Son presentados los parámetros físicos más relevantes del agua de mar en un área del Archipiélago de San Andrés y Providencia, entre la isla de Providencia y la isla Cayo Bajo Nuevo, Colombia. Se llevaron a cabo siete estaciones oceanográficas entre el 19 y 21 de septiembre de 2016, recolectando información de CTD hasta una profundidad máxima de 1000 metros. Con esta información se obtuvieron los perfiles de temperatura, salinidad y densidad, así como la distribución vertical de las mismas variables a lo largo de todo el transecto. Se realizó una descripción general de estos parámetros, identificando unos altos valores de salinidad superiores a 37 en todas las estaciones hasta un máximo de 37.11, para la masa de agua subsuperficial subtropical del Atlántico Norte (NASTU) a 150 metros de profundidad aproximadamente y un valor de salinidad elevado para el mar Caribe Occidental que aparentemente se ha mantenido en la última década. | The most important physical parameters of seawater are presented for an area within the San Andres and Providencia archipelago, between Providencia Island and Cayo Bajo Nuevo island, Colombia. Seven oceanographic stations were sampled from September 19th through September 21st, 2016, collecting CTD data up to a maximum depth of 1000 meters. With the collected data, temperature, salinity and density profiles were obtained, as well as the vertical distribution for the same variables along the entire transect. A general description of this parameters was made, identifying high salinity values greater than 37 in all stations up to a maximum of 37.11, for the North Atlantic subtropical underwater water mass (NASTU) at a depth of 150 m approximately, an elevated value for the Western Caribbean Sea that apparently has been present in the last decade. | Published

La investigación se realizó con el propósito de medir el efecto del agua de cocción de Chocho (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) y ceniza de Eucalipto (Eucaliptus globulus) en el control de polilla (Tecia solanivora) en el almacenamiento de semilla de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en el caserío El Rosal. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (BCA) en arreglo factorial 2 x 3 x 2 con cuatro repeticiones. La reducción de incidencia de ataque de polilla se consiguió mediante la aplicación de los tratamientos A2D2S1 (agua de chocho al 100%, 50 gramos de ceniza de eucalipto x kilogramo de papa, almacenamiento en bodega) y A1D1S1 (agua de chocho al 50%, 25 gramos de ceniza de eucalipto x kilogramo de papa, almacenamiento en bodega) con un promedio compartido de 5%. La aplicación del tratamiento A1D1S1 (50% agua de chocho, 25 gramos de ceniza de eucalipto x kilogramo de papa, almacenamiento en bodega) reportó el mejor control de polilla con un porcentaje de severidad del 0,68 %, constituyendo una alternativa apropiada de control con productos ecológicos al mismo tiempo que no afecta al medioambiente. Realizados los análisis estadísticos se observa que el promedio de número de brotes es mayor en los tubérculos tratados con agua de chocho y ceniza de eucalipto en dosis altas con un valor de 4,04. En lo referente al análisis económico el tratamiento A1D1S1 (agua de chocho al 50%, 25 gramos de ceniza de eucalipto x kilogramo, almacenamiento en bodega) fue el que menor costo de producción por hectárea represento con un valor de 327,89 dólares, y el que generó mayor relación B/C 1,65 siendo la mejor alternativa para ser aplicada en la conservación de tubérculos de papa. | The research was carried out with the purpose of measure the effect of the water of cooking of pussy (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) and ash of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) in the control of moth (Tecia solanivora) in the storage of seed of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the farmhouse the Rosal. Is used the design experimental of blocks complete to the random (BCA) in fix factorial 2 by 3 by 2 with four repetitions. The reduction in incidence of attack of moth was achieved through the application of A2D2S1 treatments (pussy 100%, water 50 grams of eucalyptus ash per kilogram, storage in cellar) and A1D1S1 (pussy 50% water, 25 grams of eucalyptus ash per kilogram of potato, storage in cellar) with a shared average of 5%. The application of A1D1S1 treatment (50% water pussy, 25 grams of eucalyptus ash per kilogram, storage in cellar) reported the best control of moth with a percentage of severity of 0.68%, constituting an alternative appropriate control with eco-friendly products at the same time not affecting the environment. Made them analysis statistical is observed that the average of number of outbreaks is greater in those tubers treated with water of pussy and ash of eucalyptus in dose high with a value of 4.04. With regard to the economic analysis, the treatment A1D1S1 (pussy 50% water, 25 grams of eucalypt ash x kilogram, storage in cellar) was the lowest production cost per hectare representing a value of 327.89 dollars, and the one that generated the most B/C ratio 1.65 being the best alternative to be applied in the conservation of potato tubers.

El sobreconsumo de las fuentes de agua subterránea, para su posterior aprovechamiento conlleva una serie de impactos (Externalidades positivas y/o negativas), ya que las actividades de extracción de agua de un acuífero, a través del bombeo a la superficie, acarrean cambios significativos sobre los servicios ecológicos que proveen los mismos, en particular, evitar la subsidencia del suelo, la cual se ve acelerada por un sobreconsumo del recurso, debido a las altas presiones por parte de un aumento de la demanda y los efectos del calentamiento global, provocando una compactación del esqueleto mineral del subsuelo, con lo cual se ven afectadas las estructuras públicas y privadas, generando así una serie de pérdidas multimillonarias registradas en todo el mundo. Es por esto que la valoración económica ambiental cobra relevancia para identificar costos y beneficios que contraen soluciones medioambientales, signadas bajo los supuestos de eficiencia en la toma de decisiones. | The over consumption of groundwater sources, for their subsequent use, carries a series of impacts, since the water extraction activities of an aquifer, through pumping to the surface, carry on the ecological services that prohibit them, in particular, to avoid soil subsidence, which may lead to an increase in the demand and effects of global warming, a compactness of the mineral skeleton of the subsoil, which avoids public and private structures, thus generating a series of billionaires registered throughout the world. It is for this reason that the environmental economic valuation becomes relevant to identify costs and benefits that contract environmental solutions, signed under the assumptions of efficiency in the decision making.

The green roofs appear as technology for the improvement water quality. This article identifies trends in the conditions of design, construction and operation of green roofs, which aim is to improve the quality of rainwater. A literature review was carried out in order to collect 45 original research papers from databases as Scopus, Science Direct, and Redalyc. From the information collected trends in increments and reductions in the concentrations of the main water quality parameters, seasons of the year with the best results, types of green roofs , types of substrate and most common components, construction trends (dimensions, inclination, Materials and layers) and vegetation used in these systems have been determined. The results show that green roofs have the ability to neutralize acid rain. Extensive type roofs are the ones most commonly used, due to its characteristics of construction, functionality and low maintenance requirements. | Los techos verdes se presentan como tecnología de mejoramiento de calidad de agua. En este artículo se identifican tendencias en las condiciones de diseño, construcción y operación de techos verdes cuyo objetivo es mejorar la calidad del agua lluvia. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica consultando en las bases de datos Scopus, Science Direct y Redalyc, un total de 45 artículos científicos originales. A partir de la información recolectada se identificaron tendencias en incrementos y reducciones en las concentraciones de diferentes parámetros de calidad de agua, temporadas del año con los mejores resultados, tipos de techos verdes más usados, clases de sustrato y componentes más comunes, tendencias de construcción (dimensiones, inclinación, materiales y capas) y vegetación más usada. Los resultados muestran que los techos verdes tienen la capacidad de neutralizar la lluvia ácida. Debido a sus características de construcción, funcionalidad y bajo costo, los techos de tipo extensivo son los más usados.

