The capability of a natural clinoptilolite to remove DDD in function of the temperature and variation of silver concentration was studied. The MEB-EDX and BET tech­niques analyzed the natural and modified samples. By kinetic tests, it was found that equilibrium occurred at 180 minutes of contact and that silver increases the removal efficiency. The process displayed a chemisorption kinetic, since it was adjusted to the pseudo second-order model and the coef­ficients of determination varied in a range from 0.9933 to 0.9997. By the adsorption isotherms, the maximum adsorbed concentration was obtained at 0.19 mg/g. The data fit per­fectly to the Langmuir model, in which a decrease was ob­served in constant b, related to the adsorption energy, when there was an increase in temperature. The latter indicates a decrease in adsorption at high temperatures, with the order of adsorption being 25° C> 35° C> 45° C. It is concluded that the process is exothermic, since the adsorption was greater when the temperature lowered, corroborated by the calcula­tion of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH °, ΔG ° and ΔS °). | Se estudió el efecto de la temperatura y de la variación de la concentración de plata en una clinoptilolita natural para remover DDD. Mediante las técnicas MEB-EDX y BET se analizó a la muestra natural y modificada. En las pruebas cinéticas se encontró que el equilibrio se presenta a los 180 minutos de contacto y que la plata incrementa la eficiencia de remoción. El proceso presenta una cinética por quimisor­ción, ya que se ajustó al modelo de pseudo segundo orden y los coeficientes de determinación variaron en un intervalo de 0.9933 a 0.9997. Por las isotermas de adsorción se obtuvo que la máxima concentración adsorbida es de 0.19 mg/g y los datos ajustaron perfectamente al modelo de Langmuir, en el cual se observa que la constante b, relacionada con la energía de adsorción, disminuye cuando hay aumento en la temperatura, lo que indica un decremento de la adsorción a altas temperaturas, teniendo que el orden de adsorción es 25 °C > 35 °C > 45 °C. Se concluye que el proceso es de natu­raleza exotérmica, al tener que la adsorción es mayor cuando la temperatura es menor, corroborado por el cálculo de los parámetros termodinámicos (ΔH°, ΔG° y ΔS°).

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo, fue determinar el efecto del pre-acondicionamiento hídrico sobre el porcentaje de germinación y la emergencia de Capsicum chinense. Las semillas fueron cultivadas durante ciclo productivo diciembre 2015 a febrero 2016. Para el pre-acondicionamiento, las semillas se imbibieron con 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7.5 y 10 ml de agua. El volumen de 7.5 ml, se usó como referencia. Los resultados de germinación indican que, los tres mejores volúmenes de imbibición fueron 2.5, 3.5 y 5 mL, con una correlación de Pearson de -0.905 (p= 0.000) entre el volumen de agua y el porcentaje de germinación acumulada, así como la disminución del tiempo de germinación 50. Posteriormente, las mismas semillas, se trasplantaron para evaluar la emergencia. Los mejores volúmenes de imbibición para la emergencia fueron, en ese orden, 3.5, 5 y 2.5 ml. En la emergencia el volumen con el mejor porcentaje de germinación (2.5 ml), ocupó el tercer lugar, lo que modificó el coeficiente de Pearson a -0.641 (p= 0.01). Los resultados sugieren que, un cierto grado de estrés, generado por la disminución en el aporte de agua, favorece la germinación y el establecimiento, lo que podría estar relacionado con la síntesis y acumulación de etileno dentro del sistema de germinación. Por otro lado, el aumento en el diámetro de la película de agua genera disminución en la disponibilidad de oxígeno. La contribución del presente trabajo fue evidenciar que la correcta hidratación de las semillas influencia etapas posteriores de la germinación, sin adicionar reguladores del crecimiento. | Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of water pre-conditioning on the percentage of germination and emergence of Capsicum chinense. The seeds were cultivated during the productive cycle from December 2015 to February 2016. For the pre-conditioning, the seeds were imbibed with 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ml of water. The volume of 7.5 ml was used as a reference. Germination results indicate that the three best imbibition volumes were 2.5, 3.5 and 5 mL, with a Pearson correlation of -0.905 (p= 0.000) between the volume of water and the percentage of accumulated germination, as well as the decrease of the germination time 50. Subsequently, the same seeds were transplanted to evaluate the emergence. The best imbibition volumes for the emergency were, in that order, 3.5, 5 and 2.5 ml. In the emergency, the volume with the best percentage of germination (2.5 ml) occupied the third place, which modified the Pearson coefficient to -0.641 (p= 0.01). The results suggest that a certain degree of stress, generated by the decrease in water supply, favors germination and establishment, which could be related to the synthesis and accumulation of ethylene within the germination system. On the other hand, the increase in the diameter of the water film generates a decrease in the availability of oxygen. The contribution of the present work was to demonstrate that the correct hydration of the seeds influences later stages of germination, without adding growth regulators.

El agua es un recurso natural vital para la existencia de la vida, su abastecimiento en los centros poblacionales cada vez tiene mayor demanda debido a cambios principalmente demográficos; en consecuencia, el aumento de la densidad de la vivienda y el actual modelo de gestión, provoca mayor requerimiento de equipamiento urbano e infraestructura donde se genera consumo de recursos hídricos excesivos. El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la oferta hídrica proveniente de las precipitaciones en la zona de estudio, diseñar un sistema de captación de agua de lluvia para poder aprovechar toda esa oferta hídrica proveniente de las precipitaciones en actividades domésticas que no requieren de agua potable y evaluar la eficiencia del sistema de captación de agua de lluvia en relación al ahorro de consumo familiar de agua potable y el ahorro económico causado por la disminución de consumo de agua potable. Los componentes que se diseñaron y se ejecutaron en el sistema de captación de agua de lluvia son: captación, recolección y conducción, almacenamiento y distribución. Por tratarse del tipo de uso (no potables) que se le dio al recurso hídrico captado no se tuvo en cuenta otros componentes de tratamiento y desinfección del agua. Los resultados obtenidos durante los meses en estudio son significativos porque resaltan el ahorro del consumo familiar de agua potable por los beneficiarios de la vivienda en estudio de igual manera resalta el ahorro económico. | Water is a vital natural resource for the existence of life; the demando f its supply in settlements is increasing due mainly to demographic changes; consequently; as a result, the increase in housing density and the current management model, leads to a greater requirement for urban equipment and infrastructure, which generates excessive consumption of water resources. The purpose of the present research work was to evaluate the water supply resulting from rainfall in the study area, to design a rainwater harvesting system to take advantage of all the water supply resulting from rainfall in domestic activities that do not require drinking water, and to evaluate the efficiency of the rainwater harvesting system in relation to savings in household consumption of drinking water and the economic savings caused by the reduction in drinking water consumption. The components that were designed and implemented in the rainwater harvesting system are: catchment, collection and piping, storage and distribution. Because of the type of use (non-potable) given to the captured water resource, other water treatment and disinfection components were not taken into account. The results obtained during the months under study are significant because they highlight the savings in family consumption of drinking water by the beneficiaries of the house under study, as well as the economic savings.

La presencia de metales en el agua potable tiene múltiples implicaciones en la salud pública. Debido a esto, es importante investigar las causas por las que pueden llegar al agua, dentro de las cuales se encuentra su desprendimiento en sistemas de distribución. En este estudio se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de 101 artículos científicos sobre los principales factores físicos, químicos y biológicos que influyen en dicho proceso, y se recopiló la información encontrada en una base de datos adjunta al presente documento. Con esto, se identificaron variables como pH, alcalinidad, tiempo de retención, temperatura, contenido microbiológico, entre otras, para posteriormente analizar sus interacciones, y principales efectos y relaciones con el desprendimiento de metales | The presence of metals in drinking water has multiple implications on public health. Because of this, it is important to investigate the causes by which they can reach the water, which include its release to distribution systems. In this study, a literature review of 101 scientific articles was conducted on the main physical, chemical, and biological factors that influence this process, and the found information was compiled in a database attached to this document. Therewith, variables such as pH, alkalinity, stagnation time, temperature, and biological content were identified to, subsequently, analyze its interactions and principal effects and relationships with metal release | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

Expone sobre lo concerniente a la Administración Local de Agua Colca Siguas Chivay, mencionando a su ámbito político administrativo, y las unidades hidrográficas que comprende. Explica como se constituye el Sistema Hidráulico Colca Siguas, así como se produce la demanda – oferta bajo un sistema regulado. Describe el balance hídrico que existe en la zona, el volumen almacenado de la represa Condoroma y los aportes de los ríos Colca y Siguas. Hace mención a la turbidez del sistema regulado Colca Siguas Chivaz alcanzado a febrero de 2020. Presenta gráficos sobre la relación caudal evapotranspiración y la distribución de abril y mayo en el sistema regulado Colca Siguas. Finalmente refiere los espacios de toma de decisiones que se dan en los consejos y grupos de trabajo.

Deste modo, neste trabalho, apresentam-se resultados relativos a um oxisol (Latossolo 37 BB) sob diferentes condições de manejo de irrigação.

