finally became operational. It was found that raw affluent to WWTP of Cambres, showed COD values above the maximum value allowed, apparently depending on the dairy industry. Nevertheless, the WWTP of Cambres presented a very high level of removal, fulfilling most of the time the legal limits of effluent discharged to the aquatic environment receiver. The effort expended in the treatment of wastewater in the WWTP of Cambres, to maintain the effluent treated with emission values within legal limits, resulted in increases in energy consumption and consumption of flocculants substances. In addition, there was also a need to install a line deodorization. In some situations the WWTP of Cambres had to carry the by-pass, so not treating the effluent waste, causing eventual environmental damage in the aquatic environment receiver.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la optimización del proceso de faenamiento para mejorar el tratamiento del agua residual del camal municipal del cantón sigsig, debido a que este no es el adecuado, pues limita sus operaciones, disminuyendo la capacidad optima del proceso de depuración. Por lo que se vio conveniente enfocarse específicamente en la etapa de desangrado, debido a que la sangre se mezcla con el caudal de agua residual que va a la planta de tratamiento, para lo cual se eliminó el vertido directo de la sangre al alcantarillado, utilizándola como materia prima en la obtención de harina de sangre. De acuerdo a esto se evaluó el estado actual de la planta de tratamiento mediante análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos en afluente y efluente, con lo que se propuso alternativas de mejora hacia una producción más limpia, reduciendo la contaminación de las aguas vertidas en el río Alcacay. Al realizar esta mejora se obtuvo una disminución en el DQO de 1.024 mg/l a 136 mg/l y en el DBO de 410 mg/l a 38 mg/l, valores que se encuentran dentro de los límites máximos permitidos por la ley de gestión ambiental de la República del Ecuador (TULSMA) los cuales son 200 mg/l para DQO y 100 mg/l para DBO5. | The main objective of the present work is to optimize the slaughter process to improve the wastewater treatment of the municipal slaughterhouse of the sigsig town, because this is not adequate, as it limits its operations, decreasing the optimal capacity of the purification process. herefore it was convenient to focus specifically on the bleeding stage, because the blood is mixed with the other waste from the flow that goes to the treatment plant, for which the direct discharge of the blood into the sewage system was eliminated, using it as a raw material in obtaining blood meal. According to this, the current status of the treatment plant was evaluated by means of physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes in the effluent and effluent, with which improvement alternatives were proposed to a cleaner production, reducing the contamination of the water discharged into the river alcacay When this improvement was made, a DQO reduction of 1,024 mg / la 136 mg / l and a DBO of 410 mg / la 38 mg / l was obtained, values that are within the maximum limits allowed by the environmental management law of the Republic of Ecuador which are 200 mg / l for DQO and 100 mg / l for DBO5 | Ingeniero Químico | Cuenca

El agua residual en generada en una población, es indispensable realizar su trabajo de tratamiento para realizar los respectivos vertimientos en la fuente de agua superficial de preferencia, por la cual debe cumplir con unos parámetros de calidad de agua que no afecte la biodiversidad de la fuente. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo de grado se realizó un análisis por medio del Plan de Manejo Ambiental de EMCALI (PMA) de las unidades en funcionamiento para el tratamiento correcto del agua residual que ingresa a la planta de tratamiento de agua residual de Cañaveralejo. En la línea de agua, lodo y gas, se encuentran una respectivas unidades para el tratamiento del mismo donde cada uno debe cumplir con unos mínimos de eficiencia para que la depuración del agua sea la óptima, el análisis de cada una de la unidades están sujetas en cuanto a la operación, mantenimiento y control de la PTAR – C. Todas la metodología está encaminada a realizar el análisis comparativo antes y durante el periodo de mitigación de la pandemia por SARS – CoV – 2 para parámetros como DQO, DBO5 y SST, disponibilidad de unidades, medidas de protección para los operadores y personal de la planta, cambios en las rutinas horarias del personal operativo, eficiencias de las cargas afluente y efluente, entre otras. Todo lo anterior, encaminado a analizar los impactos asociados por la llegada del COVID – 19. Finalmente, todo todas las actividades realizadas en este trabajo de