Relict rock glaciers are complex hydrogeological systems that might act as relevant groundwater storages; therefore, the discharge behavior of these alpine landforms needs to be better understood. Hydrogeological and geophysical investigations at a relict rock glacier in the Niedere Tauern Range (Austria) reveal a slow and fast flow component that appear to be related to the heterogeneous structure of the aquifer. A numerical groundwater flow model was used to indicate the influence of important internal structures such as layering, preferential flow paths and aquifer-base topography. Discharge dynamics can be reproduced reasonably by both introducing layers of strongly different hydraulic conductivities or by a network of highly conductive channels within a low-conductivity zone. Moreover, the topography of the aquifer base influences the discharge dynamics, which can be observed particularly in simply structured aquifers. Hydraulic conductivity differences of three orders of magnitude are required to account for the observed discharge behavior: a highly conductive layer and/or channel network controlling the fast and flashy spring responses to recharge events, as opposed to less conductive sediment accumulations sustaining the long-term base flow. The results show that the hydraulic behavior of this relict rock glacier and likely that of others can be adequately represented by two aquifer components. However, the attempt to characterize the two components by inverse modeling results in ambiguity of internal structures when solely discharge data are available.

Amidst changing climates, understanding the world’s water resources is of increasing importance. In Ontario, Canada, low water conditions are currently assessed using only precipitation and watershed-based stream gauges by the Conservation Authorities in Ontario and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Regional groundwater-storage changes in Ontario are not currently measured using satellite data by research institutes. In this study, contributions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data are compared to a hydrogeological database covering southern Ontario from 2003 to 2013, to determine the suitability of GRACE total water storage estimates for monitoring groundwater storage in this location. Terrestrial water storage data from GRACE were used to determine monthly groundwater storage (GWS) anomaly values. GWS values were also determined by multiplying groundwater-level elevations (from the Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells) by specific yield. Comparisons of GRACE-derived GWS to well-based GWS data determined that GRACE is sufficiently sensitive to obtain a meaningful signal in southern Ontario. Results show that GWS values produced by GRACE are useful for identifying regional changes in groundwater storage in areas with limited available hydrogeological characterization data. Results also indicate that GRACE may have an ability to forecast changes in groundwater storage, which will become useful when monitoring climate shifts in the near future.

Investigating the interaction of groundwater and surface water is key to understanding the hyporheic processes. The vertical water fluxes through a streambed were determined using Darcian flux calculations and vertical sediment temperature profiles to assess the pattern and magnitude of groundwater/surface-water interaction in Beiluo River, China. Field measurements were taken in January 2015 at three different stream morphologies including a meander bend, an anabranching channel and a straight stream channel. Despite the differences of flux direction and magnitude, flux directions based on vertical temperature profiles are in good agreement with results from Darcian flux calculations at the anabranching channel, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests show no significant differences between the estimated upward fluxes based on the two methods at each site. Also, the upward fluxes based on the two methods show similar spatial distributions on the streambed, indicating (1) that higher water fluxes at the meander bend occur from the center of the channel towards the erosional bank, (2) that water fluxes at the anabranching channel are higher near the erosional bank and in the center of the channel, and (3) that in the straight channel, higher water fluxes appear from the center of the channel towards the depositional bank. It is noted that higher fluxes generally occur at certain locations with higher streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K ᵥ) or where a higher vertical hydraulic gradient is observed. Moreover, differences of grain size, induced by stream morphology and contrasting erosional and depositional conditions, have significant effects on streambed K ᵥ and water fluxes.

La presente investigación trata sobre el control del Strategus aloeus L. a través de la aplicación de agua con detergente y malla al contorno de la planta, en la parcela de coco (Cocos nucífera), Nº 1 del Centro de Educación Técnica Ambiental y Agroforestal, de la comunidad de Pueblo Nuevo, municipio de Laguna de Perlas. Para este estudio se utilizaron tres procedimientos los cuales son: el primero el testigo, como segundo la malla al contorno de la planta y ultimo el agua con detergente. El procedimiento de toma de datos consistió en aplicar detergente 60 gramos de la marca Surf en un galón de agua de 3,78 litros, luego se aplica en las plantas afectadas, al aplicar en los orificios, después de la aplicación se espera de 2 a 20 minutos para que salga el Strategus aloeus L., para el control con malla se ubicó estas en la base de las plantas las mallas establecidas tuvieron un tamaño de 60 cm2 y posteriormente estableció de 2 a 5 cm de profundidad debajo de la tierra. Se realizaron observaciones 3 veces por semana, identificando y contabilizando el número de plantas afectadas y la cantidad de Strategus aloeus L., observados y capturados por plantas. Los datos de campo determinaron que existe un mejor control con la malla, ya que tuvo la menor cantidad de plantas afectadas así mismo se encontró que es más efectivo para controlar el Strategus aloeus L., ésta es de carácter preventivo lo que permite proteger a la planta antes de que sea afectado por esta plaga, además resulta más económico la aplicación de ésta para la protección de las cocoteros desde su establecimiento, pero no se descarta la posibilidad de utilizar el agua con detergente porque ésta obtuvo buenos resultados en controlar dichos especímenes cuando ya la planta estaba afectada. Palabras claves: Strategus aloeus L., control, malla, agua, plaga, detergente, efectividad

Worldwide, coastal aquifers are threatened by seawater intrusion. The threat is greatest when aquifers are overexploited or when recharge is low due to a semi-arid or arid climate. The Kaluvelli-Pondicherry sedimentary basin in Tamil Nadu (India) presents both these characteristics. Groundwater levels in the Vanur aquifer can reach 50 m below sea level at less than 20 km inland. This groundwater depletion is due to an exponential increase in extraction for irrigation over 35 years. No seawater intrusion has yet been detected, but a sulphate-rich mineralization is observed, the result of upward vertical leakage from the underlying Ramanathapuram aquifer. To characterize the mechanisms involved, and to facilitate effective water management, hydrogeological numerical modelling of this multi-layered system has been conducted. Existing and acquired geological and hydrodynamic data have been applied to a quasi-3D hydrogeological model, NEWSAM. Recharge had been previously quantified through the inter-comparison of hydrological models, based on climatological and surface-flow field measurements. Sensitivity tests on parameters and boundary conditions associated with the sea were performed. The resulting water balances for each aquifer led to hypotheses of (1) an offshore fresh groundwater stock, and (2) a reversal and increase of the upward leakage from the Ramanathapuram aquifer, thus corroborating the hypothesis proposed to explain geochemical results of the previous study, and denying a seawater intrusion. Palaeo-climate review supports the existence of favourable hydro-climatological conditions to replenish an offshore groundwater stock of the Vanur aquifer in the past. The extent of this fresh groundwater stock was calculated using the Kooi and Groen method.

Durante la pasantía el estudiante participó en dos proyectos referentes al tema de tratamiento de agua residual industrial, el primero contemplaba la realización de un diseño de un lecho de secado, para los lodos generados de un sedimentador, en un proceso semi-industrial de prehidrófugo de ladrillos; en el cual se realizó también un diagnóstico completo al sistema de tratamiento de agua residual y una propuesta de optimización de dicho sistema. El segundo proyecto comenzó con la participación en la realización de un diagnostico al diseño de un desarenador, para un distrito de riego de agua, transportada por canales derivados para agricultura, lo que permitió posteriormente ser invitado a realizar un nuevo diseño del desarenador aplicando los conceptos de tratamiento de aguas aprendidos en la academia y la experiencia adquirida durante la práctica de la ingeniería. | During the internship the student participated in two projects related to the topic of industrial wastewater, the first involved the design of a drying bed, for the sludge generated from a settler, in a semi-industrial process of pre-wetting bricks; in which a complete diagnosis was also made to the wastewater treatment system and a proposal for the optimization of said system. The second project began with the participation in the realization of a diagnosis for the design of a sand trap, for a water irrigation district, transported by derived channels for agriculture, which took later was invited to a new design of the sand trap to apply the concepts of water treatment learned in the academy and the experience acquired during the practice of engineering. | Kastoro S.A.S.