Refinar búsqueda
Resultados 61-70 de 1,479
Water quality of the Grijalva river on the Chiapas - Tabasco border/ Calidad de agua del río Grijalva en la frontera de Chiapas y Tabasco Texto completo
2018
Karim Musálem-Castillejos | Rafaela Laino-Guanes | Ricardo Bello-Mendoza | Mario González-Espinosa | Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial
Water quality of the Grijalva river on the Chiapas - Tabasco border/ Calidad de agua del río Grijalva en la frontera de Chiapas y Tabasco Texto completo
2018
Karim Musálem-Castillejos | Rafaela Laino-Guanes | Ricardo Bello-Mendoza | Mario González-Espinosa | Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial
he objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in O cial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classi cation scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Water quality of the Grijalva river on the Chiapas - Tabasco border/ Calidad de agua del río Grijalva en la frontera de Chiapas y Tabasco
2018
Musálem-Castillejos, Karim | Laino-Guanes, Rafaela | Bello Mendoza, Ricardo | González-Espinosa, Mario | Ramírez-Marcial, Neptalí
he objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in O cial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classi cation scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Direct large-volume injection analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water | Análisis de inyección directa en gran volumen de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en agua Texto completo
2018
Rubio Clemente, Ainhoa | Chica Arrieta, Edwin Lenin | Peñuela Mesa, Gustavo Antonio | Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación | Grupo de Energía Alternativa
ABSTRACT:Due to the health risks for both humans and living beings caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the monitoring of these compounds in environmental matrices is mandatory. This work proposes an analytical method for analyzing anthracene (AN) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), two of the most representative PAHs, at ultra-trace concentrations in water, employing direct injection of large volumes of samples coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. For this purpose, principal component analysis was used to examine the behavior of AN and BaP within the chromatographic system. Results showed that AN and BaP chromatographic behavior can be described by three models representing their identification, the quantification of AN and that of BaP, respectively. The factors affecting the obtained models, such as the injection volume, column temperature, flow rate, strength of the mobile phase, and the excitation and emission wavelengths, were examined and optimized by means of design of experiments. Finally, the analytical method was validated, obtaining promising limits of detection and quantification. The developed analytical method was demonstrated to be useful for a sensitive analysis of the target analytes in relatively clean natural water matrices. | Universidad de Antioquia. Vicerrectoría de investigación | Colombia. Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación - Miniciencias | COL0008058 | COL0040402
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Caracterización de plaguicidas organoclorados en agua y sedimentos en el río Tucutunemo, Venezuela - Characterization of organochlorated pesticides in water and sediments, Tucutunemo River, Venezuela Texto completo
2018
Samuel Cárdenas | Adriana Marquez | Edilberto Guevara | Demetrio Rey
En esta investigación se propone caracterizar plaguicidas organoclorados (POC), y parámetros fisicoquímicos en agua y sedimentos del río Tucutunemo. La información obtenida servirá para desarrollar posteriormente un modelo de transporte de contaminantes. En el año 2015, cada seis meses se colectaron y analizaron 36 muestras simples de agua y sedimentos en tres estaciones de medición. La cuenca del río Tucutunemo tiene una superficie de 116.67 km2, de los cuales 13.75 km2 son suelos agrícolas cultivados. La caracterización de los POC ha sido realizada mediante análisis químico, utilizando un cromatógrafo de gases con detector de captura de electrones, calibrado con 14 POC, de los cuales se detectaron ocho de ellos: aldrín, dieldrín, p.p’-DDD, p.p’-DDE, p.p’-DDT, endrín, o.p’-DDE y o.p’-DDT. En agua, las concentraciones de POC totales han variado desde 0.073 hasta 0.098 µg l-1, por debajo de la regulación de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, que propone 200 µg L-1. El promedio de las concentraciones de POC más altas detectadas en agua fueron las siguientes: aldrín, 0.021 µg l-1; dieldrín, 0.022 µg L-1; p.p’-DDT, 0.011 µg l-1, rango de valores que, exceptuando el p.p’-DDT, son más bajos que los propuestos por la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) de 1.300, 0.730 y 0.001 µg l-1, para aldrín, dieldrín y DDT, respectivamente. En los sedimentos, las concentraciones totales variaron de 13.340 a 45.910 µg kg-1, observándose las concentraciones promedio más altas en aldrín, 4.508 µg kg-1 y Dieldrín, 4.169 µg kg-1. En sedimentos, el análisis de varianza detectó diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) para algunas medias de POC.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Comercialización de agua por pipas en el oriente del Valle de México | Water marketing by pipes in the East of the Valley of Mexico Texto completo
2018
Mora Martínez, Efraín | Mora Flores, José Saturnino | García Sánchez, Roberto Carlos | García Salazar, José Alberto | Palerm Viqueira, Jacinta | Sangerman-Jarquín, Dora Ma.