grado estuvieron encaminadas a la determinación de esas condiciones de operación, mantenimiento y control, el análisis de esas unidades en cuanto a su desempeño para la reducción de parámetros químicos y la comparación de ambos periodos en cuanto a todos las variables establecidas antes y después de la llegada de la pandemia. Como resultado de este trabajo se encontró que las principales afectaciones en las actividades de operación, mantenimiento y control de la PTAR – C estuvieron asociadas principalmente a la disponibilidad de las unidades de tratamiento, como resultado de actividades de mantenimiento de infraestructura y no a las medidas del plan de contingencia realizado para evitar el esparcimiento del virus en su personal administrativo, ingenieril, operativo y en general todo el personal de planta. Así mismo se encontró que el desempeño de la planta no se vio afectado por las medidas de protección adoptadas para la mitigación de la pandemia por COVID-19, ya que las afectaciones o variaciones estuvieron asociadas a la disponibilidad de las unidades de tratamiento, como resultado de actividades de mantenimiento de infraestructura. | The wastewater generated in a population, it is essential to carry out its treatment work to carry out the respective discharges in the preferred surface water source, for which it must comply with water quality parameters that do not affect the biodiversity of the source . Therefore, in this degree work, an analysis was carried out through the EMCALI Environmental Management Plan (PMA) of the units in operation for the correct treatment of the wastewater that enters the Cañaveralejo wastewater treatment plant. In the water, sludge and gas line, there are a respective units for the treatment of the same where each one must comply with minimum efficiency so that the water purification is optimal, the analysis of each of the units is subject Regarding the operation, maintenance and control of the WWTP - C. All the methodology is aimed at performing the comparative analysis before and during the mitigation period of the pandemic by SARS - CoV - 2 for parameters such as COD, BOD5 and SST, availability of units, protection measures for plant operators and personnel, changes in the hourly routines of operating personnel, effluent and effluent load efficiencies, among others. All of the above, aimed at analyzing the impacts associated with the arrival of COVID - 19. Finally, all of the activities carried out in this degree work were aimed at determining these operating, maintenance and control conditions, the analysis of these units in terms of their performance for the reduction of chemical parameters and the comparison of both periods in as for all the variables established before and after the arrival of the pandemic. As a result of this work, it was found that the main effects on the operation, maintenance and control activities of the WWTP - C were mainly associated with the availability of the treatment units, as a result of infrastructure maintenance activities and not with the measures of the contingency plan carried out to avoid the spread of the virus in its administrative, engineering, operational personnel and, in general, all plant personnel. Likewise, it was found that the performance of the plant was not affected by the protection measures adopted to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, since the effects or variations were associated with the availability of the treatment units, as a result of infrastructure maintenance activities. | Pasantía de investigación (Ingeniero Ambiental)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2021 | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os principais grupos fitoplanctônicos do afluente e afluente de uma fazenda de criação do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei no nordeste brasileiro, que opera com o sistema de recirculação parcial de água. As coletas foram diurnas nos perí­­odos de preamar e baixa-mar dos dias de lua. Foram escolhidos sete pontos de coleta distribuí­­dos estrategicamente de modo a caracterizar água desde a entrada, passando pelo interior da fazenda, até a saí­­da. Os resultados foram submetidos a ANOVA, seguida do teste Tukey, com P < 0,05. O grupo de algas mais abundante foi o das clorofí­­ceas, com média de 700.000 cél./mL, seguido das diatomáceas, com 400.000 cél./mL, cianobactérias, com 230.000 cél./mL, e dinoflagelados, com 8.000 cél./mililitro. Foi também observado um gradiente crescente das concentrações, do ponto mais externo (ponto 1) para o mais interno (ponto 6), com maiores concentrações na baixa-mar. Os resultados demonstram que os efluentes da fazenda de criação de camarão marinho incrementam as concentrações de microalgas no ecossistema costeiro receptor.

