The daily and seasonal variations of water consumption by transpiration and the influence of meteorological parameters on the transpiration intensity were studied in two species of the Fagaceas, Nothofagus obliqua and Notholagus dombeyi.. These species have a wide distribution in Chile and are of- considerable forestry importance. To determine the water consumption of these two species the method proposed by Huber and Ramirez (8) was applied. The experiment was carried out at the meteorological station Isla Tern, of the Austral University of Chile (Valdivia, Chile). The results indicated that increases of solar radiation and air temperature and a decrease of relative humidity lead to an increase in transpiration intensity in both species, which are higher in N. obliqua than in N dombeyi The MatiMUM transpira-don intensities reached were 2 4 1 m 2. in N. obliqua and 1.4 1 in' d" in N dombeyi.. The multiple regression analysis indicated that for both species solar radiation was the most important meteorological factor in regard to transpiration.

The daily and seasonal variations of water consumption by transpiration and the influence of meteorological parameters on the transpiration intensity were studied in two species of the Fagaceas, Nothofagus obliqua and Notholagus dombeyi.. These species have a wide distribution in Chile and are of- considerable forestry importance. To determine the water consumption of these two species the method proposed by Huber and Ramirez (8) was applied. The experiment was carried out at the meteorological station Isla Tern, of the Austral University of Chile (Valdivia, Chile). The results indicated that increases of solar radiation and air temperature and a decrease of relative humidity lead to an increase in transpiration intensity in both species, which are higher in N. obliqua than in N dombeyi The MatiMUM transpira-don intensities reached were 2 4 1 m 2. in N. obliqua and 1.4 1 in' d" in N dombeyi.. The multiple regression analysis indicated that for both species solar radiation was the most important meteorological factor in regard to transpiration.

En la ciénaga de Ayapel y sus cuencas aferentes se desarrollan diferentes actividades antrópicas como minería, agricultura y ganadería que generan cambios en las coberturas vegetales y en el suelo. En conjunto con la deforestación estas actividades provocan una transformación del ecosistema ocasionando que en algunas zonas el complejo cenagoso se pierda áreas inundables. A pesar de esto, los efectos sobre los flujos de agua superficial derivados de las alteraciones de la cobertura vegetal no se han identificado claramente. El objetivo del presente proyecto fue evaluar los cambios hidrológicos en la ciénaga de Ayapel derivados de la fragmentación de las coberturas vegetales en sus cuencas aferentes mediante imágenes satelitales, y de esta manera determinar la relación entre las variables usadas para establecer como las actividades económicas afectan el flujo hídrico superficial en la zona de estudio. La investigación realizada fue un estudio de caso aferente a la ciénaga de Ayapel a partir de una investigación documental de los escritos publicados acerca de las actividades económicas de la zona, y una investigación correlacional que permitió evidenciar la conexión mediante el uso del coeficiente de spearman entre las variables obtenidas a partir de los datos satelitales y datos hidroclimáticos de las estaciones administradas por el IDEAM. Esto se logró mediante el uso de los softwares R y GDAL, determinando los índices de vegetación con base en las imágenes satelitales y el estado de fragmentación a partir de dichos índices, en un periodo de veinte (20) años, entre el año 2000 y el año 2019. Se encontró que los datos hidroclimáticos tienen una correlación positiva con los índices de vegetación, siendo algunos más altos que otros. En comparación con el índice de oscilación del sur (SOI por sus siglas en inglés), la correlación de los índices de vegetación es negativa con tendencia a nula, pero con los datos hidroclimáticos es positiva. Con respecto a las actividades económicas, los índices de vegetación muestran una correlación positiva. Por otra parte, las actividades económicas por diferentes factores locales tienen repercusión sobre el flujo del agua superficial hacia la ciénaga, ya que hacen modificaciones sobre la superficie terrestre, tales como compactación de suelo, deforestación y contaminación haciendo que la zona de estudio haya perdido en algunos puntos hasta el 50% de área en el periodo de estudio. | The aim for this project was to evaluate the hydrological changes in the Ayapel marsh derived from the fragmentation of the vegetation covers in its afferent basins through satellite images, and in this way be able to determine the relationship between the variables used to establish how economic activities affect the surface water flow in the study area. The research carried out was a case study related to the Ayapel marsh based on a documentary investigation of the papers published about the economic activities of the area, and a correlational investigation that allowed to demonstrate the relationship based on the use of spearman coefficient between the variables obtained from satellite data and hydroclimatic data from the stations managed by IDEAM. This was achieved through the use of R and GDAL software, determining the vegetation indices from satellite images and the state of fragmentation from said indices, in a period of twenty (20) years, since the year 2000 until the year 2019. It was found that the hydroclimatic data have a positive correlation with the vegetation indices, some being higher than others. With the southern oscillation index (SOI), the correlation of the vegetation indices is negative with a tendency to zero, but with the hydroclimatic data it is positive. Regards the economic activities, the vegetation indices show a positive correlation. On the other hand, economic activities due to different local factors have repercussions on the flow of surface water towards the marsh, since they make modifications on the land surface, such as soil compaction, deforestation and contamination, causing the study area to have lost in some points up to 50% out of the area in the study period. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co | Pregrado

Realizou-se um estudo para se avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição de água em um sistema de irrigação por aspersão de alta pressão, na região norte-fluminense, RJ. Por meio da metodologia descrita pela ASAE (1990) foi avaliada a uniformidade de distribuição de água utilizando-se, para isso, o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) com aspersores em disposição retangular e triangular. Para cada uma das situações, o CUC foi analisado em função das seguintes variáveis independentes: velocidade e direção do vento, pressão de operação do aspersor, espaçamento entre aspersores na linha lateral, espaçamento entre linhas laterais e velocidade de rotação do aspersor. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio de regressão múltipla, gerando-se modelos estatísticos para a estimativa do CUC. Observou-se que o aumento da velocidade do vento e do espaçamento entre aspersores diminui o CUC, enquanto o aumento da pressão de operação do aspersor o elevou nos intervalos estudados. | A study was performed to evaluate the water distribution uniformity in a high pressure sprinkle system in the norte-fluminense region, RJ. The field experiment was carried out according to ASAE (1990) methodology. Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) was used to evaluate the water application distribution uniformity, with sprinklers placed in rectangular and triangular spacings. For each one of these situations the CUC was analysed according to the following independent variables: wind speed and direction, operation pressure, spacings between sprinklers and lateral lines, and sprinkler speed rotation. The evaluation of data was made with multiple regression analysis, which made it possible to develop a statistical model to estimate the CUC. It was observed that the increase in wind speed and spacing between sprinklers reduced the CUC, while the increase in sprinkler pressure increased the CUC.

La actualización y ajuste del POMCA río Negro surge como un instrumento de planificación y ordenamiento del territorio por su importancia socio-ambiental y por la existencia de desequilibrios, que han ocasionado deterioro de los ecosistemas presentes, integrando elementos como suelo, agua, fauna y flora. Actualmente el POMCA río Negro se encuentra en su fase diagnóstico. Como parte de dicha fase se analizan datos relacionados a los componentes de calidad de agua y gestión del recurso hídrico, partiendo de información secundaria generada por la Corporación Autónoma Regional –CAR para así determinar el estado en la calidad del agua de la cuenca para el año 2018, siguiendo la metodología planteada en la Guía Técnica para la Formulación de los Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas (2013), dando un resultado desfavorable; por tanto indica una necesidad de intervención por parte de la autoridad ambiental para dar soluciones precisas frente a las problemáticas presentes en la cuenca, derivadas de la mala calidad del agua en la cuenca. Además, se generó cartografía relacionada con el componente climático para determinar la variabilidad de sus principales variables meteorológicas información necesaria para generar posteriormente el balance hídrico. Por otro lado, se realizó el diagnóstico del componente morfometria por medio del cálculo de parámetros que permitieron determinar los tres (3) tipos de morfometria: forma, relieve y drenaje, lo que permitió realizar la interpretación de la funcionalidad hidrológica de cada una de las subcuencas. | The actualization and fix of POMCA of rio negro river arises as tool of planification and ordering of territory by your importance enviromental and social, and for the existence of imbalance, this has ocasionated deterioration on the presents ecosistems, integrating elements such as ground , water , fauna and flora. Currently the POMCA rio negro is in the diagnostic phase. In that phase we analize data whit relacionship to the components of quality of water and wáter resource management, begining by secundary information generated by corporacion autónoma regional - CAR , for determinated the quality status of wathershed for 2018 year, following the methology planned on the technical guide of formulation of management plans and management of hydrographic basins (2013), we found a unfavorable result , however, this shows a need of intervention by the environmental authority for find exacts solutions in front of the presents problems in the basins, derivate of the bad quality in the water of the basin. Also, it has been made mapping in relacionship whit weather component or (climate component) for derterminate the variability of your main variables meteorologicals, this informacion is necesary for generate of hydric balance. On the other hand, it has been made the diagnostic of the morphometic component through the calculation of parameters that allowed determinated the three (3) types of morfometry: form,relief and drainage, this allowed realize the interpretation of the funcionaly hidrology of each one of the basins.

Numerous modeling approaches are available to provide insight into the relationship between climate change and groundwater recharge. However, several aspects of how hydrological model choice and structure affect recharge predictions have not been fully explored, unlike the well-established variability of climate model chains—combination of global climate models (GCM) and regional climate models (RCM). Furthermore, the influence on predictions related to subsoil parameterization and the variability of observation data employed during calibration remain unclear. This paper compares and quantifies these different sources of uncertainty in a systematic way. The described numerical experiment is based on a heterogeneous two-dimensional reference model. Four simpler models were calibrated against the output of the reference model, and recharge predictions of both reference and simpler models were compared to evaluate the effect of model structure on climate-change impact studies. The results highlight that model simplification leads to different recharge rates under climate change, especially under extreme conditions, although the different models performed similarly under historical climate conditions. Extreme weather conditions lead to model bias in the predictions and therefore must be considered. Consequently, the chosen calibration strategy is important and, if possible, the calibration data set should include climatic extremes in order to minimise model bias introduced by the calibration. The results strongly suggest that ensembles of climate projections should be coupled with ensembles of hydrogeological models to produce credible predictions of future recharge and with the associated uncertainties.