Resumen Dada la restricción hídrica en el Valle de México, donde grupos de población no tienen acceso a redes de distribución de agua o el acceso es restringido, se genera un mercado de agua abastecido mediante carros-tanque (pipas). El objetivo fue, analizar la comercialización y cadena de suministro del agua distribuida mediante pipas en el Oriente del Valle de México con datos obtenidos en el año 2017, así como a los agentes participantes. Se utilizó el método directo del canal de comercialización siguiendo el producto desde que es extraído del pozo, vendido a los piperos, quienes lo transportan y lo venden al consumidor final. Se entrevistó al dueño de un pozo y se hicieron cincuenta entrevistas a piperos, con la información se calcularon los costos en que incurre cada agente, así como los márgenes y tasas de ganancias respectivos. Se encontró que el mayor margen absoluto por m³ lo obtienen los piperos ($52.63) en tanto que el pocero es menor ($14.75). Sin embargo, al ponderar los márgenes por los costos respectivos, la mayor tasa de ganancia (1 180%) la obtiene el pocero, mientras que la de los piperos es menor (206%). Se concluye que el mercado del agua abastecido mediante pipas es sumamente rentable, debido a que no es un mercado regulado, y que si se establecieran políticas públicas mediante la regulación se podrían disminuir los precios del líquido en favor de los consumidores. | Abstract Given the water restriction in the Valley of Mexico, where population groups do not have access to water distribution networks or access is restricted, a market for water supplied by tank cars (pipes) is generated. The objective was to analyze the marketing and supply chain of the water distributed by pipes in the East of the Valley of Mexico with data obtained in 2017, as well as the participating agents. The direct method of the marketing channel was used following the product since it is extracted from the well, sold to the “piperos”, who transport it and sell it to the final consumer. The owner of a well was interviewed and fifty interviews were conducted with piperos, with the information the costs incurred by each agent, as well as the respective profit margins and rates, were calculated. It was found that the highest absolute margin per m³ is obtained by piperos ($52.63) while the pocero is smaller ($14.75). However, when weighting the margins for the respective costs, the highest profit rate (1 180%) is obtained by the pocero, while that of the piperos is lower (206%). It is concluded that the water market supplied by pipes is extremely profitable, because it is not a regulated market, and that if public policies were established through regulation, liquid prices could be reduced in favor of consumers.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the <em>“Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable”</em> in Bogotá, Colombia Texto completo
2018
Vargas, Laura | Mingoti, Sueli Aparecida | Heller, Léo
Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the <em>“Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable”</em> in Bogotá, Colombia Texto completo
2018
Vargas, Laura | Mingoti, Sueli Aparecida | Heller, Léo
Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the “Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable” in Bogotá, Colombia Texto completo
2018
Laura Vargas | Sueli Aparecida Mingoti | Léo Heller
Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the “Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable” in Bogotá, Colombia Texto completo
2018
Laura Vargas | Sueli Mingoti | Léo Heller
Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Evaluación de pérdidas de agua en la ducha por el uso de agua caliente y de posibles alternativas de control Texto completo
2018
Lizcano Castro, Giovanny Andres | Uscategui Ciendua, William Nivaldo | Romero Rojas, Jairo Alberto ( dir )
