This study examines how environmental issues have been addressed in the water sector in Brazil, within the context of activities of the Federal Government, generally, and those implemented under Bank sector operations, in particular. The core focus of the study lies in the management of water quality, as it affects both the users of raw water, and those who are primarily concerned with the disposal of wastewater. The report considers the following three sectoral areas concomitantly - water resources management, water supply and sanitation, and, the environment - thus limiting its review, and focus to those themes which are key to the over-arching issue of water quality. Water resources management in the country relied upon heavy investments in medium, and large scale projects that provided basic infrastructure for water uses. However, these have produced questionable impacts in terms of reducing poverty, and inequality. One of the reasons for this, has been the poor infrastructure management, which despite its importance, has been largely underestimated. While improvements in the utilization of existing infrastructure in the water sector remain critical, it needs to be complemented by incentives to both service providers, and water users. Moreover, low economic, environmental, and social returns from investments in the water sector, reflect the tendency to distract attention from the objectives in the design, and implementation of projects. Thus, an assessment of water quality goals is required, which should be based on systematic evaluations of the costs, and benefits of reaching alternative standards, and explicit social objectives.

El presente instrumento describe la gestión, apoyo, creación documental y seguimientos a el programa estatal “Agua al Barrio”, programa social que promueve actualmente el Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio, MVCT, y que busca ayudar a las personas de bajos recursos en los sectores más vulnerables y de condiciones específicas municipios del territorio nacional; El desarrollo de la pasantía se lleva a cabo en el municipio de Soacha, en la Dirección de Servicios Públicos, dependencia de la Secretaria de Infraestructura, Valorización y Servicios Públicos del municipio. Desde esta dependencia se adelantan procesos de dirección, planeación y ejecución en temas de prestación y cobertura de los servicios públicos de agua y alcantarillado a la mayor cantidad de población y área posible, para lo cual la articulación de este programa es herramienta importante para alcanzar tal fin. En la realización de la pasantía se identifican los posibles sectores y poblaciones, tanto en campo como en software, de mayor vulnerabilidad del municipio en lo concerniente a los servicios públicos de saneamiento básico y que puedan beneficiarse con el programa “Agua al Barrio”, se iniciaron procesos de socialización y contacto con los líderes comunales de estos sectores; También se realizan apoyo en reuniones virtuales con delegados del Viceministerio de Agua. Se estableció conexión con un prestador de servicios públicos, con la que actualmente se tiene avances desde la Dirección de Servicios Públicos para poder articular el programa en el municipio y que prestar cobertura en los servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado. En el municipio de Soacha el programa "Agua al Barrio" estará dirigido a asentamientos humanos irregulares con potencial de legalización urbanística, Áreas de difícil acceso, Zonas de difícil gestión y Áreas en donde no se pueden alcanzar los estándares de eficiencia, cobertura o calidad para la prestación de los servicios públicos de acueducto, alcantarillado, en los plazos y condiciones establecidas en la regulación expedida por la Comisión de Regulación de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Básico. | This instrument describes the management, support, documentary creation and monitoring of the state program “Agua al Barrio”, a social program currently promoted by the Ministry of Housing, City and Territory, MVCT, and which seeks to help low-income people in the most vulnerable sectors and municipalities of the national territory with specific conditions; The development of the internship is carried out in the municipality of Soacha, in the Directorate of Public Services, a dependency of the Secretary of Infrastructure, Valuation and Public Services of the municipality. From this department, processes of direction, planning and execution are carried out in matters of provision and coverage of public water and sewerage services to the largest possible population and area, for which the articulation of this program is an important tool to achieve such end. During the internship, the possible sectors and populations are identified, both in the field and in software, with the greatest vulnerability of the municipality with regard to public basic sanitation services and that can benefit from the “Agua al Barrio” program. they initiated processes of socialization and contact with the community leaders of these sectors; Support is also provided in virtual meetings with delegates from the Vice Ministry of Water. A connection was established with a public service provider, with which progress is currently being made by the Public Services Directorate to be able to articulate the program in the municipality and to provide coverage in the aqueduct and sewerage services. In the municipality of Soacha, the "Agua al Barrio" program will be aimed at irregular human settlements with the potential for urban legalization, Areas of difficult access, Areas of difficult management and Areas where efficiency, coverage or quality standards cannot be achieved. the provision of public services of aqueduct, sewerage, in the terms and conditions established in the regulation issued by the Commission for the Regulation of Drinking Water and Basic Sanitation.

This report identifies opportunities and challenges for local financing of water utilities in Peru and suggests recommendations for removing barriers and creating incentives for scaling-up local financing to local water utilities. It was developed with an understanding that meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in water and sanitation in Peru will require scaling up local financing for the sector and that efficiency and effectiveness can be enhanced by greater involvement of local institutional investors and other parties. This joint study exposes many of the barriers to local private financing facing the urban water supply and sewerage (WS&S) sector in Peru. In short, the majority of local water utilities cannot meet credit rating and governance standards required to access private financing. Consequently, loans from financial markets are rare. These findings are probably not specific to Peru. Accordingly, there is great value for central governments to undertake similarly detailed studies to identify the obstacles preventing access to local financing unique to their country's WS&S sector. | Este informe identifica oportunidades y retos para el financiamiento local de las Empresas de Agua (EPS) en Perú y sugiere recomendaciones para eliminar las barreras y crear los incentivos que permitan expandir el financiamiento local a las EPS. Fue desarrollado partiendo de la premisa de que el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en Perú, en materia de agua y saneamiento, requerirá la expansión del financiamiento privado al sector; asimismo, que es posible incrementar la eficacia y la eficiencia de las EPS por medio de una mayor participación de inversores institucionales locales y otros actores.