El río Quilichao, localizado en el municipio de Santander de Quilichao, norte del departamento del Cauca, Colombia, es uno de los principales afluentes del municipio; el río Quilichao está siendo contaminado con vertimientos líquidos que van directamente a generar cambios físicos, químicos y biológicos sobre el cuerpo de agua y que son generados por asentamientos humanos y actividades productivas agroindustriales; ante ello se evidencia la necesidad de formular un plan de acción para el río Quilichao en el tramo comprendido desde el nacimiento (Cerro Munchique – Los Tigres a 2.500 m.s.n.m) hasta la entrada del municipio, que contribuya al mejoramiento de la de calidad del agua y los servicios ecosistémicos que presta este afluente, se realicen controles de los vertimientos y se dé cumplimiento a la normativa legal vigente en Colombia. Metodológicamente se abordó la problemática en tres etapas, la primera consistió en la revisión bibliográfica de información secundaria existente en los archivos de la autoridad ambiental competente, la Corporación Autónoma Regional del Cauca Dirección Territorial Norte – CRC DTN, lo cual sirvió de base para la elaboración del diagnóstico preliminar. Además, se hicieron recorridos de campo obteniendo información primaria sobre la localización de los vertimientos de aguas residuales presentes en el tramo seleccionado del río Quilichao, en la segunda etapa se verificó la situación actual de los vertimientos líquidos, información que se confrontó con los permisos de vertimientos existentes y emitidos por parte de la CRC DTN, clasificando los usuarios por la actividad económica desarrollada. En una tercera etapa se formularon estrategias de seguimiento y control de vertimientos, entre otras, las prácticas ambientales y el plan de acción, todo basado en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. En los recorridos realizados sobre la parte alta, medio alta y media del tramo objeto de estudio se encontró, que existen vertimientos líquidos que afectan el afluente, esto se debe, a la descarga de agua residual de predios donde se desarrollan actividades domésticas, sistemas de reproducción de cerdos, agrícola y la avicultura, entre otras; siendo el sector de la parte medio alta el más afectado por la descarga de agua residual con contenido de materia orgánica derivada del lavado de corrales de producción porcícola a través de una tubería que descarga sobre el río Quilichao y el sector medio se encuentra siendo impactado por la descarga de agua servidas y grises de dos viviendas, ambas descargadas al río. La calidad de la parte alta también se ve alterada, con menos incidencia porque únicamente existen descargas de agua residual doméstica y de algunos procesos agrícolas a pequeña escala sobre algunas quebradas que le aportan caudal al río, evidenciando el incumplimiento de requisitos jurídicos vigentes en Colombia. En el presente documento se identificaron los efectos sobre el tramo objeto de estudio de la microcuenca del río Quilichao, situaciones que facilitan el planteamiento de prácticas ambientales, propuestas de producción y consumo sostenible, programas de uso eficiente y ahorro de agua, economía verde. Con los resultados obtenidos, sugerencias y recomendaciones planteadas, se propone un plan de acción que permite la gestión de los vertimientos en la microcuenca del río Quilichao, a través de actividades que podrían ser gestionadas por la CRC DTN y sean ejecutadas con el acompañamiento de la comunidad y demás autoridades ambientales locales | The Quilichao River, located in the municipality of Santander de Quilichao, north of the department of Cauca, Colombia, is one of the main tributaries of the municipality; the Quilichao River is being contaminated with liquid discharges that go directly to generate physical changes, on the body of water and which are generated by human settlements and agro-industrial production activities; in view of this there is a need to formulate an action plan for the Quilichao River in the stretch from birth (Cerro Munchique - Los Tigres at 2,500 m.a.s.l.m) to the entrance of the municipality, which contributes to the improvement of water quality and ecosystem services provided by this tributary, checks are carried out on the slopes and compliance is achieved, to contribute to the improvement of the quality of water and the ecosystem services provided by this tributary, to carry out spill controls and to comply with the legal regulations in force in Colombia. Methodologically, the problem was addressed in three stages, the first consisted of the bibliographic review of secondary information existing in the archives of the competent environmental authority, the Corporación Autónoma Regional del Cauca Dirección Territorial Norte - CRC DTN, which served as the basis for the preliminary diagnosis. In addition, field trips were conducted to obtain primary information on the location of the wastewater discharges present in the selected section of the Quilichao River, and in the second stage the current situation of the liquid discharges was verified, information that was compared with existing and issued dumping permits by the CRC DTN, classifying users by economic activity carried out. In a third stage, strategies for monitoring and controlling dumping were formulated, including environmental practices and the action plan, all based on the Colombian legal system. In the routes made on the upper, middle and middle part of the section under study was found, that there are liquid discharges that affect the tributary, this is due, to the discharge of wastewater from the premises where domestic activities are carried out, pig breeding systems, agriculture and poultry, among others; the upper middle sector being the most affected by the discharge of waste water with organic matter content derived from the washing of porcycola production pens through a pipe that discharges over the Quilichao River and the middle sector is being impacted by the discharge of boiled and grey water from two dwellings, both discharged into the river. The quality of the upper part is also altered, with less incidence because there are only discharges of domestic waste water and some small-scale agricultural processes on some streams that provide flow to the river, evidence of non-compliance legal requirements in force in Colombia. This document identified the effects on the section under study of the Quilichao River microbasin, situations that facilitate the approach to environmental practices, proposals for sustainable production and consumption, efficient use programs and water saving, green economy. With the results obtained, suggestions and recommendations raised, an action plan is proposed that allows the management of the greenings in the Quilichao river micro-basin, through activities that could be managed by the CRC DTN and are executed with the accompaniment of the community and other local environmental authorities | Pasantía Institucional (Ingeniero Ambiental)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2020 | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental