Con el fin de prolongar el periodo de vida útil durante la conservación frigorífica de manzanas "Red Delicious" y "Golden Delicious", éstas se trataron con radiación UV-C en tres dosis (0, 5 y 15 min de irradiación a 1,435 x 10E-4 W/cm cuadrado) y agua caliente con CaCl2 al 4% en cuatro niveles (control 0, inmersión a 25 grados C 10 min, 38 grados C 5 min ó 54 grados C 1 min), en un diseño factorial con 4 repeticiones por tratamiento. La irradiación con UV-C y la inmersión de los frutos en agua caliente permitió alargar el periodo de conservación y mejoró la calidad de manzanas "Red Delicious" y "Golden Delicious" tras el almacenamiento en frío. Ambos tratamientos aumentaron la acidez titulable y la firmeza de los frutos, también disminuyeron el pH y la relación sólidos solubles/acidez. El tratamiento con UV-C y agua caliente incrementó el contenido en calcio de los frutos durante el almacenamiento. Los resultados muestran que estos tratamientos pueden retrasar los procesos de maduración de los frutos y mantener su calidad durante el almacenamiento frigorífico, así como aumentar el contenido en Ca de la pulpa del fruto y por tanto incrementar su valor nutricional. | To increase the storage shelf life of "Red Delicious" and "Golden Delicious" apples they were treated with UV-C irradiation at doses of 0, 5 and 15 min irradiation at 1.435 x 10E-4 W/square cm and with hot water containing 4% CaCl2 at four levels (control, dipping at 25 deg C for 10 min, dipping at 38 deg C for 5 min and dipping in 54 deg C for 1 min) in a factorial design with 4 replicates. The results showed that UV-C irradiation and dipping of fruit in hot water increased the storage life and improved fruit quality factors in "Red Delicious" and "Golden Delicious" apples at the end of cold storage. Both UV-C and hot water treatments decreased pH and total soluble solids/titratable acids ratio and increased fruit titratable acids and firmness. UV-C and hot water treatment increased fruit Ca content during storage. The results showed that UV-C and hot water treatment can retard fruit ripening and maintain fruit quality in cold storage. These treatments can also increase Ca concentration of fruit flesh and thus increase the nutritional value of the apples.

A cultura do arroz irrigado apresenta baixa resposta à adubação em comparação com as culturas de sequeiro, cultivadas em solos com as mesmas características de fertilidade. Isto é causado, em parte, pelas transformações físico-químicas que ocorrem no solo devido ao alagamento, favorecendo a disponibilização de nutrientes. Outro fator que também pode estar contribuindo para a baixa resposta do arroz à adubação é o aporte de nutrientes para a lavoura, pela água utilizada na irrigação. Com o objetivo de quantificar os teores de nutrientes nas águas dos principais mananciais utilizados para irrigação de lavouras de arroz da Região Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, bem como estimar a sua possível contribuição para a nutrição desta cultura, foram coletadas sessenta amostras, sendo vinte de cada tipo de manancial - açudes, lagoas e rios. Nestas foram determinados os teores de N-amônio, N-nitrato, fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), sódio (Na), zinco (Zn), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn), silício (Si), pH e condutividade elétrica (CE). Na média, os elementos presentes nas águas de açudes, lagoas e rios utilizados para irrigação de arroz e na Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul decresceram na seqüência Na > Ca > Si > Fe > Mg > K> Mn > N> Zn >P. Os teores médios diferiram entre mananciais, sendo mais elevados N, Fe e Si nos rios, do que nas lagoas; Ca e Mg nas lagoas, do que nos açudes; e Fe nos açudes e rios, do que nas lagoas. Os aportes de nutrientes estimados através de suas concentrações nas águas de irrigação mostraram que essas quantidades correspondem ao que, em média, é acumulado nas plantas de Ca, Fe, Si e Na e até 28% de Mg e 12% de K.<br>The flooded rice crop presents low response to fertilization when compared to dry land crops, cultivated in soils with same characteristics of fertility. This is caused, in part, by physical and chemical changes that take place in the soil due to flooding, increasing nutrients availability. Another factor that also can cause the low response of rice crops to fertilization is nutrients supply through the water used in the irrigation. This paper was aimed at quantifing nutrients concentration in the irrigation waters used in the Southern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as estimating its possible contribution to rice plant nutrition. Sixty samples of waters were collected from dams, lagoons and rivers, twenty in each source. It was determined N-ammonium, N-nitrate, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si) content, pH and electrical conductivity (CE). The elements concentration in the irrigation waters decreased in the following order Na > Ca > Si > Fe > Mg > K> Mn > N> Zn >P. The average elements contents were different between irrigation sources: N and Si content in rivers were higher than those in the lagoons; Ca and Mg were more concentrated in lagoons than in dams; Fe was more concentrated in dams and rivers compared to the lagoons. The estimated nutrient contribution by irrigation waters can correspond to all of the calcium, iron, silicon and sodium, and up to 28% of magnesium and 12% of potassium uptake, in average, by rice plants.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kansainvälisesti vertailtavaa tietoa suomalaisten viljelymaiden hivenalkuaineista. Aineistona käytettiin maanäytteitä, jotka oli kerätty kansallisen seurantaohjelman viimeisimmässä näytteiden keruussa vuonna 1998. Kyseisestä aineistosta valittiin 338 maanäytettä, jotka edustivat tasaisesti koko Suomen viljeltyä aluetta. Kukin näyte oli otettu neljänä osanäytteenä pellon muokkauskerroksesta. Näytteistä analysoitiin arseeni (As), kadmium (Cd), kromi (Cr), kupari (Cu), lyijy (Pb), elohopea (Hg), nikkeli (Ni), seleeni (Se), vanadiini (V) ja sinkki (Zn). Analyysi tehtiin kansainvälisen standardimenetelmän ISO 11466:n mukaisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa (aqua regia). Tuloksista laskettiin tärkeimmät tilastolliset parametrit maalajiryhmittäin ja kasvinviljelyvyöhykkeittäin. Hivenalkuaineiden jakautumisesta pitoisuusluokkiin muotoiltiin graafiset esitykset ja pitoisuuksien maantieteellisestä jakaumasta teemakartat. Tutkimus oli osa vuosina 2004 2007 toteutettua, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa yhteistutkimushanketta Raskasmetallikuormitusten arviointi ja vähentäminen Suomen maatalousekosysteemeissä . Hankkeen tavoitteena oli ensinnäkin selvittää viljelymaiden raskasmetallipitoisuuksia valtakunnallisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa. Toiseksi tutkittiin kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotilojen viljelymaan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia kuningasvesiuutteesta ja hapan (pH 4,65) ammoniumasetaatti-EDTA -uutteesta siten, että näytteet otettiin muokkauskerroksesta ja jankosta. Kolmanneksi hankkeessa analysoitiin raskasmetallien tilakohtaisia peltotaseita kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotiloilla. | This study was part of a three-year (2004-2007) project entitled Assessment and reduction of heavy metal inputs into Finnish agro-ecosystems that was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The aims of the project were to clarify: 1) aqua regia extractable trace elements in Finnish cultivated soils with the international standard method at a national level; 2) aqua regia and AAAc-EDTA extractable trace elements in the top- and subsoil of Finnish arable land at selected crop and dairy farms; and 3) field mass balances of trace elements on the selected crop and dairy farms at the farm level. The main aim of this study was to produce internationally comparable knowledge on the status of cultivated soils in Finland. From the soil material collected during the latest sampling process under the national monitoring programme in 1998, 338 samples were selected for this investigation. The sampling sites were situated evenly over the whole cultivated area in Finland. Samples taken as four sub-samples from the plough layer were analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia extraction according to an international standard method (ISO 11466). General statistical indicators of the analytical results of trace element concentrations are presented by soil type groups and by plant cultivation zones. Distributions of the results into the concentration classes are shown graphically and geographical distributions of the trace element concentrations are presented on the thematic maps. | v | ok | Myynti MTT, Tietopalvelut 31600 Jokioinen. Yksikön huom.: MAA, MPL | MPL | Viljelymaiden seurantaohjelma Suomessa Hivenalkuaineiden kokonaispitoisuudet peltomaissa : vuonna 1998

The advantages of vegetal products and dry fruits are widely known, since when reducing its humidity content, diminishes the microbiological activity remarkably and enzymatic, in addition, the costs of storage and transport diminish. The present work had by objective to obtain pineallpne ?lices (Ananas comosus) dry, smooth cayena variety; using combined processes of osmótica dehydration and drying; sac~arose and ethanol were used like osmodeshidratantes. The next composition of the fresh pineallpne slices with humidity, total proteins, fat, ashes, fiber and carbohydrates of; 87.67 %, 0,14 %, 0,12 %, 0,30 %, 0,39 % and 11,38 % respectively; the ascórbico acid content was of 26,85 mg/1 OOg. Previously to the osmótica dehydration pineallpne slices of 1 ~m of thickness was verified that they are in optima! conditions of freshness, retired the heart, soon they submerged in osmóticas solutions of different concentrations from (water-ethanol-saccharose) and two times of dehydrated (3 and 6 hours). In the drying of pineapple slices the influence of the concentration of the osmóticas solutions was studied (water-ethanol-saccharose) and the temperatures (40, 50 and 60 ºC) through kinetic and the speeds of drying, with sp~ed of 1,0 air of mis. The level of acceptance of the end item was .established by means of sensorial analysis for which a pBCA with semitrained panelistas was used. The kinetic enes of drying as opposed to show the influence of the temperature the osmodeshidratantes, since as the saccharose in the solution is increased, the humidity diminishes, and when increasing the ethanol in the solution the speed of drying increases. By means of these experiments it was determined that the temperature of 40 ºC is not recommendable, being the very slow drying, giving rise to the proliferation of microorganisms, Biochemical and enzyrnatic reactions, harming to the product as far as the final appearance. The temperature of 60 ºC had a behavior in opposition to the one of 40 ºC, because the speed of drying was fast, with the deficiency of which pineallpne slices (Ananas comosus), without osmótico treatrnent and those that they were dehydrated in waterethanol-saccharose solutions (33-33-33) and (34-16-50) they underw~nt abrupt changes in the surface, such as encostramientos and crystallization, settling down that the optima! conditions of drying, were those that were obtained to 50 intermediate temperature of ºC. Of the 16 treatments those that obtained the highest points as far as dried to 50 ºC and dehydrated acceptability were pineapple slices osmóticamente in water-saccharose solutions (50-50), (60-40), without treatment, as well as •pineapple slices dehydrated in water-ethanol-saccharose solutions (34-16-50), being pineapple slices dehydrated with solutions (water-ethanol) those that had minor acceptability degree according to the sensorial analysis. | Son ampliamente conocidas las ventajas de Jos productos vegetales y frutas secas, ya que al reducir su contenido de humedad, disminuye notablemente la actividad microbiológica y enzimáti_ca, además, disminuyen los costos de almacenamiento y transporte. El presente trabajo, tuvo por objetivo obtener, rodajas de piña (Ananas comosus) seca, variedad cayena lisa; utilizando procesos combinados de deshidratación osmótica y secado; fueron utilizados como osmodeshidratantes sacarosa y etanol. La composición proximal de la piña fresca con humedad, proteínas, grasa, cenizas, fibra y carbohidratos totales de; 87.67 %, 0.14 %, 0.12 %, 0.30 %, 0.39 % y 11.38 % respectivamente; el contenido de ácido ascórbico fue de 26.85 mg/100g. Previamente a la deshidratación osmótica se verificó que las rodajas de piña de 1 cm de espesor; estén en condiciones óptimas de frescura, se les retiró el corazón, luego se sumergieron en soluciones osmóticas de diferentes concentraciones de (aguaetanol-sacarosa) y dos tiempos de deshidratado (3 y 6 horas). En el secado de rodajas dé piña fue estudiada la influencia de la concentración de las soluciones osmóticas (agua-etanol-sacarosa) y la temperatura (40, 50 y 60 ºC) a través de las ,Ginéticas y velocidades de secado, con velocidad de aire de 1.0 mis. El nivel de aceptación del producto final fue establecido mediante análisis sensorial para lo que se utilizó un DBCA con panelistas semientrenados. Las cinéticas de secado muestran la influencia de los osmodeshidratantes, a medida que se incrementó la sacarosa en la solución, la humedad disminuyó, y al aumentar el etanol en la solución la velocidad de secado aumentó. Mediante estos experimentos se determinó que no es recomendable Ja temperatura de 40 º C por ser el secado muy lento, dando lugar a la