La gran mayoría de las personas de la ciudad de Bogotá durante la actividad de aseo personal o ducha dejan evacuar el agua fría hasta tanto ésta se caliente. De esta manera hay un volumen de agua que se desperdicia, al no darle ningún uso. Dicho desperdicio tiene un costo para el usuario y además una pérdida de disponibilidad de agua potable, los cuales pueden ser bastante significativos. Este estudio evalúa el volumen de agua que se pierde desde el momento en que se abre la llave de agua caliente en la ducha hasta el momento en que el agua alcanza la temperatura deseada por el usuario para tomar un baño. Para esta evaluación se realizó un muestreo de 100 viviendas (20 por cada estrato), con excepción del estrato 1 para el cual no se encontró vivienda que tuviera un sistema de agua caliente para la ducha. Se encontró que el Estrato 2 pierde un volumen promedio de 2,87 L por habitante por ducha; el Estrato 3 un promedio de 2,3 L; el Estrato 4 un promedio de 2,51 L; el Estrato 5 un promedio de 3,1 L y el Estrato 6 un promedio de 4,3 L. Para la población total suscrita al sistema de acueducto que toma una ducha, la pérdida en el mes es de 542.000 m3, con un costo aproximado de 2.400 millones de pesos mensuales. | In the city of Bogota, most of the people during the activity of personal hygiene or shower leave to drain the cold water until it warms up. In this way there is a volume of water that is wasted, by not using it at all. This water waste has a cost for the user and a loss of availability of drinking water, which can be quite significant This study evaluates the volume of water that is lost from the moment the hot water tap is opened in the shower until the moment when the water reaches the desired temperature for the user to take a bath. For this evaluation, a sampling of 100 homes was carried out (20 for each social stratum), with the exception of stratum 1 for which no home was found that had a hot water system for the shower. The results shows that Stratum 2 loses an average volume of 2.87 L per habitant per shower; Stratum 3 an average of 2.3 L; Stratum 4 an average of 2.51 L; Stratum 5 an average of 3.1 L and Stratum 6 an average of 4.3 L. For the total population subscribed to the aqueduct system that takes a shower, the loss in the environmental impact reaches 542,000 m3 per month, with an approximate cost of 2,400 million pesos per month. | Maestría | Magíster en Ingeniería Civil con Énfasis en Recursos Hidráulicos y Medio Ambiente
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Uso del agua del reservorio en labores agropecuarias Texto completo
2018
MEFCCA, COSUDE, CATIE
Protección del agua y proyectos de infraestructura vial Texto completo
2018
Del Valle Mora, Eduardo | García Pachón, María del Pilar
41 páginas | El presente documento recoge los resultados de la investigación doctrinal, jurisprudencial y normativa adelantada en relación con la protección del recurso hídrico y su interrelación con los proyectos de infraestructura vial. En este texto el lector encontrará los principales debates que ha venido adelantando la doctrina nacional respecto de la protección ambiental del agua, la regulación del uso y aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico, y la aplicación práctica de dichas normas frente a proyectos de infraestructura vial. | This document shows the results a research by which applicable regulation to water protection were analyzed, as well as the current status of the debates presented by different authors, as well as the analysis the rules issued by the Colombian Constitutional Court. This text also includes the principal debates on water protection in the case of the construction and operation of infrastructure projects (roads), as well as the applicable regulation to said projects.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]El agua de los esteros, lagunas y ríos Texto completo
2018
Poi, Alicia Susana Guadalupe | Neiff, Juan José | Casco, Sylvina Lorena | Úbeda Sánchez, Bárbara | Cózar Cabañas, Andrés | Poi, Alicia Susana Guadalupe
Para estudiar las características de las aguas del Iberá, es necesario diferenciar entre ambientes de aguas quietas –lagunas y esteros–, donde los cambios ocurren en sentido vertical debido a la estratificación del agua en capas, y ambientes de aguas corrientes –lóticos–, en los cuales la circulación propicia la mezcla del agua.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]