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Quality of natural waters is dependent on geomorphological and edaphoclimatic characteristics of each watershed. These characteristics provide a pattern of regularity in water quality over time, affected by season and rain intensity. The variation in water quality is influenced, mainly, by anthropic actions. The population development is conditioned to the presence of water, negatively impacting the environmental quality, due to high polluting loads that return to water courses. In the agricultural environment, application of high doses of inputs may degrade water quality since these inputs can be lost by leaching or surface runoff. The objective of this dissertation was to understand hydrosedimentological factors and processes that influence water quality of a small rural watershed with intense changes in land use and management, to search for monitoring techniques capable of better identifying spatiotemporal changes in the evaluated parameters. Monitoring was divided into three strategies. The first one had the objective of evaluating surface and groundwater characteristics of the rainy season, with a monthly interval for approximately one year. During this period, water supplied to the rural community was also evaluated, comparing the characteristics of water from three sources with the national legislation standards. Considering the influence of surface runoff on water quality, the second period had the objective of identifying changes in water quality characteristics during rainfall events, also characterizing the scale effect during monitoring. The third period was to evaluate historical data of the long period, low sampling frequency monitoring in the watershed. The parameters that most interfere in the variation of the surface and ground water quality during the base flow were the biological parameters, phosphorus and the turbidity, which are above the standard established by the current legislation CONAMA 357 for most of the analyses. During rainfall events, the behavior of some parameters of water quality changes significantly with the hydrograph and sedimentograph, also varying according to the area of contribution for each sampling point. The main parameters that increased along with the hydrograph rise were turbidity, total and soluble P, Fe and K; Cu and Zn parameters showed no variation during the event; while total dissolved solids and oxidation potential presented a dilution behavior. The identification of changes in water quality according to changes in soil use and management for the studied basin was not possible through the use of low-frequency monitoring. Studies using the monitoring of variable scales, with multiparameter probes, sub-daily discretization and during events are stimulated by allowing the best characterization of the process, allowing modeling to propose scenarios indicating the main sources of pollution and helping in the definition of practices capable of reducing environmental degradation | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | A qualidade das águas naturais é dependente das características geomorfológicas e edafoclimáticas de cada bacia hidrográfica. Essas características proporcionam um padrão de regularidade na qualidade da água ao longo do tempo, conforme as estações do ano e intensidades pluviais. A variação na qualidade da água é influenciada, principalmente, por ações antrópicas. O desenvolvimento populacional é condicionado à presença de água, impactando de forma negativa a qualidade ambiental, devido às elevadas cargas poluentes que retornam ao curso hídrico. No ambiente agrícola, a aplicação de altas doses de insumos implica em deterioração da qualidade da água, pois esses insumos podem ser perdidos por lixiviação ou por escoamento superficial. Nesta dissertação, objetivou-se compreender os fatores e processos hidrossedimentológicos que influenciam na qualidade da água de uma pequena bacia hidrográfica rural com intensa alteração de uso e manejo do solo, para buscar técnicas de monitoramento capazes de melhor identificar as alterações espaço-temporais nos parâmetros avaliados. O monitoramento foi dividido três estratégias. O primeiro teve como objetivo avaliar as características de águas superficiais e subterrâneas provenientes do período intereventos pluviais, com intervalo mensal durante aproximadamente um ano. Nesse período, também foram avaliadas a água que abastece a comunidade rural, comparando assim as características das três fontes com a legislação nacional. Considerando a influência do escoamento superficial sobre a qualidade da água, o segundo período teve como objetivo identificar as alterações de características de qualidade da água durante intraeventos pluviais, caracterizando também o efeito de escala durante o monitoramento. O terceiro período objetivou avaliar os dados históricos do monitoramento de longo período e baixa frequência de amostragem realizado na bacia em estudo. Os parâmetros que mais interferiram na variação da qualidade da água superficial e subterrânea durante o escoamento de base foram os parâmetros biológicos, o fósforo e a turbidez, sendo esses acima do padrão estabelecido pela legislação vigente CONAMA n° 357 para a maior parte das análises. Em eventos de chuva, o comportamento de alguns parâmetros da qualidade da água sofre alteração significativa com o hidrograma e sedimentograma, variando também conforme a área de contribuição de cada ponto. Os principais parâmetros que aumentaram junto com a ascensão do hidrograma foram a turbidez, P total e solúvel, Fe e K; os parâmetros Cu e Zn não apresentaram variação durante o evento; enquanto os sólidos totais dissolvidos e o potencial de oxirredução apresentaram comportamento de diluição. A identificação das alterações da qualidade da água conforme as mudanças de uso e manejo do solo para a bacia estudada não foi possível por meio da utilização do monitoramento de baixa frequência. Estudos utilizando o monitoramento de escalas variáveis, com sondas multiparâmetros, discretização sub-diária e durante eventos devem ser estimulados por possibilitar a melhor caracterização do processo, permitindo a aplicação de modelagem para elaboração de cenários, indicando as principais fontes de poluição e auxiliando na definição de práticas capazes de amortizar o processo de degradação.

El aumento de la población a lo largo de la cuenca del río Utcubamba, sin la correspondiente implementación de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales por parte de las autoridades, ha provocado la disminución en la calidad del agua, lo que constituye una amenaza para la salud pública y la preservación del ecosistema. El objetivo de este trabajo es disminuir el conjunto de datos recogidos en grandes cuencas hidrográficas tanto a nivel de estaciones de muestreo como a nivel de variables. Se realizaron muestreos en 43 estaciones situadas en el cauce principal y afluentes más importantes, y se analizó su calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica a través de la determinación de 19 variables en tres campañas distintas (lluvias tempranas, lluvias y seca). Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos multivariantes (análisis de correlación, análisis de componentes principales y análisis cluster), para encontrar el origen de las fuentes de contaminación, naturales o antrópicas, y la distribución de la misma. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los principales parámetros que afectan espacialmente la cuenca derivan de las altas concentraciones de bacterias y de compuestos químicos, como nitritos, fosfatos y amonio. Por último, el uso de metodologías multivariantes en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos permite disminuir el número tanto de variables como de estaciones de muestreo en futuras evaluaciones.

El manual de tecnologías orientadas a su incorporación en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua nace dentro del marco proyecto cátedra del agua, lanzado durante el Cuarto Congreso Internacional del Agua y Ambiente CIAYA IV, que dentro de su principal eje de trabajo sitúa la gestión integral del recurso hídrico enfocado al intercambio de conocimientos entre expertos sectoriales, investigadores y comunidades; haciendo énfasis especial en esta última y con el apoyo del semillero de investigación desarrollo, ruralidad y municipio en el programa agua y campo, junto con la asociación realizada con una fundación adscrita a una de las empresas electrificadoras de la zona de estudio, se adelantó un proceso de validación para las tecnologías que pasaron a conformar el manual de tecnologías orientadas a su incorporación en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua. Esto mediante la participación activa de comunidades educativas de tipo rural, específicamente aquellas ubicadas en la cuenca media del río Bogotá, con un acercamiento inicial a infancia y adolescencia, generando un espacio de intercambio de conocimientos respecto a las principales características de un recurso hídrico en condiciones adecuadas para su consumo, el valor que trae su apropiada conservación, protección y restauración. Esta pieza investigativa a modo de manual se propone como un proyecto a largo plazo para que continúe su constitución por parte de las comunidades, siendo así, una herramienta de apoyo en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua y pueda expandirse a muchos otros proyectos a nivel regional e incluso nacional, para la construcción conjunta de una gestión integral del recurso hídrico, promoviendo esta, inicialmente en las edades más tempranas de la población colombiana. | The handbook of technologies oriented to its incorporation in the teaching of the cathedra of water was born within the framework of the macro project cathedra of water, launched during the fourth international congress of water and environment CIAYA IV, which within its main axis of work places the integrated water resource management focused on the exchange of knowledge among sector experts, researchers and communities; with special emphasis on the latter and with the support of the seedbed of investigation development, rurality in the water and field program, together with the association made with a foundation attached to one of the electrification companies of the study area, a validation process was advanced for the technologies that came to shape the manual of technologies oriented to its incorporation in the teaching of the cathedra of water; this through the active participation of rural educational communities, specifically those located in the middle basin of the Bogotá river, with an initial approach to childhood and adolescence, generating a space for the exchange of knowledge regarding the main characteristics of a water resource in conditions adequate for its consumption, the value that its appropriate conservation, protection and restoration bring; this manual type pedagogical piece is proposed as a long-term project to continue its constitution by the communities, so being a support tool in the teaching of the cathedra of water and can expand to many other projects at regional level and even national, for the joint construction of an integral management of the water resource, promoting this, initially in the earliest ages of the colombian population.