proliferación de microorganismos, reacciones bioquímicas y enzimáticas, perjudicando al producto en cuanto a la apariencia final. La temperatura de 60 ºC tuvo un comportamiento contrario al de 40 ºC, aumentando la velocidad de secado, sin embargo las rodajas de piña -(Ananas comosus), sin tratamiento osmótico y las que fueron deshid~atadas en soluciones de agua-etanol-sacarosa (33-33-33) gr/1 OOgr solución y (34-16-SO) gr/1 OOgr presentaron encostramientos y cristalización; estableciéndose que la temperatura óptima de secado fue de 50 ºC. De los 16 tratamientos los que obtuvieron los puntajes más altos en cuanto a aceptabilidad fueron las rodajas de piña secadas a 50 ºC y deshidratadas osmóticamente en soluciones de agua-sacarosa (50-50) gr/100gr solución, (60-40) gr/1 OOgr solución, sin tratamiento, así como las rodajas de piña deshidratadas en soluciones agua-etanol-sacarosa (34-16-50) gr/100gr solución; siendo las rodajas de piña deshidratadas con soluciones (agua-etanol) las que tuvieron menor grado de aceptabilidad según el análisis sensorial.

EFEITO DO CO2 APLICADO VIA ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO SOBRE A CULTURA DA ALFACE (Lactuca sativa L.)  Jorge Tomoyoshi Tamagi1; Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas1; Silvio Cesar Sampaio1; Simone Damasceno1; Vandeir Francisco Guimarães21Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas-CCET, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - Unioeste, Campus de Cascavel, Cascavel,  PR, [email protected] de Ciências Agrárias-CCA, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Unioeste, Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Marechal Cândido Rondon,  PR   1 RESUMO                     Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência de diferentes doses de aplicação de CO2, via água de irrigação por gotejamento com o uso de fitas Poritex,  no desenvolvimento e na produtividade da alface (Lactuca sativa L.). O experimento foi realizado no período de março à maio de 2004, em Cascavel-PR. O experimento foi conduzido sob túneis plásticos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, representado por quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições com a finalidade de testar as doses de CO2  na alface, cultivar Vera. As doses de CO2 foram  0, 1, 3 e 6 L min-1, sendo as irrigações  realizadas diariamente às 10h, durante 10 minutos, após 10 dias do transplante das mudas até 1 dia antes da colheita final, totalizando 215 mm de água por canteiro. Os resultados mostraram que as doses 1 e 3 L min-1 de CO2 aplicadas via água promoveram aumento na produtividade, atingindo valores de 26,52% e 14,47%, quando comparado à testemunha. A análise econômica mostrou viabilidade da aplicação de CO2 via água de irrigação. UNITERMOS: irrigação por gotejamento; dióxido de carbono; alface; doses.  TAMAGI, J.T.; VILAS BOAS, M.A.; SAMPAIO, S.C.; DAMASCENO, S.; GUIMARÃES, V.F. EFFECT OF CO2 APPLIED TO LETTUCE CROP (Lactuca sativa L.) THROUGH IRRIGATION WATER  2 ABSTRACT                     This study objective was to study the influence of different rates of CO2 application, by  irrigation water, by dripping it with the use of poritex bands, on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation and production. The experiment was carried out from March to May, 2004, in Cascavel-PR. The experiment was conducted in plastic tunnels and ina random experimental design with four treatments and five replications in order to test predetermined CO2 rates on lettuce, Vera cultivar. The CO2 rates were 0, 1, 3 and 6 L min-1. The irrigation was daily at 10 o’clock during 10 minutes, 10 days after the plants transplantation, until 01 day before the final harvest, adding up to 215 mm of the water per portion. The results have shown that the 1 and 3 L min-1 CO2 rates, applied by water, caused increase in production, obtaining 26.52% and 14.47%  values,  when  compared  to  the control  plant.  The economical analysis indicated the viability of CO2 application via irrigation water.KEYWORDS: drip irrigation; carbon dioxide; lettuce; rates

O desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos que correlacionem a permissividade elétrica relativa épsilon' e o fator de perda dielétrica épsilon" à quantidade de água presente em amostras de sementes é um passo fundamental no desenvolvimento de medidores em linha do teor de água que possam ser empregados no controle automático de processos como colheita, secagem e aeração. Esse trabalho consistiu na avaliação de três modelos dielétricos para determinação do teor de água de sementes de café, sem a influência do fluxo de massa. Foram utilizadas amostras das variedades Catuaí Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho e Mundo Novo, com teores de água entre 11 e 23% b.u. e massa específica aparente no intervalo 326 kg m-3 <<FONT FACE=Symbol> r < </FONT>455 kg m-3. Dos modelos obtidos, apenas aquele que utiliza a medição simultânea de épsilon' e épsilon", a 0,5 e 5,0 MHz, permite estimar o teor de água de sementes de café com o grau de acurácia desejado. Os erros padrão de calibração e predição foram de 1,3 e 1,2 pontos percentuais, respectivamente. | The development of mathematical models capable of relating the relative permittivity epsilon' and the loss factor epsilon" of seeds to their moisture content is a fundamental step towards designing seed moisture meters for on-line operations in automatic control processes such as seed harvest, drying and aeration. The object of this research is the assessment of three dielectric models that would allow the density-independent determination of the moisture content of moving seeds of parchment coffee. Seed samples of varieties Catuaí Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho and Mundo Novo with moisture contents in the range from 11 to 23% w.b., and bulk density ranging from 326 to 455 kg.m-3 have been used. In terms of instrumentation accuracy the best bulk-density dielectric model for coffee seeds moisture content estimation was the one which employed both epsilon' and epsilon" measured at 0.5 and 5.0 MHz as indicators of the amount of water present in the seed samples. The standard errors of calibration and prediction were 1.3 and 1.2 percentage points moisture, respectively.

A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Vitória, ES. Foi realizada a caracterização hidroquímica das águas subterrâneas do lençol freático em 26 pontos, em duas campanhas distintas. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos (temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica) e os íons principais (Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, SO4 -2 e HCO3 -). Foi aplicada análise estatística aos dados obtidos no estudo de qualidade da água usando os softwares SPSS versão 8.0 e Statistica versão 6.0, por meio dos seguintes métodos: Análise Estatística Descritiva e Correlações de Pearson, respectivamente. Também foi feita classificação hidroquímica de Piper utilizando o software Qualigraf. Os resultados demonstraram que além dos ambientes e fatores naturais, como dissolução de rochas e intrusão salina, as áreas de estudo refletiram também o impacto da ação humana na água subterrânea por meio dos parâmetros de água freática.

La labranza del suelo es de gran importancia puesto que altera las propiedades físicas y representa un alto consumo de energía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir el área transversal del suelo disturbado, la profundidad de trabajo, el ancho de trabajo, la fuerza de tracción y la resistencia específica para diferentes implementos de labranza, arado de discos, arado de cincel vibratorio y arado de cincel rígido, con tres contenidos de agua (0,05; 0,12 y 0,15 g g-1) y tres velocidades de operación (1,12; y 1,45 1,80 m s-1). El contenido de agua afectó todos los parámetros analizados, especialmente para el arado de discos y el arado de cincel vibratorio. Los resultados muestran que el arado de cincel rígido es energéticamente más eficiente para preparar el suelo, con una resistencia específica baja y una mayor área transversal de suelo disturbado. La preparación del suelo a un 0,12 g g-1 de contenido en agua, presentó la resistencia específica más baja para la fragmentación del suelo. | Soil tillage is a relevant agricultural practice with important effects on soil physical properties and energy use. The objective of this study was to measure the cross-sectional area of worked soil, working depth, working width, draught and specific draught for different tillage implements, including disc plow, vibratory chisel plow and rigid chisel plow, at three soil water contents (0.05; 0.12 y 0.15 g g-1) and three forward speeds (1.12; 1.45 and 1.80 m s-1). The results showed that water content affects all the parameters analyzed, particularly for disk and vibratory chisel plow. The rigid chisel plow is energy efficient to loosen soil, with low specific draught and high cross-sectional area of working soil. Tillage at 0.12 g g-1 water content gave the lowest draught requirement for soil aggregate reduction.