CAPES. | A urbanização adjacente causada por alguns bairros de Belém (PA) que cercam os lagos Bolonha e Água Preta, a microbacia hidrográfica do Murucutu, vem sofrendo diversos impactos ambientais significativos que podem afetar a qualidade do abastecimento de água da região metropolitana de Belém. Estes bairros residenciais que cercam os lagos, em sua maioria, são desprovidos de saneamento básico, constituindo uma fonte de contaminação da água dos lagos. Nos últimos anos notou-se que o espelho d’água do lago Bolonha vem sendo tomado por um tipo de vegetação que recebe o nome de macrófita, a espécie encontrada no lago é predominantemente de aguapés (Eichhornia crassipes Solms), que pode ser utilizada como um indicador de excesso de nutrientes, e seu surgimento pode estar ligado tanto à própria dinâmica do meio físico, bem como ao aporte de nutrientes em razão da ocupação “desordenada” as margens do lago, trazendo inúmeros prejuízos à população que usufrui deste corpo hídrico. Com isso, neste estudo serão quantificadas as concentrações de contaminações com elementos traço, nas águas superficiais dos lagos, a fim de identificar áreas que tenham maior acúmulo desses metais. Também serão obtidos dados de pH e turbidez dessas águas, além de verificar a influência da sazonalidade na distribuição dos elementos, do pH e da turbidez os quais serão referenciados com a resolução CONAMA 357/2005. | Due to intense urban pressure, caused by some neighborhoods in Belém (PA) that surround the Bolonha and Água Preta lakes, the Murucutu hydrographic microbasin has been suffering several significant environmental impacts that can affect the quality of the water supply in the Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB), these residential neighborhoods that surround the lakes are mostly devoid of basic sanitation, which constitutes a possible source of water contamination. In recent years, it has been noticed that the Lake Bologna water body has been taken over by a type of vegetation that is called macrophyte, the species found in the lake is predominantly water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms), which can be used as an indicator of poor quality, and its appearance may be linked both to the dynamics of the physical environment, as well as to the supply of nutrients due to the “disorganized” occupation of the lake shores, causing countless losses to the population that uses this water body. Thus, in this study, the levels of trace elements in surface waters will be quantified, in order to identify areas that have greater accumulation of these metals, pH, turbidity and chloride data of these waters will also be obtained. The influence of seasonality on the distribution of elements, pH, turbidity and chloride will be verified, which will be referenced with CONAMA resolution 357/2005.

Resumen: Este estudio evaluó la eficiencia de eliminación de materia orgánica (DQO), nitrógeno (NH4+, NO3 -) ortofosfatos, y coliformes totales y fecales en cuatro humedales construidos de flujo subsuperficial horizontal a escala piloto usando dos especies de plantas locales. Dos sistemas fueron plantados con Cyperus ligularis y dos con Echinochloa colonum. El experimento constó de un tanque de almacenamiento de 760 litros (tratamiento primario), desde donde se vertió el agua residual, mediante tubería de PVC, al sistema de humedales. Cada humedal fue rellenado con grava granítica de unos 8 mm de diámetro y porosidad de 0.4. Una vez al día y durante cuatro meses, se adicionó a los humedales un caudal de 42 l.día-1, para mantener un tiempo de residencia hidráulico de tres días. Las muestras de agua residual (afluente y efluente) se recolectaron tres veces por semana para determinar la concentración de DQO y nutrientes. Una vez por semana se determinó coliformes fecales y totales. La eliminación de DQO, amonio, nitrato y ortofosfatos fue de 93, 65, 71 y 32%, respectivamente, para C. ligularis, y de 85, 54, 67 y 57%, respectivamente, para E. colonum. La eficiencia de eliminación de bacterias coliformes fue de 99.9% para ambas especies. Los resultados indicaron que hubo una diferencia significativa (P < 0.05) en la eliminación de los principales contaminantes en el humedal plantado con C. ligularis, indicando una mayor capacidad de esta especie para el tratamiento del agua residual doméstica. | Abstract: This study evaluated the removal efficiency of organic matter (COD), nitrogen (NH4 -, NO3 ~) orthophosphate and total and fecal coliforms in four horizontal subsurface flow pilot scale constructed wetlands using two species of local plants. Two systems were planted with Cyperus ligularis and two Echinochloa colonum. The experiment consisted of sedimentation tank of 760 L (primary treatment) from where water was poured, through PVC pipe to constructed wetlands system. Each wetland was filled with gravel of a diameter of 8 mm and porosity of 0.4. Once a day during four months, wetlands added a flow rate of 42 L.day-1 to maintain a hydraulic residence time of three days. Wastewater samples (influent and effluent) were collected three times by week for COD and nutrients concentrations. Once a week the fecal and total coliforms were analyzed. Removal efficiency of COD, ammonium, nitrate and orthophosphate were of 93%, 65%, 71% and 32% respectively for C. ligularis and of 85%, 54%, 67% and 57% respectively for E. colonum. Removal efficiency of total and fecal coliforms was on 99.9% for both species. The results indicated no significant difference (P < 0.05) in the removal of principals contaminants in the wetland planted C. ligularis indicating higher ability of this species for the treatment of domestic wastewater