Presenta una herramienta que tiene como principal finalidad la valoración simplificada del estado de la calidad del agua, y que contribuirá con una mejor presentación y a la gestión de calidad de los recursos hídricos. El alcance de esta metodología es de aplicación obligatoria para la Autoridad Nacional del Agua y sus órganos desconcentrados y también sirve como referencia en el ámbito nacional para las instituciones públicas, privadas y la sociedad civil vinculada a la calidad de los recursos hídricos.

La gran mayoría de las personas de la ciudad de Bogotá durante la actividad de aseo personal o ducha dejan evacuar el agua fría hasta tanto ésta se caliente. De esta manera hay un volumen de agua que se desperdicia, al no darle ningún uso. Dicho desperdicio tiene un costo para el usuario y además una pérdida de disponibilidad de agua potable, los cuales pueden ser bastante significativos. Este estudio evalúa el volumen de agua que se pierde desde el momento en que se abre la llave de agua caliente en la ducha hasta el momento en que el agua alcanza la temperatura deseada por el usuario para tomar un baño. Para esta evaluación se realizó un muestreo de 100 viviendas (20 por cada estrato), con excepción del estrato 1 para el cual no se encontró vivienda que tuviera un sistema de agua caliente para la ducha. Se encontró que el Estrato 2 pierde un volumen promedio de 2,87 L por habitante por ducha; el Estrato 3 un promedio de 2,3 L; el Estrato 4 un promedio de 2,51 L; el Estrato 5 un promedio de 3,1 L y el Estrato 6 un promedio de 4,3 L. Para la población total suscrita al sistema de acueducto que toma una ducha, la pérdida en el mes es de 542.000 m3, con un costo aproximado de 2.400 millones de pesos mensuales. | In the city of Bogota, most of the people during the activity of personal hygiene or shower leave to drain the cold water until it warms up. In this way there is a volume of water that is wasted, by not using it at all. This water waste has a cost for the user and a loss of availability of drinking water, which can be quite significant This study evaluates the volume of water that is lost from the moment the hot water tap is opened in the shower until the moment when the water reaches the desired temperature for the user to take a bath. For this evaluation, a sampling of 100 homes was carried out (20 for each social stratum), with the exception of stratum 1 for which no home was found that had a hot water system for the shower. The results shows that Stratum 2 loses an average volume of 2.87 L per habitant per shower; Stratum 3 an average of 2.3 L; Stratum 4 an average of 2.51 L; Stratum 5 an average of 3.1 L and Stratum 6 an average of 4.3 L. For the total population subscribed to the aqueduct system that takes a shower, the loss in the environmental impact reaches 542,000 m3 per month, with an approximate cost of 2,400 million pesos per month. | Maestría | Magíster en Ingeniería Civil con Énfasis en Recursos Hidráulicos y Medio Ambiente

"Por años el cloro ha sido utilizado como un indicador de calidad del agua potable a lo largo de las redes de distribución dada su eficiencia en el control de microorganismos potencialmente patógenos. Sin embargo, desde los años 70 se han realizado estudios asociando al cloro con la formación de productos de desinfección (DBPs) y su potencial carcinogénico. Lo anterior hizo que el monitoreo del cloro en las redes de distribución se volviera un tema de gran importancia. Para lograr esto, se desarrollaron programas como EPANET, que modela la distribución del cloro bajo el supuesto de mezcla completa a pesar de que, desde 1991 el supuesto de mezcla completa ha sido altamente cuestionado. Teniendo esto en cuenta, siguiente proyecto se buscó determinar la fracción de masa de cloro en diferentes configuraciones de nudos de la red de distribución de agua potable, por medio de modelos numéricos en CFD; comparando los resultados con pruebas colorimétricas y de sensores en laboratorio desarrollados en los proyectos de Cotes 2015 y Martínez 2018. Como resultados generales, En todos los casos se obtuvieron curvas de fracción de masa a la salida de los nudos con crecimientos descritos por funciones potenciales y exponenciales inversas. Por otro lado, se encontró que, al evaluar cada configuración, las nuevas simulaciones presentaron una mayor precisión que pruebas colorimétricas respecto a los valores reales medidos en el laboratorio; con pequeñas diferencias a bajas relaciones de números de Reynolds. De igual manera, estas simulaciones son altamente sensibles a las calibraciones realizadas con los datos experimentales, de manera que en los casos en los que no se cuenta con mediciones directas de cloro, no se puede evaluar la validez de modelo. Finalmente, se obtuvo que análisis colorimétricos realizados en el programa imageJ con un mallado de color tipo YUV permite reducir el error asociado a este tipo de pruebas."-- Tomado del Formato de Documento de Grado. | "For years, chlorine has been used as an indicator of drinking water quality throughout the distribution networks given its efficiency in the control of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, since the 70s, studies have been carried out associating chlorine with the formation of disinfection products (DBPs) and their carcinogenic potential. This made the monitoring of chlorine in distribution networks an issue of great importance. To achieve this, programs such as EPANET were developed; these programs model the distribution of chlorine under the assumption of complete mixing, although, since 1991, the assumption of complete mixing has been highly questioned. Considering this, the next project was to determine the chlorine mass fraction in different configurations of drinking water distribution network nodes, using numerical models in CFD; then, comparing the results with colorimetric tests and laboratory sensors developed in the projects of Cotes 2015 and Martinez 2018. As general results, in all cases, mass fraction curves were obtained at the exit of the nodes with increases described by reverse potential and exponential functions. On the other hand, it was found that, when evaluating each configuration, the new simulations presented a greater precision than colorimetric tests compared to the real values measured in the laboratory, with small differences at low ratios of Reynolds numbers. Similarly, these simulations are highly sensitive to the calibrations made with the experimental data, so in cases where direct measurements of chlorine are not available, the validity of the model cannot be evaluated. Finally, it was found that colorimetric analyzes carried out in the imageJ program with a YUV color meshing allow reducing the error associated with this type of tests."-- Tomado del Formato de Documento de Grado. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

he objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in O cial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classi cation scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended.

En esta investigación se propone caracterizar plaguicidas organoclorados (POC), y parámetros fisicoquímicos en agua y sedimentos del río Tucutunemo. La información obtenida servirá para desarrollar posteriormente un modelo de transporte de contaminantes. En el año 2015, cada seis meses se colectaron y analizaron 36 muestras simples de agua y sedimentos en tres estaciones de medición. La cuenca del río Tucutunemo tiene una superficie de 116.67 km2, de los cuales 13.75 km2 son suelos agrícolas cultivados. La caracterización de los POC ha sido realizada mediante análisis químico, utilizando un cromatógrafo de gases con detector de captura de electrones, calibrado con 14 POC, de los cuales se detectaron ocho de ellos: aldrín, dieldrín, p.p’-DDD, p.p’-DDE, p.p’-DDT, endrín, o.p’-DDE y o.p’-DDT. En agua, las concentraciones de POC totales han variado desde 0.073 hasta 0.098 µg l-1, por debajo de la regulación de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, que propone 200 µg L-1. El promedio de las concentraciones de POC más altas detectadas en agua fueron las siguientes: aldrín, 0.021 µg l-1; dieldrín, 0.022 µg L-1; p.p’-DDT, 0.011 µg l-1, rango de valores que, exceptuando el p.p’-DDT, son más bajos que los propuestos por la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) de 1.300, 0.730 y 0.001 µg l-1, para aldrín, dieldrín y DDT, respectivamente. En los sedimentos, las concentraciones totales variaron de 13.340 a 45.910 µg kg-1, observándose las concentraciones promedio más altas en aldrín, 4.508 µg kg-1 y Dieldrín, 4.169 µg kg-1. En sedimentos, el análisis de varianza detectó diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) para algunas medias de POC.

Stream water quality is controlled by the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Among these anthropogenic factors, land cover changes at catchment scale can affect stream water quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a representative tropical headwater catchment named as Córrego Água Limpa (Sao Paulo, Brasil), which is highly influenced by intensive agricultural activities and urban areas. Two systematic sampling approach campaigns were implemented with six sampling points along the stream of the headwater catchment to evaluate water quality during the rainy and dry seasons. Three replicates were collected at each sampling point in 2011. Electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, sodium superoxide, Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO), colour, turbidity, suspended solids, soluble solids and total solids were measured. Water quality parameters differed among sampling points, being lower at the headwater sampling point (0m above sea level), and then progressively higher until the last downstream sampling point (2500m above sea level). For the dry season, the mean discharge was 39.5ls⁻¹ (from April to September) whereas 113.0ls⁻¹ were averaged during the rainy season (from October to March). In addition, significant temporal and spatial differences were observed (P<0.05) for the fourteen parameters during the rainy and dry period. The study enhance significant relationships among land use and water quality and its temporal effect, showing seasonal differences between the land use and water quality connection, highlighting the importance of multiple spatial and temporal scales for understanding the impacts of human activities on catchment ecosystem services.