UTILIZAÇÃO RACIONAL DE ÁGUA EM CERVEJARIA BRASILEIRA                         ANTONIO APARECIDO MENDES JUNIOR ¹; ZACARIAS XAVIER DE BARROS ²   ¹Faculdades Reunidas de Botucatu Ltda., GALILEU, Av. Marginal 200, n°680, Vila Real, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, prof.antoniomendes@gmail.com.br; ² Departamento de Engenharia Rural, FCA/UNESP, Av. Universitária, n°3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, zacarias.barros@unesp.br   RESUMO: A água é um recurso natural indispensável para todos os seres vivos presentes no planeta terra. A utilização desse recurso natural engloba os mais variados processos produtivos, como agricultura, pecuária, indústrias, entre outros. Esse recurso vem ficando cada vez mais escasso, por isso a necessidade da preservação natural vem ganhando mais espaço. Com o aumento da população mundial ao longo das décadas, observa-se uma grande reestruturação no aspecto produtivo, onde o homem foi obrigado a desenvolver novas técnicas de produção para, assim, alcançar um aumento na produção e na produtividade de alimentos e matérias-primas. Nesse sentido, tornou-se uma realidade a utilização de grandes quantidades de água nos processos de produção. Com isso, fica claro que a única maneira de obter-se um crescimento sustentável é a partir de processos de produção que utilizem o mínimo de água possível para a elaboração de seus produtos. Neste estudo, analisou-se a quantidade de água utilizada no processo produtivo de uma cervejaria. O trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar e quantificar a utilização da água nos processos produtivos para a fabricação de cerveja, através do mapeamento dos processos de produção, utilizando como ferramenta a elaboração de um fluxograma de processo para, assim, desenvolver formas de diminuir o consumo de água no processo de produção. A hipótese que orienta este estudo é que no processo de produção de uma cervejaria brasileira, para produzir 1 litro de cerveja pilsen, utilizam-se em média 8 litros de água. Observa-se um grande consumo de água para a fabricação desse produto altamente consumido pelos brasileiros. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que no processo de resfriamento da cerveja, há um grande consumo de água, onde a mesma é descartada a cada processo produtivo. Conclui-se que, baseado no fluxograma e na proposta de melhoria, deve-se alterar o processo de resfriamento, não descartando a água do processo, mas sim reutilizando-a. Vale ressaltar que essa água não tem contato com a cerveja; sua função é de resfriar o produto. Com essa melhoria na utilização de água no processo, há economia de 2 litros de água para fabricar 1 litro de cerveja.   Palavras-chave: Cerveja, Energia, Empresa, Recurso natural, Desperdício.    RATIONAL WATER USE IN BRAZILIAN BREWERY ABSTRACT: The water is an indispensable natural resource for all living beings present on planet Earth. The use of this natural resource goes from all productive processes, encompassing agriculture, livestock and industries among others. This resource is becoming more and more in short supply, with that the need of the natural preservation has been gaining more space. With the increase of the world population over the decades, there is a great restructuring in the productive aspect, where human was forced to develop new production techniques, in order to achieve an increase in the production and productivity of food and raw materials. In this sense, the use of large amounts of water in the production processes has become a reality. This makes it clear that only way to achieve sustainable growth is from production processes that use as low water as possible to produce their products. In this study, the amount of water used in the production process of a brewery was analyzed. The aim of the present work was to demonstrate and quantify the use of water in the production processes for brewing, through a mapping of production processes, using as a tool the elaboration of a process flow diagram, in order to develop ways of reducing water consumption in the production process. The hypothesis that guides this study is that in the production process of a Brazilian brewery, to produce 1 liter of the finished product, lager beer, from 8 liters of water are used. It is observed, a great consumption of water for the manufacture of this product highly consumed by the Brazilians. The results are based on the analysis of beer production flow chart based on the production process. The results show that in the beer cooling process, there is a great consumption of water, where it is discarded, with each production process. It is concluded that based on the flowchart and the improvement proposal, the cooling process must be changed, not discarding process water, but reusing again. It is worth mentioning that this water has no contact with beer, its function is to cool product. Thanks to this improvement the use of water in the process saves 2 liters of water for one liter of beer. Keywords: Beer, Energy, Company, Natural resource, Waste. 

Expone sobre la labor que realiza SEDAPAR y el área de cobertura que tiene en el mercado arequipeño en la conexión y producción de agua potable.

El presente artículo contiene un análisis de los datos que relaciona las muestras de laboratorio tomadas por la Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca (CAR) entre los años 2010 y 2019, sobre algunos parámetros Físico químicos del agua del río Bogotá en una parte de la cuenca baja y la desembocadura con el río Magdalena en Girardot – Cundinamarca. Dentro del análisis que se realiza por medio del multitemporal, se establece un comparativo, determinando el Índice de calidad del agua, para luego concluir si han servido las medidas que han realizado los diferentes actores para el proceso de descontaminar el río Bogotá y al final tratar de proponer unas recomendaciones para dicho fin. | This article contains an analysis of the data that relates the laboratory samples taken by the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca (CAR) between 2010 and 2019, on some physical-chemical parameters of the water of the Bogotá river in a part of the lower basin and the mouth with the Magdalena river in Girardot - Cundinamarca. Within the analysis that is carried out by means of the multi-temporal one, a comparative is established, determining the Water Quality Index, to then conclude if the measures that the different actors have carried out for the process of decontaminating the Bogotá river have served and in the end treat to propose some recommendations for this purpose. | Especialización