Las aguas residuales municipales en zonas rurales representan un peligro de contaminación ambiental y de salud pública. Muchas de las aguas residuales municipales no tienen un tratamiento adecuado para reducir sus niveles de contaminación. A partir de esta problemática se busca una solución que se pueda implementar en zonas rurales sin una gran inversión económica y con bajos requerimientos técnicos para su operación y mantenimiento. En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de los humedales artificiales en el tratamiento del agua residual proveniente de la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (UAO), el comportamiento se analizó en términos de la reducción de materia orgánica y nutrientes (nitrógeno y fosforo) en el agua residual. Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en la estación experimental de humedales artificiales ubicada en la planta de tratamiento de agua residual en la UAO (PTAR-UAO). Se utilizaron dos humedales artificiales de flujo subsuperficial vertical (HV1 y HV2) y un humedal artificial de flujo subsuperficial horizontal (HH), plantados con 2 tipos de macrófitas; lengua de suegra (Sansevieria trifasciata) y heliconia ave del paraíso (Heliconia latispatha). Los humedales fueron operados durante 2 meses y se midieron variables de materia orgánica, nutrientes, sólidos y patógenos. Para seleccionar el humedal con mejor rendimiento se enfocó en la reducción de la DQO, nitritos, nitratos, nitrógeno amoniacal (NA) y fosforo. Los resultados obtenidos en términos de la eficiencia de reducción; de la demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) fueron del 47,8%; 28,2% y 32,1% para el HV1, HV2 y HH respectivamente. Para los nitritos solo se alcanzaron eficiencias de reducción en el HV2 con un valor de 9,2%. Los nitratos presentaron eficiencias de reducción de 48,2%, 9,6% y 53,9% en el HV1, HV2 y HH respectivamente. El nitrógeno amoniacal tuvo eficiencias en el HV1, HV2 y HH de 67,5%, 46,1% y 65,1% respectivamente. En términos de fosforo se obtuvieron eficiencias de reducción superiores al 98% en los 3 humedales. El análisis comparativo realizado a partir del software estadístico Minitab22® permitió establecer que en términos de comportamiento en reducción de DQO, nitritos, nitratos, nitrógeno amoniacal y fosforo los tres humedales presentaron desempeños similares, a diferencia en el contenido de fósforo, donde se encontró que el HV1 presento la eficiencia de reducción más alta de 99,4% con relación a los otros humedales | Municipal wastewater in rural areas represents an environmental and public health pollution hazard. Many of the municipal wastewaters do not have an adequate treatment to reduce their contamination levels. Based on this problem, a solution is sought that can be implemented in rural areas without a large economic investment and with low technical requirements for its operation and maintenance. In this work the behavior of artificial wetlands in the treatment of wastewater from the Universidad Autónoma de Occidente (UAO) is studied, the behavior was analyzed in terms of the reduction of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the wastewater. This work was carried out in the experimental station of artificial wetlands located in the wastewater treatment plant at the UAO (PTAR-UAO). Two vertical subsurface flow artificial wetlands (HV1 and HV2) and one horizontal subsurface flow artificial wetland (HH) were used, planted with two types of macrophytes; mother-in-law's tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata) and bird-of-paradise heliconia (Heliconia latispatha). The wetlands were operated for 2 months and variables of organic matter, nutrients, solids and pathogens were measured. To select the wetland with the best performance, the focus was on the reduction of COD, nitrites, nitrates, ammonia nitrogen (AN) and phosphorus. The results obtained in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiency were 47.8%, 28.2% and 32.1% for HV1, HV2 and HH, respectively. For nitrites, reduction efficiencies were only achieved in HV2 with a value of 9.2%. Nitrates had reduction efficiencies of 48.2%, 9.6% and 53.9% for HV1, HV2 and HH, respectively. Ammonia nitrogen had efficiencies in HV1, HV2 and HH of 67.5%, 46.1% and 65.1%, respectively. In terms of phosphorus, reduction efficiencies of more than 98% were obtained in the 3 wetlands. The comparative analysis carried out using Minitab22® statistical software established that in terms of COD, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus reduction performance, the three wetlands presented similar performances, unlike the phosphorus content, where HV1 presented the highest reduction efficiency of 99.4% in relation to the other wetlands | Pasantía de investigación (Ingeniero Ambiental)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2024 | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental

El humedal Jaboque esta categorizado como sitio Ramsar por su gran importancia ecológica, los beneficios y/o servicios eco sistémicos que brindan a las diferentes especies de fauna y flora, funcionando como reguladores naturales actuando como esponjas, las cuales filtran las aguas residuales o contaminadas por metales pesados y descomposición de materia orgánica. Este humedal Jaboque es el segundo más importante y con mayor extensión en la ciudad de Bogotá. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar primero la estructura, composición, distribución espacial y porcentaje de cobertura de las macrófitas; por otra parte, se realizó el análisis físico, químico y microbiológico del humedal Jaboque. Teniendo en cuenta estos datos se calculó los Índices de Contaminación de Agua propuestos por Ramírez (ICOTRO, ICOSUS, ICOMO), determinando así el estado trófico del humedal en cada uno de sus 3 sectores: tercio alto, medio y bajo. Este estudio se realizó en las temporadas seca, lluviosa y de transición. Se realizó un análisis de tipo cualitativo, cuantitativo y estadístico de la comunidad de macrófitas; posteriormente se estableció la relación entre las macrófitas del humedal con los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua, teniendo en cuenta la dinámica de la calidad del agua como respuesta a la presencia de las macrófitas en cada sector de acuerdo con el comportamiento de éstas a las variaciones del medio. Para esto se empleó un análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC), Se identificaron 13 especies de macrófitas Lemna gibba, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Schoenoplectus californicus, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Eichhornia crassipes, Azolla filiculoides, Cyperus papyrus, Polypogon elongatus, Carex luridiformis, Pennisetum clandestinum, Bidens laevis, Ludwigia peploides, Juncus effesus. Las especies dominantes en los tres sectores del humedal fueron una especie invasora (pasto kikuyo) con un 16,09%, Lenteja de agua (Lemna gibba) con un 9,19% y Junco (juncus effesus) con un 4,59%; identificando los biotipos según su forma típica que puede considerarse modelo de su especie. Se encontró que los parámetros fisicoquímicos (Temperatura, pH, Oxígeno disuelto, Turbiedad, Fosfatos, Nitratos, Sólidos disueltos totales, DBO5 y Coliformes Totales) indican que el humedal presenta una mala calidad de agua, debido a la elevada carga orgánica, productividad biológica y exceso de nutrientes que éste presenta. Con una tendencia hipertrófica a eutrófica. | The Jaboque wetland is categorized as a Ramsar site due to its great ecological importance, the benefits and / or eco-systemic services that it provides to the different species of fauna and flora, functioning as natural regulators acting as sponges, which filter wastewater or contaminated by heavy metals and decomposition of organic matter. This Jaboque wetland is the second most important and largest in the city of Bogotá. The main objective of this research was to first determine the structure, composition, spatial distribution and percentage of coverage of the macrophytes; On the other hand, the physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of the Jaboque wetland was carried out. Taking these data into account, we calculate the Water Pollution Indices proposed by Ramírez (ICOTRO, ICOSUS, ICOMO), thus determining the trophic status of the wetland in each of the 3 sectors of the wetland called upper, middle and lower third. This study was carried out in the dry, rainy and transition seasons. In the second part of the paper a qualitative, quantitative and statistical analysis of the macrophyte community was carried out; Subsequently, the relationship between the macrophytes of the wetland with the physicochemical parameters of the water was established, taking into account the dynamics of the water quality in response to the presence of macrophytes in each sector according to their behavior to variations in the environment. For this, the canonical correspondence analysis (ACC) statistical interpretation tool is used, which is a multi-variant technique that maximizes the relationship between a series of dependent variables and a series of independent variables, which is based on a regression multiple. Thirteen species of macrophytes were identified Lemna gibba, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Schoenoplectus californicus, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Eichhornia crassipes, Azolla filiculoides, Cyperus papyrus, Polypogon elongatus, Carex luridiformis, Pennisetumwigdestinum, Junideus effusion, Ludidees clandestinum, Büdideus effusivens, Ludideeffus. The dominant species in the three sectors of the wetland were an invasive species (kikuyo grass) with 16.09%, Duckweed (Lemna gibba) with 9.19% and Junco (juncus effesus) with 4.59%; identifying the biotypes according to their typical form that can be considered a model of their species. The results obtained by the ICATest v.1 program show that the behavior of the physicochemical parameters (Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Total Dissolved Solids, BOD5 and Total Coliforms) indicate that the wetland has poor quality of water, due to the high organic load, biological productivity and excess nutrients that it presents. With a hypertrophic to eutrophic tendency. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co