Resumo As características dos serviços prestados e a regulação da cobrança refletem na satisfação dos usuários e na definição da tarifa a ser cobrada em função da qualidade dos serviços ofertados. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar o tipo de prestação dos serviços públicos de água e esgoto em 21 municípios por prefeituras no Estado de Goiás. Para isso, foram realizadas visitas in loco, aplicação de formulários e entrevistas para obter informações técnicas e verificar a satisfação. Observou-se que em dez municípios os sistemas são geridos por autarquias, quatro por departamentos e secretarias e sete não possuem órgão específico. Foi observado que em sete municípios não há tratamento de água, destes, seis não possuem órgão específico revelando a deficiência de gestão. No esgotamento sanitário, notou-se a presença de apenas fossas negras em 57,1% dos municípios. Neles não foi encontrado órgão regulador e os reajustes de cobrança são realizados de três formas: i) aprovação do projeto na câmara de vereadores, ii) aprovação do prefeito em forma de decreto e iii) análise pelo Conselho Municipal de Saneamento (CMS). A satisfação da população com os serviços públicos de água e esgoto está relacionada a fatores econômicos, culturais e políticos, este último é preponderante e a forma de gestão influencia a existência de melhores condições de infraestrutura. | Abstract The characteristics of services provided and the regulations governing their cost both contribute to the satisfaction of the consumer. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the quality of public water and sewage services in 21 municipalities of Goiás, to include billing procedures and consumer satisfaction, and taking into account whether or not the operations were regulated. To accomplish this, we conducted on-site visits to complete questionnaires relating to our interviews with managers to obtain technical information and with consumers to determine their level of satisfaction. It was observed that systems are managed by local authorities in ten municipalities, four by city hall departments or appointed officials, and seven did not have any specific regulatory oversight. Seven municipalities had no water treatment; of those, six had no specific regulatory oversight, revealing the lack of a planned management system. In 57.1% of the municipalities, there was no sewage treatment and sewage was dumped in soak pits. These had no governing body, and the price-charging adjustments were established in three ways: i) approval of the project by the Town Hall councilors; ii) decree by the mayor; and iii) analysis by the Municipal Sanitation Council (CMS). The satisfaction of the consumers was related to economic, cultural and, especially, political factors, and the existence of a management system improved infrastructure conditions.

Between 1996 and 2005, natural catastrophic events had an estimated cost of US$575.2 billion world-wide. In particular, it has been observed that developing countries are relatively more affected by such events, since its gross domestic product (GDP) have showed sharper declines than developed countries' ratios. On August 15, 2007, an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale shook the southern part of the central coast of Peru, with devastating consequences. Given the magnitude of the damage caused, one wonders how much less the cost of rehabilitating water and sanitation systems might have been if public investment projects and management of urban utilities (companies in charge of the water and sanitation provision), had incorporated disaster risk reduction measures. For this reason, and because this is a key public sector service for the wellbeing of population, the World Bank's water and sanitation program commissioned Apoyo Consultoria S.A.C. to conduct a research on the water and sanitation sector in order to attend the following inquiry: how much unpreparedness cost to the sector providing water and sanitation services? In other words, in economic terms, what will have been the gain to society or the reconstruction savings if risk prevention measures had been included in the management of services in the sector proposed for the analysis?

Las aguas residuales son aguas usadas y solidos que por un medio u otro se introducen en las cloacas y son transportados mediante el sistema de alcantarillado (Romero Rojas, 2004). Normalmente los lugares que cuentan con un sistema de suministro de agua, requieren una medida de evacuación, lo que se conoce como sistema de alcantarillado. Estos son un conjunto de estructuras destinadas a recibir, evacuar, conducir y disponer las aguas servidas; fruto de las actividades humanas, o las que provienen como fruto de la precipitación pluvial, de acuerdo a su procedencia se distinguen en sanitario, pluvial y combinado (Perez Carmona, 2013). En la presente investigación se llevó a cabo un análisis del agua midiendo la concentración de contaminantes que se entrega a los colectores de la zona nororiental de Tunja, para hacer una comparación con el agua entrante a la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residual, (PTAR), realizando la modelación en el programa SWMM, y así analizar el comportamiento que tiene la red troncal del alcantarillado de esta zona. Se busca observar el efecto de la precipitación sobre los contaminantes y si las condiciones con las que se encuentra la tubería producen algún efecto sobre la calidad del agua en la red de esta zona. | Wastewater is used water and solids which in one way or another end up in the sewers and transported through the sewerage system (Romero Rojas, 2004). Normally places with a water supply system require a measure of evacuation, which is known as a sewage system. These are a set of structures designed to receive, evacuate, drive and dispose of wastewater. Due to human activities, or the ones that come as a result of rainfall, according to their origin are distinguished in sanitary, rainwater and combined (Perez Carmona, 2013). The present research seeks to design a hydrodynamic model of urban drainage quality in the north-eastern Tunja area - Santa Inés district calibrated and validated to perform a water analysis by measuring the concentration of pollutants that are delivered from the collectors of the north-eastern area of Tunja to the sources of dumping, taking into account the current legal regulations. Performing the modeling in the SWMM program, in order to analyze the behavior in the backbone of the sewer of this area. The aim is to observe the effect of precipitation on pollutants and whether the conditions where the pipe is located have any effect on the water quality in the network of this area. | Magíster en Ingeniería Civil con Énfasis en Hidroambiental | Maestría